铝胁迫下萹蓄与饭豆根系有机酸分泌特性比较

以蓄和饭豆为试验材料,从对Al胁迫的响应时间、蛋白质合成抑制剂的影响、体内有机酸含量变化及阴离子通道抑制剂的影响等方面,比较研究了Al诱导根系分泌有机酸的差异,以进一步明确铝(Al)诱导植物根系有机酸分泌的过程。结果表明,萹蓄根系在Al胁迫后30.min内分泌出草酸,而Al胁迫至少4.h后饭豆根系才开始分泌柠檬酸;蛋白质合成抑制剂环己亚酰胺(Cycloheximide,CHM)不影响萹蓄根系草酸的分泌,但抑制了84%Al诱导的饭豆根系柠檬酸的分泌,表明前者不需要新蛋白质的诱导合成,却是后者所必需的。Al处理不改变萹蓄根尖草酸的含量,但明显提高了饭豆根尖柠檬酸的含量;阴离子通道抑制剂苯甲酰甲醛(Phenylglyoxal,PG)和蒽-9-羧酸(Anthrancene-9-carboxylic.acid,A-9-C)分别有效抑制Al诱导萹蓄根系草酸的分泌及饭豆根系柠檬酸的分泌,再次证明两者有机酸的分泌是通过某种被Al所诱导或激活的阴离子通道所实现的。     

两种水生植物对重富营养化水体修复效果研究

为了探索重富营养化水体的植物修复方法,在人工模拟条件下选取了两种水生植物伊乐藻(Elodea nuttallii)和黄花水龙(Jussiaea stipulacea Ohwi),采用漂浮生长方式对富营养化水体中养分的去除效果进行研究。结果表明:沉水植物伊乐藻在水面漂浮条件下可起到净化水体的作用,对总氮、氨态氮、硝态氮、总磷、COD、叶绿素a的去除率分别为62.9%,90.83%,53.90%,71.21%,43.33%,50.05%;漂浮植物黄花水龙对上述污染物的去除效果分别为93.56%,97.38%,99.44%,97.74%,52.49%,58.34%。变异分析表明,两者对这些养分的去除达到了显著水平(P<0.05)。黄花水龙对上述污染物的去除效果明显好于漂浮培养条件下的伊乐藻,适合重富营养化水体中养分的去除,而伊乐藻则在水质维持方面发挥更大作用。     

Cytogenetic analysis of Kengyilia mutica (Keng) J. L. Yang, Yen and Baum (Poaceae: Triticeae)

Kengyilia mutica (Keng) Yang, Yen et Baum is a hexaploid perennial grass of the tribe Triticeae native to western central China. The analyzer species with known genomic constitution used to produce interspecific hybrids with the target taxon were Roegneria kamoji Ohwi (StStHHYY), K. hirsuta (Keng) J. L. Yang, Yen et Baum (PPStStYY) and K. rigidula (Keng) J. L. Yang, Yen et Baum (PPStStYY). Analysis of metaphase I pairing configurations in the F₁ hybrids indicates that K. mutica possesses the P, St and Y genomes, with only minor structural rearrangements. Chromosome pairing in hybrids supports the inclusion of K. mutica in the genus Kengyilia.     

Cytogenetic and systematic analyses of Kengyilia gobicola, K. zhaosuensis and K. batalinii var. nana (Poaceae)

Kengyilia batalinii var. nana J.L. Yang, Yen et Baum, K. gobicola Yen et J.L. Yang, K. zhaosuensis J.L. Yang, Yen et Baum are short-lived perennial grasses of the family Triticeae distributed throughout the upper and middle mountain ranges of west China. They were cytogenetically studied with testers R. kamoji Ohwi (StStHHYY) and K. hirsuta (Keng) J. L. Yang, Yen et Baum (PPStStYY). Analysis of metaphase I pairing configurations in the F₁ indicate that K. batalinii var. nana, K. gobicola, K. zhaosuensis possess the P, St, and Y genomes, with o nly minor structural rearrangements. These results showed that the three target taxa are good species in the genus Kengyilia.     

朝鲜碱茅抗坏血酸过氧化物酶的基因克隆和表达

本研究从朝鲜碱茅叶cDNA文库分离得到序列长1125bp,开放读码框ORF区876bp,编码291个氨基酸的抗坏血酸过氧化物酶基因（PutAPx）全长cDNA。推测的编码蛋白质的相对分子质量和等电点分别为32kD和7．71。同源性比较发现,PutAPx基因与禾本科5个物种（水稻、大麦、小麦、黑麦草和玉米）在氨基酸水平上具有高度（89．7％,94．3％,94．2％,50．7％和79．6％）的同源性。系统发育树显示朝鲜碱茅与大麦、小麦遗传距离最近,跨膜结构与亚细胞定位表明为过氧化物体APX。将该基因构建到酵母表达载体pYES2-PutAPx,并导入酵母IVSCI菌株后在半乳糖的诱导下分析具有抗氧化性。本研究成功克隆了抗坏血酸过氧化物酶基因（PutAPx）编码区,并做了初步分析,为进一步研究逆境诱导的氧化胁迫的作用机理研究奠定了基础。     

攀援植物在北方水土保持生态修复中的应用

水土保持生态修复过程中,陡坡和垂直陡壁一直是治理的难题。我国北方地区山多,坡多,坡陡,是生态环境较难修复的原因之一。就攀援植物在坡面、垂直陡壁的绿化方面进行了探讨研究,筛选了5种北方常见的攀援植物,分别对其生长特性、优缺点等方面做出了评价,并根据坡面的不同特性阐述了植物配置的原则和配置的种类,提出了栽植中宜采取的一些辅助措施。     

水生植物分泌物对微生物影响的研究

植物分泌物和功能微生物的相互作用对于植物－微生物系统净化水质效果扮演着重要的作用.加入3种植物(黄花水龙、凤眼莲、伊乐藻)的分泌物对接种的氮循环微生物和光合细菌进行培养,结果表明:3种水生植物粗分泌物对光合细菌都起到了促进生长的作用,但是对于氮循环微生物却有不同的作用效果:分泌物对氨化菌和反硝化菌生长有促进作用,但是对于亚硝化菌和反硝化菌表现出抑制的作用,而且不同水生植物的分泌物对微生物作用大小也有所差异.这些结果能为今后进行植物－微生物修复体系中选择何种水生植物和接种微生物才能起到最佳的修复效果提供依据.     

广西蕨类植物研究(2)——新记录之分类群

本文记载广西新发现的蕨类植物1科,3属,10种。它们分别是:卤蕨科,卤蕨属、亮毛蕨属、沙皮蕨属,卤蕨、亮毛蕨、禾秆亮毛蕨、沙皮蕨、狭叶瓶尔小草、圆齿鳞盖蕨、热带鳞盖蕨、剑叶鳞始蕨、广东肿足蕨、混毛肿足蕨。讨论了这些分类群的发现对研究广西蕨类植物区系的重要意义。     

Evaluation of allelopathic potential and quantification of momilactone A,B from rice hull extracts and assessment of inhibitory bioactivity on paddy field weeds

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) hull extracts were used in a bioassay to evaluate the allelopathic potential of rice on the germination and growth of barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli P. Beauv. var. oryzicola Ohwi), to quantify momilactone A and B levels in rice hull germplasm and to assess the inhibitory bioactivity of momilactone A and B as a potential natural source of herbicide for weed control in paddy fields. Four varieties of weeds including E. crus-galli P. Beauv. var. oryzicola Ohwi, Monochoria vaginalis var. plantaginea, Scirpus juncoides, and Eleocharis kuroguwai were tested in the paddy field. Of 99 rice varieties, the top five including Noindari exhibited inhibition effects greater than 50% in average inhibition of dry weight (AIDW). Noindari among them exerted the strongest effect (55.6%). The next five in the ranking exhibited inhibition effects of greater than 40%. Also, 46 varieties had inhibition effects between 20 and 40%, and 29 varieties had inhibition effects greater than 10%. Fourteen varieties had very low inhibitory effects (less than 10%), the lowest of which was Heunbe (4.7%). These varieties showed a mean inhibition of 19.8% for germination rate (GR), 9.9% for germination percentage (GP), 16.6% for leaf dry weight (LDW), 38.9% for straw dry weight (SDW), and 26.8% for root dry weight (RDW). Rice varieties were classified into six categories based on their total momilactones (TMs) (momilactone A + momilactone B). The highest level of momilactone A was found in the Baekna rice variety (34.7 microg g(-1)), and Baekgwangok contained the highest level of momilactone B (37.8 microg g(-1)). In allelopathic potential with genetic properties and morphological characteristics, the total inhibition rate (TIR) was 18.3% for Korean rice varieties, 19.0% for middle maturing varieties, 17.8% for colorless hull varieties, 18.3% for awn varieties, and 19.0% for colorless awn varieties. In addition, Korean varieties showed higher TMs (4.5 microg g(-1)) as compared with varieties that were late maturing (4.4 microg g(-1)), had colorless hulls (4.1 microg g(-1)), awns (4.7 microg g(-1)), and colorless awns (4.8 microg g(-1)). Momilactone A levels were generally higher than momilactone B levels. Total inhibition rates on barnyard grass correlated with average inhibitions of germination (AIG) (r2 = 0.62***), AIDW (r2 = 0.92***), and were affected by the inhibition rate of GP (r2 = 0.57***). Regions of origin for rice varieties correlated with the AIG (r2 = -0.23***), and maturing time showed a positive correlation with SDW (r2 = 0.15**) and RDW (r2 = 0.19**). Levels of momilactones were also correlated with the region of origin (r2 = -0.32***), maturing time (r2 = 0.13***), and awns (momilactone A, r2 = 0.23***; momilactone B, r2 = 0.14**), suggesting that rice varieties with awns, Korean varieties, and varieties with later maturing times contain higher levels of momilactone. Also, the investigation of the momilactone A and B bioactivity (0, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 g a.i./ha) for weed control in paddy fields indicated that momilactones A and B exhibited no toxicity (0 in all concentrations) against rice plants, and the inhibitory bioactivity on weeds with momilactone A was higher than that of momilactone B. When compared with no momilactone control, the highest inhibitory effect (50%) on E. crus-galli P. Beauv. var. oryzicola Ohwi was shown on the 14th day after the application of momiactone A. The inhibitory effect increased with the concentration of the compound from 250 to 4000 g a.i./ha. Furthermore, momilactone A showed greater suppression than momliactone B toward toward E. crus-galli P. Beauv. var. oryzicola Ohwi, M. vaginalis var. plantaginea, S. juncoides, and E. kuroguwai. In broad weed species, momilactone A showed the highest inhibitory effect (90% in 4000 g a.i./ha) on S. juncoides, 14 days after the application as compared with no momilactone control. Further studies on allelopathic effects and momilactones from the germplasm of rice varieties using genetic properties and morphological characteristics may facilitate the development of rice varieties with higher allelopathic potential. Momilactones A and B present in rice hulls may serve as a potential natural herbicide source for weed control in paddy fields reducing the dependence on synthetic herbicides.     

Systems for making NIAS Core Collections, single-seed-derived germplasm, and plant photo images available to the research community

The National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences (NIAS) Genebank coordinates the conservation of plant, microorganism, and animal genetic resources related to food and agriculture in Japan. It also coordinates the distribution of genetic resources in the public domain for research, breeding, and educational purposes. To operate the NIAS Genebank efficiently, we have developed a genetic resources database, data management software, and web-based data retrieval systems to make the data available worldwide. This article describes the NIAS Genebank’s Core Collections of global and Japanese soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), Japanese azuki bean (Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi et Ohashi), and Japanese wheat (Triticum aestivum L. s. l.), all of which are available through the Genebank website. This article also describes new features of the NIAS Genebank database, such as the ability to select single-seed-derived germplasm of soybean in the plant search system and to download photographic data on accessions. By using the downloaded plant image PDF files, users can obtain detailed passport and agronomic information by clicking on the image of an accession of interest.     

Physicochemical Properties of Pueraria Root Starches and Their Effect on the Improvement of Buckwheat Noodle Quality

The physicochemical properties of starches from cultivated Pueraria thomsonii Benth were examined and compared with those of P. lobata (Willd.) Ohwi and other root starches, and the effect of pueraria root starches on the improvement of buckwheat noodle quality was investigated. The total content of isoflavones in P. thomsonii root starches was higher than in P. lobata root starches, and the size and uniformity of those particles displayed a significant difference. The gel stabilities of pueraria root starches were similar and more favorable than those of potato starch and sweet potato starch. For the amylose molecular properties of pueraria root starches, the λ_max and blue value index were higher than those of the potato starch and the sweet potato starch, whereas the amylose content and degree of polymerization were much lower in comparison. However, amylopectin branch lengths of pueraria root starches were shorter. Thus, pueraria root starches could improve the quality of buckwheat noodles and enhance their nutritional function. Therefore, pueraria root starches may be regarded as raw materials that influence the quality of buckwheat noodles.     

多年生漂浮植物对富营养化水体的响应及净化效果研究

研究了喜旱莲子草、穗状狐尾藻、黄花水龙3种植物在富营养化水体中的生长响应及对水体的净化效果.结果表明,试验确定了穗状狐尾藻最佳生长阈值:N 0.05～0.1 mg/L,P 0.01～0.02 mg/L;黄花水龙:N 0.1～0.2 mg/L,P 0.005～0.01 mg/L.试验结果进一步确定了穗状狐尾藻、黄花水龙阈值氮磷比例范围分别为2 :1～10:1,10: 1～20:1.在试验第35 d时,穗状狐尾藻对总氮、总磷和叶绿素a去除率分别达到了90.5%,88.0%,90.0%,效果最佳;黄花水龙对NO_3~-N、NH_4-N去除效果最好.分别为85.0%,43.5%.对水体中氮的去除主要是微生物和植物吸收共同作用完成.试验进行到35 d时,所用供试植物体内最大积累量占水体初始总氮量的10.36%,仅占水体氮去除的一小部分;通过有植物处理和无植物处理(即对照)对水体中营养盐去除效果的比较得出:3种供试植物对水体氮代谢微生物有正激发效应.而对磷代谢微生物均有负激发效应.     

Differences in CO2 and N2O emission rates following crop residue incorporation with or without field burning: A case study of adzuki bean residue and wheat straw

In the context of sustainable soil-quality management and mitigating global warming, the impacts of incorporating raw or field-burned adzuki bean (Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi & Ohashi) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) straw residues on carbon dioxide (CO₂) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission rates from soil were assessed in an Andosol field in northern Japan. Losses of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in residue biomass during field burning were much greater from adzuki bean residue (98.6% of C and 98.1% of N) than from wheat straw (85.3% and 75.3%, respectively). Although we noted considerable inputs of carbon (499 ± 119 kg C ha^–1) and nitrogen (5.97 ± 0.76 kg N ha^–1) from burned wheat straw into the soil, neither CO₂ nor N₂O emission rates from soil (over 210 d) increased significantly after the incorporation of field-burned wheat straw. Thus, the field-burned wheat straw contained organic carbon fractions that were more resistant to decomposition in soil in comparison with the unburned wheat straw. Our results and previously reported rates of CO₂, methane (CH₄) and N₂O emission during wheat straw burning showed that CO₂-equivalent greenhouse gas emissions under raw residue incorporation were similar to or slightly higher than those under burned residue incorporation when emission rates were assessed during residue burning and after subsequent soil incorporation.     

利用SSR分析小豆种质遗传多样性

摘要：小豆是一类重要的食用豆,本研究利用45对SSR引物对小豆基因组DNA进行了SSR标记的筛选鉴定,共筛选出多态性良好、扩增效果稳定的SSR引物18对。利用筛选出的18个SSR标记,分析了来自我国栽培小豆优异种质53份和日本引进种质27份,旨在阐明其遗传多样性特点,为育种利用提供理论依据。结果表明,在所有参试的80份小豆种质中共鉴定出等位变异92个,平均每个位点为5.1个;其中53份国内小豆和27份日本小豆的等位变异数分别为89个和74个,平均每个位点分别为4.9个和4.1个。所有供试小豆平均每个位点的多态信息含量（PIC）为0.64,变化范围为0.23～0.83,其中国内小豆的平均PIC值为0.63,变化范围为0.23~0.86;日本小豆平均PIC值为0.61,变化范围为0.20~0.81。国内栽培小豆和日本小豆在等位变异数、多态信息含量（PIC）、遗传相似性系数均存在差异,UPGMA聚类分析将参试的80份小豆明显分为五大类,聚类结果与小豆种质地理起源呈现出一定的相关性。试验表明,在小豆遗传育种中,可以通过种质资源相互利用来拓宽育成品种的遗传基础,同时这些SSR标记对于小豆资源DNA指纹图谱构建、遗传作图、基因型鉴定及分子标记辅助育种具有重要意义。     

A new taxonomic treatment for some wild relatives of mungbean (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vigna radiata</Emphasis> (L.) Wilcz.) based on their molecular phylogenetic relationships and morphological variations

Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilcz.) is an important leguminous crop cultivated mainly in Asia. Its wild relatives are considered useful genetic resources for mungbean breeding. However, the taxonomic history of mungbean and its wild relatives is complicated and some confusion is still present in recent publications. In this study, we examined the rDNA-ITS sequences and morphological characteristics of 83 gene bank accessions closely related to mungbean. As a result, we classified the 83 accessions into five species and one unclassified accession. The proper taxon name for each species was determined (Vigna grandiflora (Prain) Tateishi et Maxted, Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper, V. radiata, Vigna subramaniana (Babu ex Raizada) Raizada, and Vigna trinervia (Heyne ex Wight et Arn.) Tateishi et Maxted) based on a review of their taxonomic history and morphological comparisons between gene bank accessions and type specimens. A new taxonomic treatment is proposed and a morphological key has been prepared. In this treatment, Vigna radiata (L.) Wilcz. var. setulosa (Dalz.) Ohwi et Ohashi is treated as a synonym of Vigna radiata (L.) Wilcz. var. sublobata (Roxb.) Verdc., and Vigna hainiana Babu, Gopinathan et Sharma is a synonym of V. subramaniana. Accession ‘NI1135’ was revealed to be most closely related to, but is considerably differentiated from, mungbean (V. radiata) based on its rDNA-ITS sequences. It also has distinguishing morphological characters. Plants with similar morphologies and DNA profiles might be distributed in the Indian Himalaya. However, since only one accession is available at present, the taxonomic classification of ‘NI1135’ needs to be reconsidered in the future.     

Genetic relationships among cultivated and wild <Emphasis Type="Italic">Vigna angularis</Emphasis> (Willd.) Ohwi et Ohashi and relatives from Korea based on AFLP markers

Genetic variation and relationships among members of the azuki bean complex (Vigna angularis) including wild (V. angularis var. nipponensis), weedy, and cultivated types (V. angularis var. angularis), V. nakashimae, and rice bean (V. umbellata) from Korea were examined using the Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) method. AFLP analysis of 50 accessions revealed 333 (72.1%) polymorphic fragments out of 462 fragments amplified using seven primer combinations. The number of polymorphic fragments within each species was 70 in the azuki bean complex and 41 in V. nakashimae, but there was no polymorphism in rice bean. The number of shared fragments among species ranges from 142 between the azuki bean complex and V. nakashimae to 166 between the azuki bean complex and rice bean. Within the azuki bean complex, the range of shared bands was from 231 between cultivated and weedy types to 238 between cultivated and wild types. A dendrogram generated from Jaccard’s similarity matrix was divided into three groups, which correspond to V. nakashimae, azuki bean complex, and rice bean. The relationship between azuki bean and rice bean is closer than between azuki bean and V. nakashimae. Phenetic distances averaged 0.502 between the azuki bean complex and V. nakashimae and 0.467 between the azuki bean complex and rice bean. Within the azuki bean complex, the weedy type was more closely related to wild than cultivated types. But UPGMA dendrogram of the azuki bean complex reveals that each type is not clearly isolated. These results will help to understand genetic diversity and evolutionary dynamics of Vigna in Korea.     

Multiple cropping in rainfed upland entisol under different soil management conditions in the sub-humid tropics

Field experiments were conducted for 2 years on a well drained upland sandy loam soil under rainfed conditions to study the effects of previous summer season crops of jute (Corchorus olitorius L.) and direct seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.) in unpuddled and unbunded soil followed by a short duration legume crop (rice bean (Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi and Ohashi) for forage or greengram (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) for grains) and fallow on the (i) productivity winter crops of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), lentil (Lens esculenta Moench), field peas (Pisum sativum L.), linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.), mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), (ii) soil profile moisture storage and (iii) its utilization. The winter crops were established with minimum (making sowing slots of 5 cm depth with a hand-drawn seed drill and without maintenance of mulch over surface) and conventional (four ploughings up to 15 cm depth with bullock drawn plough) methods of land preparation. The results revealed that compared to jute/fallow and jute/legume sequences, rice/fallow and rice/legume sequences resulted in higher soil moisture storage and, hence, a greater degree of seedling emergence per unit area, higher root weight and water use, and consequent higher grain yields and water use efficiency (WUE) of the subsequent winter crops. Winter crops yielded 17% more following direct seeded rice than after jute. Growing of short duration legume (rice bean or greengram) after jute or rice depleted stored moisture but increased yield and WUE of all winter crops.Grain yields of winter crops were 19% higher in tilled than in untilled soils. Under conventional tillage the soil moisture was slightly reduced at the time of sowing of winter crops but it resulted in increments in root weight, water use, grain yields and WUE of winter crops. WUE of barley was highest followed by field peas, which utilized more of soil moisture conserved at lower soil depths than other crops. Mustard gave the highest return (Rs.4663) followed by field peas (Rs.4603).     

Forest management and biomass in the U.S.A.

There are a variety of opportunities to change land and forest management and, at the same time, create a positive impact on the current use of fossil energy. To the extent that these opportunities can be captured, they address the root cause of greenhouse warming-fossil fuel emissions-while, at the same time, improving economic opportunities, ecosystem productivity, and environmental conditions over broad areas. The need for better markets to absorb biomass energy, plus research to make biomass conversion more efficient, is probably the most important deterrent to achieving these possibilities.