Excretion of (14)C-fumonisin B(1), (14)C-hydrolyzed fumonisin B(1), and (14)C-fumonisin B(1)-fructose in rats.

14C-Fumonisin B(1) (FB(1)) was produced by Fusarium proliferatum M-5991 in modified Myro liquid medium and purified to >95% purity with a specific activity of 1.7 mCi/mmol. Nine male and nine female F344/N rats were each dosed by gavage with 0.69 micromol of (14)C-FB(1), (14)C-hydrolyzed FB(1), or (14)C-FB(1)-fructose/kg body weight. Urinary excretion of (14)C-FB(1) and (14)C-FB(1)-fructose was 0.5% and 4.4% of the total dose, respectively, and was similar between male and female rats. Urinary excretion of (14)C-hydrolyzed HFB(1) was significantly greater (P > 0.05) in female rats as compared with male rats (17.3% vs 12.8% of the total dose, respectively). There were no significant (P > 0.05) differences in biliary excretion of the three fumonisin compounds with a mean of 1. 4% of the dose excreted at 4 h after dosing. Lesser amounts continued to be excreted up to 9.25 h after dosing. Although biliary excretion of the (14)C-FB(1), (14)C-hydrolyzed FB(1), and (14)C-FB(1)-fructose was similar, increased urinary excretion of the (14)C-hydrolyzed FB(1) as compared to (14)C-FB(1) and (14)C-FB(1)-fructose indicated a greater absorption of the hydrolyzed form.     

N-(1-deoxy-D-fructos-1-yl) fumonisin B(1), the initial reaction product of fumonisin B(1) and D-glucose

Incubation of fumonisin B(1) and D-glucose in aqueous solutions resulted in the formation of N-(1-deoxy-D-fructos-1-yl) fumonisin B(1) in addition to the previously reported N-(carboxymethyl) fumonisin B(1). N-(1-Deoxy-D-fructos-1-yl) fumonisin B(1) is the first stable product formed after the Amadori rearrangement of the Schiff base formed by the reaction of the primary amine of fumonisin B(1) and the aldehyde group of D-glucose. N-(1-Deoxy-D-fructos-1-yl) fumonisin B(1) was synthesized by reacting fumonisin B(1) with an excess of D-glucose in methanol and heating for 6 h at 64 degrees C. It was purified using C(18) and strong cation exchange solid-phase extraction cartridges and characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Subsequently, N,N-dimethylformamide was found to be a better reaction solvent, requiring reaction for only 2-3 h at 64 degrees C and eliminating the formation of methyl esters. Alkaline hydrolysis of N-(1-deoxy-D-fructos-1-yl) fumonisin B(1) gave a mixture of hydrolyzed fumonisin B(1) and hydrolyzed N-(carboxymethyl) fumonisin B(1).     

Mold occurrence and aflatoxin B(1) and fumonisin B(1) determination in corn samples in Venezuela

Fumonisins are mycotoxins produced mainly by Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium proliferatum, which have been associated with several animal and human diseases. Aflatoxins are hepatotoxic, mutagenic, and teratogenic metabolites produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Both have been reported at high levels in corn. This study was pursued to determine mold, aflatoxin B(1) (AFTB(1)), and fumonisin B(1) (FB(1)) levels in white and yellow corn. Mold levels were determined using potato dextrose agar and identification of the main genus of molds present in corn, AFTB(1) levels by immunoaffinity chromatography, and FB(1) levels by a Bond-Elut SAX cartridge and HPLC. AFTB(1) an     

猪H1foo基因的克隆与真核表达载体的构建

卵特异性连接组蛋白(oocyte-specific linker histone H1,H1foo)是在哺乳动物卵母细胞与早期胚胎内特异表达的连接组蛋白,它在卵母细胞生长成熟、受精及胚胎发育中起关键性作用.本研究旨在克隆猪H1foo基因,并构建其真核表达载体.首先利用5'RACE和RT-PCR的方法获得猪H1foo基因的CDS区,并提交GenBank,登录号为HQ915640;然后将H1foo基因的CDS区连接到载体pMD19-T上,经酶切后定向克隆到表达载体pVenus上,从而构建pVenus-H1foo真核表达载体;用脂质体2000介导重组质粒pVenus-H1foo转染Hela细胞,荧光显微镜下观察、RT-PCR检测,确定重组质粒在Hela细胞内的表达和定位;最后通过体外转录试剂盒将H1foo-venus体外转录为mRNA,并显微注射至猪卵母细胞,荧光显微镜观察其表达和定位.序列分析表明猪Hlfoo基因CDS区全长1 041bp,编码346个氨基酸,蛋白分子量为36.45kD,在核苷酸水平上与牛、人和小鼠H1foo基因的相似度分别为75.7％、67.9％和54.3％;真核表达载体pVenus-H1foo转染后,能在He(l)a细胞中表达并可以准确的定位在细胞核;体外转录的H1foo-venusmRNA显微注射猪卵后其融合蛋白也能准确定位于细胞核.本研究克隆了猪H1foo基因并成功构建其真核表达载体;体外转录的H1foo-venusmRNA能在猪卵中正确表达和定位,为进一步研究H1foo在猪卵母细胞成熟以及核移植过程中的作用提供了基础资料.     

小鼠Gli-similar-1(Glis1)基因新转录本功能分析

Gli-similar-1(Glis1)是一种在小鼠卵母细胞和受精卵一、二细胞期高表达蛋白,在小鼠胚胎发育中起着重要的作用。本实验以小鼠(Mus musculus)肾为材料,克隆小鼠 Glis1 基因,并构建与绿色荧光蛋白融合表达的真核表达载体 pEGFP-C1-Glis1。研究了 Glis1 蛋白的表达和亚细胞定位,并利用 qPCR 检测过表达 Glis1 对 Oct4、Sox2、c-Myc、N-Myc、Klf4、Nanog、Nrgn 和 Tspan18 等基因表达的影响。结果表明,从小鼠肾中成功克隆到 Glis1 的一个新转录本(GenBank 登录号: JQ043365),其第三个核定位信号缺失 4 个氨基酸,C 端结构域缺失 124 个氨基酸,包括富含脯氨酸结构域全部氨基酸序列。Glis1 定位于细胞核,过表达能够显著上调Tspan18。研究结果表明,Glis1 新转录本与现有转录本亚细胞定位结果一致,其在小鼠胚胎发育和小鼠成纤维细胞重编程过程中可能发挥不同的功能。     

Fate of fumonisin B(1) in corn kernel steeping water containing SO(2)

Six 100 ppm fumonisin B(1) (FB(1)) solutions were prepared by dissolving pure standard in six different solvents containing SO(2). Two of the solvents contained 0.2 or 0.4% SO(2) in distilled water. The other four solvents were obtained by steeping corn kernels at 60 degrees C in a 0.2% SO(2) aqueous solution for 6, 12, 24, or 48 h. After the addition of FB(1), all solutions were maintained at 60 degrees C for 7 days. Fumonisin B(1) content in each solution was determined in triplicate by HPLC. Steeping corn kernels in 0.2% solution at 60 degrees C for 6 h seems to be the most effective treatment to decrease the amount of FB(1).     

Measurement of bovine somatotropin (bST) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in bovine milk using an electrochemiluminescent assay

Bovine somatotropin (bST) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) are peptide hormones that are involved in the regulation of milk production in dairy cows. Because these hormones are present at extremely low concentration in fresh and processed bovine milk, a highly sensitive and specific electrochemiluminescent immunoassay (ECLIA) has been developed to better estimate the concentration of these hormones in milk. The assay employs an imager, a capture antibody bound to a carbon electrode, and a detection antibody coupled to a ruthenium label. In the presence of tripropylamine and an electric pulse, ruthenium generates light proportional to the amount of antigen bound, and the light is captured as signal by a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. Using bovine milk as the starting matrix, 99.69% of bST and 104.79% of IGF-1 were recoverable. The limit of detection (LOD) was <5 pg/mL for bST and <1 pg/mL for IGF-1. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was <14 pg/mL for bST in milk and <2 pg/mL of IGF-1. The assay is highly specific and shows <0.2% cross-reactivity with other peptide hormones found in bovine milk such as insulin and IGF-2. These data indicate this new, ECLIA is highly sensitive and specific for estimating the concentration of bST or IGF-1 in milk.     

N-Nitrosation of myosmine yields HPB (4-hydroxy-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone) and NNN (N-nitrosonornicotine)

N-Nitrosonornicotine (NNN) is formed by synthetic or biological N-nitrosation of the tobacco alkaloid nornicotine. Following metabolic activation of NNN, DNA and protein adducts are formed releasing 4-hydroxy-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (HPB), an actual biomarker to differentiate between tobacco smokers and passive smokers. NNN and HPB can be prepared in a new one-step reaction by N-nitrosation of the nicotinoid myosmine which has been found not only in tobacco but also in nut products. The reaction was tested also in human gastric juice. The formation rate of NNN and HPB depends on the pH value in the reaction solutions. This is important under the aspect of myosmine uptake by humans from other biological sources and subsequent biological activation. The new reaction pathway indicates that human exposure to nicotinoid nitrosation products seems to be not restricted exclusively to tobacco.     

Mycoflora and occurrence of aflatoxin B(1) and fumonisin B(1) during storage of Brazilian sorghum

The present study is a 1-year follow up of the mycoflora of 140 samples of Brazilian freshly harvested (10) and stored (130) sorghum, the levels of aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination detected in the grains, and the prevailing abiotic factors (grain moisture content, water activity, temperature, relative humidity, and mean rainfall) at the time of sampling. The results show a predominance of the genera Phoma (57.1%), Aspergillus (42.7%), Fusarium (25.0%), and Rhizopus (21.4%) and the presence of nine other filamentous fungi. Fusarium, Aspergillus, and Penicillium, the three most important genera in terms of toxicity, presented numbers of colony forming units per gram of sorghum (CFU/g) that varied from 1 x 10(3) to 36 x 10(3), from 1 x 10(3) to 295 x 10(3), and from 1 x 10(3) to 20 x 10(3) CFU/g, respectively. The species most frequently found were Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium moniliforme. Of the total samples analyzed, 12.8% were contaminated with aflatoxin B(1) (concentration mean = 7-33 microg/kg) and 74.2% with fumonisin B(1) (concentration mean = 0.11-0.15 microg/g). This paper is the first report of the natural occurrence of aflatoxins and fumonisins in sorghum grain from Brazil.     

Natural occurrence of fumonisins B(1) and B(2) in domestic maize of Taiwan.

Samples of maize grown in various districts of Taiwan were collected and analyzed for the presence of fumonisin B(1) (FB(1)) and fumonisin B(2) (FB(2)) using high-performance liquid chromatography. Forty-nine (44.5%) and 2 (1.8%) of 110 samples were found to contain FB(1) (109-1148 ng/g) and FB(2) (222-255 ng/g), respectively. The frequency of detection and also the maximum FB(1) concentration were found in samples from Penton (2/2, 262 ng/g), followed by Chiayi (18/26, 264 ng/g), Tainan (8/16, 160 ng/g), Hualinen (5/14, 1148 ng/g), Taitung (7/20, 109 ng/g), and Yunlin (9/26, 361 ng/g). Of the 110 samples examined, only 2 samples from Hualinen had been detected containing FB(2). During an analysis of the distribution pattern of FB(1), it became apparent that >79% of tested samples had FB(1) concentrations <100 ng/g, whereas 2.7% (or 3 samples) contained FB(1) >300 ng/g. These results clearly illustrated that domestically produced maize for human consumption is frequently contaminated with FB(1).     

Simultaneous determination of fumonisin B(1) and hydrolyzed fumonisin B(1) in corn products by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

A method for the simultaneous determination of fumonisin B(1) (FB(1)) and its major hydrolysis product (HFB(1)), which is known to be formed during alkaline treatment of fumonisin-containing corn meal, was devised to analyze the levels of these mycotoxins in corn products available on the German market. Liquid chromatography/electrospray mass spectrometry in combination with selected ion monitoring (SIM) was used for unambiguous detection of FB(1) and HFB(1) after extraction of samples with acetonitrile/methanol/water (25:25:50) and solid-phase C18 cleanup. Quantitation was carried out using labeled fumonisin FB(1)-D(6) as an internal standard. The detection limits achieved with this method were 8 ng/g for HFB(1) (signal-noise ratio = 5:1) and 5 ng/g for FB(1) (s/n = 5:1) using the protonated molecule signals m/z 406 and 722 in the SIM mode. A screening of several corn-containing foodstuffs, among them extrusion products and alkali-processed corn food such as tortilla chips, showed HFB(1) and FB(1) contamination with levels of 8-80 and 5-450 ng/g, respectively.     

水稻HTD1基因启动子在转基因拟南芥中的表达特征

通过分析β-葡萄糖醛酸苷酶(β-glucuronidase, GUS）基因产物,对水稻HIGH-TILLERING DWARF1(HTD1)基因启动子在转基因拟南芥中的表达特性进行初步研究。用已构建的含HTD1基因启动子和GUS报告基因的植物表达载体,通过农杆菌介导转化拟南芥,对转基因拟南芥进行GUS组织化学染色,观察该启动子的表达特性。结果表明,在HTD1基因启动子的驱动下,GUS报告基因主要在转基因拟南芥幼苗期的叶片、叶柄、下胚轴以及主根基部的维管组织中表达。     

小肽转运蛋白(PepT1)及其活性调控

小肽是蛋白质消化的主要产物，在氨基酸消化、吸收以及动物营养代谢中起着重要的作用。小肽转运蛋白（PepT1和PepT2）的克隆揭示了动物小肽转运的机制。主要综述了小肽转运蛋白（PepT1）的分子结构特征，PepT1mRNA在不同动物、不同组织中的分布，以及各种因素对PepT1转运活性的影响，并就需要进一步深入研究的问题进行了探讨。     

黑番鸭血管活性肠肽受体-1基因(VIPR-1)的cDNA克隆及其组织表达特性分析

最近的研究表明,血管活性肠肽(VIP)与家禽的就巢习性密切相关。本研究采用反转录PCR方法从黒番鸭(Cairina moschata)母鸭下丘脑组织中克隆了血管活性肠肽受体(VIPR-1)基因的cDNA序列,长度为1125bp,编码355个氨基酸(GenBank登录号:JN625215)。序列比对结果表明,该序列与家禽(鸡、火鸡、鹌鹑)和哺乳动物(人、小鼠、猪、牛)的基因序列分别有93%~94%和69%~71%的同源性,而相应氨基酸序列的同源性分别为96%和70%~72%。荧光定量PCR结果发现,黒番鸭VIPR-1基因的表达量在产蛋期、就巢期和休产期差异显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01),就巢期表达量最高,休产期次之,产蛋期表达量最低,表明VIPR-1基因与繁殖阶段变化密切相关;对不同组织VIPR-1的表达量分析发现,VIPR-1在垂体、下丘脑和卵巢中均有表达,其中垂体最多,其次是下丘脑,卵巢中的表达量最低,差异极显著(P<0.01)。研究结果提示,VIPR-1基因具有高度保守性,参与下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴(特别是垂体)对黑番鸭就巢行为的调控。     

水稻长穗颈光温敏核不育系培矮64eS(1)的选育

用直接诱变获得eui基因突变的技术路线 ,成功地将目前生产上应用面积最大的光温敏核不育系培矮 64S改造为长穗颈培矮 64eS( 1 )。培矮 64eS( 1 )从遗传上解除了包穗 ,提高了培矮 64eS( 1 )的异交潜势 ,保持原培矮 64S的优良特性 ,可望达到建立不用或少用赤霉素的两系稻种子生产技术体系。利用其组配的杂种具增产趋势。     

Determination of N-(carboxymethyl)fumonisin B(1) in corn products by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization--mass spectrometry

It is well-known that fumonisin B(1) (FB(1)) in corn meal decreases during baking, frying, and cooking, but it is still not exactly clear how heating affects the formation of N-(carboxymethyl)fumonisin B(1) (NCM-FB(1)), the reaction product of FB(1) and reducing sugars. In model experiments corn grits were spiked with FB(1) (2 mg/kg) and D-glucose (50 g/kg) or sucrose (50 g/kg) and manufactured into extrusion products at various temperatures (160--180 degrees C) and moisture levels (16--20%). A liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry method using isotopically labeled fumonisin FB(1)-d(6) as an internal standard was developed for the determination of NCM-FB(1). For sample cleanup solid-phase C18 cartridges were used. The detection limit achieved with this method was 10 ng/g (signal-noise ratio = 3:1) using the protonated molecule [M + H](+) signal of NCM-FB(1) (m/z 780) in the selected ion monitoring mode. Low concentrations of NCM-FB(1) (29-97 ng/g) were detected in all samples spiked with D-glucose and FB(1), whereas those spiked with FB(1) and sucrose showed only NCM-FB(1) in samples produced at 180 degrees C (NCM-FB(1) = 27 ng/g). Various corn-containing food samples from the German market were analyzed for the presence of NCM-FB(1), FB(1), and hydrolyzed fumonisin B(1) (HFB(1)). All samples were contaminated with FB(1) (22--194 ng/g) and HFB(1) (5--247 ng/g). Six of nine samples contained NCM-FB(1) in low concentrations ranging from 10 to 76 ng/g. From these data and the low toxicity of NCM-FB(1) it can be concluded that the significance of NCM-FB(1) in food seems to be a minor one.     

芸薹属作物脂肪酸链延长酶基因（FAE1）拷贝数和序列变异分析

利用拟南芥脂肪酸合成途径中的脂肪酸链延长酶FAE1基因序列的保守性设计PCR简并引物,对芸薹属(Brassica)作物3个基本种和3个复合种进行了标记,并且对每个栽培种的PCR产物进行克隆和测序,进而对所获得的FAE1基因部分序列(C-端编码区序列)进行了分析。结果表明,拟南芥(Arabidopsisthaliana)和芸薹属作物基因组中具有不同拷贝数(1￣3)的FAE1基因,所测定的部分基因序列相互之间具有很高的同源性,并与其它酶基因如3-氧乙酰-乙酰载体蛋白合成酶,超长链脂肪酸合成酶和酮乙酰CoA合成酶基因具有共同的起源。     

Phylloquinone (Vitamin K1) in Cereal Products

The significance of cereals as dietary sources of phylloquinone (vitamin K₁) was estimated by analyzing the phylloquinone content in some representatives of milling and bakery products commercially available in Finland. For extraction of phylloquinone, two procedures were compared. Routine determinations were made by isopropanol-hexane extraction. After purification of the extracts with semipreparative straight-phase HPLC, phylloquinone was quantified by reverse-phase HPLC with dual-electrode electrochemical (EC) detection. Menaquinone-4 (MK-4) was used as an internal standard. The phylloquinone content of some fat-containing bakery products were, however, quantified by the external standard method. The highest phylloquinone content was found in doughnuts (8.5 μg/ 100 g), while the phylloquinone content of other bakery products varied at 3–5 μg/100 g. Among milling products, the best source of phylloquinone was rye meal (5.9 μg/100 g). The phylloquinone content of the other milling products, except whole wheat flour (4.0 μg/100 g), was very low (<3 μg/100 g). Due to this low phylloquinone content, cereal products cannot be regarded as significant sources of vitamin K, despite their overall significance in diets. The contribution to the average daily dietary intake of vitamin K in Finland was estimated to be ≈6 μg, which is 7–10% of the recommended daily intake.     

水稻长穗颈光温敏核不育系福eS1的变异性

为了明确长穗颈光温敏核不育系福eS1生产过程中产生高秆株和矮秆株的原因,对高秆株和矮秆株的主要农艺性状、遗传和花粉育性等进行了研究。结果表明,在福eS1的生产应用过程中会出现高杆和矮杆2种异型株,它们出现的频率分别约为9.3×10-5和2.1×10-5。高秆株的株高比福eS1显著提高,株高的增加主要由于倒一节间长、倒二节间长、倒三节间长等的显著提高;高秆株的抽穗期比福eS1提早3～5d。矮秆株的株高比福eS1显著降低,包穗严重,倒一节间长缩短,主要农艺性状与培矮64S相似。遗传分析表明,福eS1中的高秆株仍为原来的长穗颈基因所控制,而矮秆株的产生是由于eui基因发生了回复突变。高秆株在可育期的结实率较福eS1高,在不育期表现出不同程度的可育。结果表明,福eS1中的高秆株是由于其育性转换温度升高,使其在可育期结实好,不育期表现不同程度的可育,导致高秆。     

草鱼羧肽酶A1基因(CPA1)部分片段的单核苷酸多态性(SNP)多态性及其与生长性状的关联分析

羧肽酶A (EC 3.4.16)是一类水解蛋白和多肽底物C端芳香族氨基酸或脂肪族氨基酸残基的消化酶.在草鱼生长相关的功能基因上研究单核苷酸多态性(SNP)与生长的相关性可为草鱼的分子辅助育种提供依据.本研究根据草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)EST-SNP库的羧肽酶A1基因(CPA1)重叠群的2个Contig扩增该基因的序列片段,采用直接测序法,经过序列比对,共筛到2个颠换SNP位点:C+412A和A36C,分别位于CPA 1基因外显子5的34bp和内含子3的36 bp处,前者为错义突变.然后用一个群体的296尾草鱼对这2个位点用SnaPshot的方法进行检测和分型,统计基因型频率:A36C位点的AA基因型占26.7％,AC基因型占52.0％,CC基因型占21.3％.C+412A位点的AA基因型占15.5％,AC基因型占40.5％,CC基因型占43.9％.利用一般线性模型分析2个SNP位点与草鱼体质量、体长等重要生长性状的关系.关联分析结果显示,C+36A位点不同基因型在体质量、眼间距均值上存在显著差异(P＜0.05).并且AA基因型和CC基因型在体质量、体长、体宽和眼间距上存在显著差异(P＜0.05).AA基因型各项指标均值显著高于CC基因型.C+412A位点在体质量等生长性状上差异不显著(P＞0.05),该位点和生长不相关,但是CC基因型和AC基因型在体重和肛前距上差异显著(P＜0.05),该位点CC基因型的6个生长性状均值都高于AA基因型.由两个位点组成的5种双倍型在体质量上存在显著差异(P＜0.05).双倍型D3和D5在体质量上存在差异显著(P＜0.05).双倍型D3和D8在体质量、体宽、体长、体长/头长等生长性状上都存在显著差异(P＜0.05).D3的各项指标均值最高,D8的各项指标均值最低.本研究结果显示,可以考虑将草鱼CPA1基因作为候选基因,用于草鱼的分子辅助育种.