Adsorption and binding of amino acids on homoionic montmorillonite and kaolinite

The adsorption and binding of amino acids (aspartic acid, cysteine, glycine, proline and arginine), ranging in molecular weight from 115 to 174 and in isoelectric point from pH 2.8 to 10.8, to montmorillonite [M] and kaolinite [K] homoionic to H, Na, Ca, Zn, La or Al were studied in unbuffered suspensions. Aspartic acid was adsorbed and bound on M homoionic to Ca or Zn but only adsorbed to K homoionic to Ca or Zn. Cysteine was only adsorbed on M homoionic to Al and adsorbed and bound on M homoionic to Zn and on K homoionic to H or Zn. Proline was adsorbed and bound on M homoionic to H, Ca or Zn and on K homoionic to H; it was adsorbed but not bound on both M and K homoionic to Al. Arginine was adsorbed and bound on M homoionic to H or Al and only adsorbed on K homoionic to Ca or Zn. Glycine was not bound on any of the clays. The amounts of amino acid adsorbed and bound (measured by the loss of amino acid from solution) and the class (Giles et al., 1974a and b) of both the adsorption and binding isotherms (retention against ultimate washing with water) were dependent on the type of amino acid, the type of clay, the type of cation predominant on the clays and the basicity or the additional function moiety (e.g. carboxyl, thiol, guanido) of the amino acid. The relative values of the non-standard free energy of clay-amino acid complexes that had isotherms of the Giles C-class were dependent on the type and molecular weight of the amino acid and on the exchangeable cation on the clay.     

铁铝氧化物和高岭石对转化酶的吸附及活性的影响

Experiments were conducted to study the influences of synthetic bayerite, non-crystalline aluminum oxide (N-AlOH), goethite, non-crystalline iron oxide (N-FeOH) and kaolinite on the adsorption, activity, kinetics and thermal stability of invertase. Adsorption of invertase on iron, aluminum oxides fitted Langmuir equation. The amount of invertase held on the minerals followed the sequence kaolinite > goethite > N-AlOH > bayerite > N-FeOH. No correlation was found between enzyme adsorption and the specific surface area of minerals examined. The differences in the surface structure of minerals and the arrangement of enzymatic molecules on mineral surfaces led to the different capacities of minerals for enzyme adsorption. The adsorption of invertase on bayerite, N-AlOH, goethite, N-FeOH and kaolinite was differently affected by pH. The order for the activity of invertase adsorbed on minerals was N-FeOH > N-AlOH > bayerite > reak goethite > kaolinite. The inhibition effect of minerals on enzyme activity was kaolinite > crystalline oxides > non-crystalline oxides. The pH optimum of iron oxide- and aluminum oxide-invertase complexes was similar to that of free enzyme (pH 4.0), whereas the pH optimum of kaolinite-invertase complex was one pH unit higher than that of free enzyme. The affinity to substrate and the maximum reaction velocity as well as the thermal stability of combined invertase were lower than those of the free enzyme.     

Adsorption and binding of peptides on homoionic montmorillonite and kaolinite

The adsorption and binding (amount retained after extensive washing) of peptides (two, three or four amino acids with isoelectric points ranging from pH 3.31 to 6.81) on montmorillonite (M) and kaolinite (K) made homoionic to H, Na, Ca, Zn, Al or La were studied. The amount of peplide adsorbed or bound varied with the type of clay, the type of cation saturating the clay, and the constitutive amino acids of the peptides. Di-, tri- and tetraglycine were adsorbed to a greater extent on M than on K. A larger amount of the basic peptide, l-alanyl-l-lysine, than of the acidic peptide, l-aspartylglycine, was adsorbed. The heterocyclic peptides, l-histidylglycine and l-prolyl-l-phenylalanylglycyl-l-lysine, were preferentially adsorbed on M homoionic to di- and trivalent cations. Only l-aspartylglycine, l-histidylglycine. l-alanyl-l-lysine and l-prolyl-l-phenylalanylglycyl-l-lysine were bound on M, and only diglycine, tetraglycine and l-prolyl-l-phenylalanylglycyl-l-lysine were bound on K.     

论水土保持后治理与持续治理问题

水土保持后治理是指对已经治理后的水土资源的进一步治理、保护、开发与利用。水土保持持续治理是指按照可持续发展理论要求开展的持续治理过程。它应遵循可持续性、经济性、综合性的治理原则 ,积极开展生物多样性建设、庭园环境治理、技术服务体系建设和土地利用结构调整 ,通过制度创新和技术创新 ,不断促进水土保持事业向前发展。并提出了“粮草下川入沟 ,果树上岔入田 ,沟道淤泥蓄水 ,荒山封禁轮牧”的黄土高原治理方略     

国外农作物秸秆利用政策法规综述及其经验启示

发达国家在农作物秸秆利用方面取得丰富的经验和研究进展。中国的秸秆利用管理政策和法规尚不完善。分析国外农作物秸秆利用政策和法规,总结其成功经验,以资中国借鉴。发达国家秸秆利用方式以秸秆还田循环利用为主。为了实现秸秆资源的充分利用,许多发达国家出台了有针对性的政策与法规。国外秸秆利用政策主要集中在目标政策、投资扶持政策（财政政策）、税收与信贷优惠政策、政策激励机制4个方面。国外有关秸秆利用的法规主要包括农业类法规和能源类法规2大类。借鉴国外先进经验,提出了完善中国秸秆利用政策与法规的建议：一是明确秸秆利用的主导方式和目标,二是加大政府投资扶持力度,三是制定并实施税收和信贷优惠政策,四是建立政策激励机制,五是完善和制定有关秸秆利用的法规和条例。     

Surfactants and soil water evaporation and migration

1. Water evaporation from soil and sand columns is smaller when the surfactant is placed on the surface, and larger when it is located at the bottom. Water evaporation from soil and sand mixed with the surfactant is as high as without the surfactant. 2. The fact that water evaporation from soil and sand depends on the location of the surfactant in the column is accounted for by the dominant role of migration but not by the suppressive action of the surfactant film on water evaporation. 3. Water migration from sites with surfactant towards sites without surfactant is caused by two pressures: the capillary and the additional pressure arising from the spreading of the surfactant. 4. The importance of the additional pressure on water migration is shown by experiments which rule out the existence of a capillary pressure difference.     

品种和播期对春玉米生长发育及产量的影响

为探讨不同品种和播期对春玉米生长发育及产量的影响，给河西地区玉米高产栽培提供依据。以主栽玉米品种先玉335、郑单958、农华101为供试材料，设置5个播期处理。结果表明，播期对玉米生长发育影响显著，播期推迟，生育进程逐渐加快，生育期逐渐缩短。播期对株高、穗位影响显著，平均播期每推迟5 d，株高增加11.6～14.8 cm，穗位高增加1.2～4.8 cm。播期对穗长、穗粗和秃尖长影响不明显，对穗粒数影响显著，最高穗粒数对应产量最高指标值。播期对玉米产量影响显著，先玉335、农华101于4月26日播种较5月6日播种产量分别提高了14.8%、7.6%；郑单958于4月21日播种产量较5月6日播种产量提高了14.0%；先玉335、农华101、郑单958在河西地区最适宜的播期分别为4月26日、4月26日、4月21日。     

水土流失与地貌侵蚀

物质的侵蚀-搬运-堆积是地貌发育的主要过程。水土流失目前主要是指第一阶段即地貌发育的侵蚀过程。地貌的侵蚀一般被分为两类:自然侵蚀和人为侵蚀,而人为侵蚀被认为是水土流失的主要原因。笔者认为,人类活动固然加剧了侵蚀过程的发生,但它是在自然侵蚀的基础上进行的,它是符合自然侵蚀规律的。在目前的社会条件下,水土流失的治理不仅仅是减少人类活动的影响,而应该是使人类活动在地貌演化过程中扮演因势利导的角色,使其向着人类有利的方向发展。     

The distribution and abundance of the banded and rufous hare-wallabies, Lagostrophus fasciatus and Lagorchestes hirsutus

The only substantial wild populations of banded Lagostrophus fasciatus and rufous Lagorchestes hirsutus hare-wallabies occur on Bernier and Dorre Islands, off the coast of Western Australia. Banded hare-wallabies were widespread in southwestern Australia but have not been recorded there since 1906; rufous hare-wallabies had a broad distribution across arid Australia but now have a single mainland population in the Tanami Desert.

We assessed distribution and abundance of hare-wallabies on Bernier and Dorre Islands from spotlight sightings of animals on a series of east-west transects across each island. Abundance was estimated using line transects. The banded hare-wallaby is the more abundant species on both islands with a population of about 3,900 on Bernier and 3,800 on Dorre Island. This species depends on the shelter afforded by low-spreading shrubs of Heterodendrum oleifolium, Acacia coriacea, A. ligulata, Diplolaena dampiera, and Ficus platypoda. Wallabies occur mainly on the dunes that form the spine of Dorre Island and the travertine of its west coast. On Bernier Island they occur in the north, where dense thickets of Acacia coriacea, A ligulata, H. oleifolium and D. dampiera, and a tall heath of Abutilon exoneum and Scaevola crassifolia are best developed. The rufous hare-wallaby has a population of about 2,600 on Bernier and 1,700 on Dorre Island. It occurs throughout both islands in most habitats, but is most abundant in the south of each. It burrows extensively on the inland sandplain and in the dunes.     

Effect of mouldboard and chisel ploughing and their timing on seedbed quality

The effects of tillage on weed growth are supposed to depend largely on the type of implement, the timing of the operation and the type of soil. Experiments on the effect of mouldboard and chisel ploughing with duckfeet, used for the main tillage operation and the timing of the main tillage operation on seedbed quality and weed development in sugar-beet were carried out from 1981–1983 on silty clay, silty loam and two sands. Seedbed quality was only slightly influenced by type and timing of the main tillage operation. Soil texture affected seedbed quality significantly: seedbeds on light soils compared with silty soils had a finer tilth, were deeper and were scarcely sorted (stratified according to particle size). Chisel ploughing with duckfeet to the full depth of the arable layer required much tractor power and during the late autumn on silty loam and in spring on sand, chiselling was impossible because the soil was too wet; the mouldboard plough did not cause problems of this kind. Moreover, soil inversion by the mouldboard plough was attended by a surface free of crop residues and weeds after the main tillage operation and a strong suppression of weeds during winter, sowing time and in the young crop.     

A long-term comparison of ploughing, tine cultivation and direct drilling on the growth and yield of winter cereals and oilseed rape on clayey and silty soils

The effects of mouldboard ploughing, shallow tined cultivation and direct drilling on yields of winter wheat, barley, oats and oilseed rape were compared over 10 years. Three field experiments were conducted on two non-calcareous clays (stagnogleys) and a weakly structured silty soil (argillic brown earth). Two spring N levels were applied to the winter wheat plots on the clay soil in three years and to the winter barley plots on the silty soil in one year. This paper reports the soil bulk density and water content at sowing and the crop growth, yield components and yields obtained during the later years of the study: 1979–1984 on the clayey soils and 1981–1984 on the silty soil.

In the years when cereals were grown, differences in yield between cultivation treatments were small and inconsistent. Oilseed rape yielded significantly more after direct drilling than ploughing because of better establishment and uniformity of growth.

The success of continuous reduced tillage depended on both burning crop residues and good weed control.     

Seed vigor and boron and calcium nutrition influence oilseed rape germinability and seedling growth under salt stress

The beneficial effects of boron (B) and calcium (Ca) nutrition on pea seed germinability under salinity stress have recently been shown. However, nothing is known about the influence of seed vigor status on these results, especially in oilseed rape as an important oil crop worldwide. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of seed vigor, boron and calcium nutrition on seed germinability, seedling growth, and some biochemical characteristics of oilseed rape seedlings under salinity. In spite of promotive effects of application of both boron and calcium nutrition on oilseed rape germinability and seedling growth, there was a more significant promotion on germination rate of high vigor seeds. Proline content and guaiacol peroxidase activity of seedlings were significantly increased by adding supplemental boron to the medium compared to the control. Finally, it can be concluded that boron and calcium nutrition would improve the salt tolerance capability of oilseed rape seedlings from vigorous seeds, at least in the early plant development.     

Effects of soil crust and crop on runoff and erosion in Loess Plateau

Soil crust formed after rainfall has a strong influence on soil erosion, water use, and crop growth on sloping farmland. To study the effect of soil crust on sloping farmland on runoff amount and erosion sediment yield, the soil crust on sloping farmland has been studied in this paper for plantings of corn, soybeans, millet, and winter wheat. Using an outdoor rainfall simulator, the influence of soil crust on runoff rate and sediment yield on sloping farmland covered by crops has been observed. The results revealed that soil crust thickness was increased after rainfall and soil crust coverage showed little change after rainfall. Soil crust had a significant impact on runoff and sediment yield on sloping farmland. Slopes with soil crust showed higher runoff rate and less soil loss than slopes without soil crust. On slopes planted with four crops (corn, soybeans, millet, and winter wheat), runoff rates on slopes with soil crust were respectively 20%, 25%, 25%, and 21% higher than on slopes without soil crust; sediment yield on slopes with soil crust was respectively 15%, 14%, 14%, and 8% lower than on slopes without soil crust. Crops enlarged the runoff difference between the two kinds of slope and decreased the sediment yield difference between them. Crop growth enhanced these differences in runoff and sediment yield between slopes with and without soil crust.     

Effectiveness of palm and simulated geotextiles in reducing run-off and inter-rill erosion on medium and steep slopes

Palm‐leaf geotextiles could be an effective and cheap soil conservation method with enormous global potential. However, there are very few data on the effectiveness of palm geotextiles in reducing soil erosion by water. This study investigates the effectiveness of two types of palm geotextiles and the effect of geotextile mesh size on infiltration, run‐off and inter‐rill erosion rate and soil surface roughness on a medium and steep slope. A well‐defined protocol was developed to conduct laboratory experiments. Rainfall was simulated for 90 min with an intensity (I) of 45 and 67 mm h^?1 on an inter‐rill erosion plot, filled with an erodible sandy loam and having slope gradients (S) of 15 and 45%. Two palm‐leaf geotextiles (Borassus aethiopum and Brazilian Buriti Palm) and three simulated geotextiles (polyethylene tarpaulin) with different mesh sizes (1 × 1, 5 × 5 and 12 × 12 cm) were tested on a simulated fine tilth. Calculated k values from the Horton infiltration equation ranged from 0.025 to 0.145 and decreased linearly on both slopes with geotextile cover. Geotextiles are more effective in reducing the run‐off coefficient on a medium slope (15%) compared with that on a steep slope (45%), ranging from 76.4 to 17.9%. Mean b values from the mulch cover equation equalled 0.024 for a 15% slope and 0.045 for a 45% slope, indicating a higher effectiveness of geotextiles in reducing total inter‐rill soil loss on gentler slopes compared with commonly used mulches. Erosion‐induced soil surface roughness at the end of each experiment increased linearly with geotextile cover percentage and this increase was not significantly different between the two slope gradients.     

冻融作用对坡面侵蚀及泥沙颗粒分选的影响

为了探究冻土和解冻土对水力侵蚀的影响,利用室内模拟降雨试验对冻土和解冻土两种坡面的坡面侵蚀过程及泥沙颗粒分选特征进行了研究。结果表明:在降雨条件下,相对于解冻坡面(TS),冻土坡面(FS)的产流时间提前了173s,而产流量、产沙量分别增加了9%和105%;两种坡面侵蚀过程中的土壤颗粒平均重量直径(MWD)大小次序均为溅蚀颗粒径流冲刷泥沙颗粒,且冻土坡面溅蚀颗粒及冲刷泥沙颗粒MWD均显著大于解冻土坡面(p0.05);随着降雨进行,解冻土坡面侵蚀泥沙中的黏粒、细粉粒含量呈先迅速增大后减少的趋势;粗粉粒和砂粒含量则呈先减小后增大的趋势,侵蚀泥沙逐渐向粗颗粒发展;而冻土坡面各粒级颗粒随时间变化相对稳定。研究成果可为进一步揭示冻融作用下坡面水力侵蚀机理提供一定的参考依据。     

Polyphenols and health: current state and progress

During the 5th International Conference on Polyphenols and Health that was held in Sitges (Spain) in October 2011, the latest advances in this area of active research were presented. Sessions on polyphenol effects on cardiovascular disease, polyphenols as ingredients of functional foods, the role of polyphenols in preventing obesity and diabetes, the interaction of polyphenols with gut microbiota, bioavailability and metabolism of polyphenols in humans, the mechanisms of action of these metabolites in different models, new methodologies for the study of the role of polyphenols in health, polyphenols and cancer, recent developments in phenolic compounds and neuroscience, and polyphenols in epidemiology and public health were organized. This highlight issue presents a selection of papers from invited speakers, oral presentations, and poster prize winners. The perspectives for this exciting area of very active research were also discussed at the meeting and are summarized in this introductory paper.     

嫁接黄瓜果实表面蜡粉形成与砧木的相关性及其硅吸收分配特性

黄瓜果实表面蜡粉的多少影响其商品品质,蜡粉多少在一定条件下取决于植株对硅的吸收特性。本试验选择4个果实表面具蜡粉的南瓜自交系（Z1、 Z2、 Z3和Z4）和4个果实表面没有蜡粉的南瓜自交系（Z5、 Z6、 Z7 和Z8）为砧木,嫁接津优1号黄瓜,以自根黄瓜为对照,研究了嫁接和自根黄瓜果面蜡粉形成与硅吸收分配的关系。结果表明, 采用果面具蜡粉砧木Z1、 Z2嫁接的黄瓜果实表面鲜亮、 光滑,几乎无蜡粉;果面具蜡粉的砧木Z3、 Z4以及不具蜡粉的4个砧木嫁接的黄瓜果面蜡粉量多,色灰暗,与自根黄瓜之间差异显著或不显著。果面没有蜡粉的黄瓜植株各器官中硅含量显著低于果面有蜡粉的黄瓜;果实果皮中硅含量高于果肉。嫁接黄瓜果面是否具蜡粉与砧木果面有无蜡粉没有必然联系,采用去蜡粉砧木嫁接的黄瓜硅吸收量明显减少。     

Effect of Various Acids and Sulfites in Steep Solution on Yields and Composition of Corn Fiber and Corn Fiber Oil

The addition of six acids (organic and inorganic) and four sulfite compounds (including gaseous SO₂) during the conventional corn wet‐milling steeping process of two yellow dent corn hybrids were evaluated for the effect on corn fiber yield, corn fiber oil yield, and the composition of three phytosterol compounds (ferulate phytosterol esters [FPE], free phytosterols [St], and phytosterol fatty acyl esters [St:E]) in the corn fiber oil. No significant effect of different sulfite compounds and acids were observed on corn fiber yields. However, a significant effect was observed on corn fiber oil yield and the composition of corn fiber oil for phytosterol compounds. Three of the sulfite compounds (including gaseous SO₂) caused very little effect on the levels of phytosterol compounds compared with the control sample (corn steeped with sodium metabisulfite and lactic acid). However, for one hybrid, ammonium sulfite gave a significantly higher yield of FPE and St:E and had no effect on the yield of St. For the other hybrid, it gave a significantly higher yield of FPE and had no effect on the yield of St and St:E compared with the control sample. This indicates that the effect of these sulfite compounds on yields of these phytosterol compounds in corn fiber oil is probably hybrid‐dependent. No significant effect of acids was observed on corn fiber yields, but significant effects were observed on corn fiber oil yields and yields of phytosterol compounds in the corn fiber oil. The effect also seems to be hybrid‐dependent because different acids affected the two hybrids differently. Overall, it seems that weak acids have a positive effect on increasing the individual phytosterol compounds in the corn fiber. When comparing the effect of experimental acids and sulfites on the two hybrids, acids have a more positive effect than sulfites in increasing the yield of phytosterol compounds in corn fiber oil.     

Sorption of triazine and organophosphorus pesticides on soil and biochar

Sorption and degradation are the primary processes controlling the efficacy and runoff contamination risk of agrochemicals. Considering the longevity of biochar in agroecosystems, biochar soil amendment must be carefully evaluated on the basis of the target agrochemical and soil types to achieve agricultural (minimum impact on efficacy) and environmental (minimum runoff contamination) benefits. In this study, sorption-desorption isotherms and kinetics of triazine (deisopropylatrazine) and organophosphorus (malathion, parathion, and diazinon) pesticides were first investigated on various soil types ranging from clayey, acidic Puerto Rican forest soil (PR) to heavy metal contaminated small arms range (SAR) soils of sandy and peaty nature. On PR, malathion sorption did not reach equilibrium during the 3 week study. Comparison of solution-phase molar phosphorus and agrochemical concentrations suggested that degradation products of organophosphorus pesticides were bound on soil surfaces. The degree of sorption on different soils showed the following increasing trend: deisopropylatrazine < malathion < diazinon < parathion. While sorption of deisopropylatrazine on SAR soils was not affected by diazinon or malathion, deisopropylatrazine suppressed the sorption of diazinon and malathion. Deisopropylatrazine irreversibly sorbed on biochars, and greater sorption was observed with higher Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area of biochar (4.7-2061 mg g(-1)). The results suggested the utility of biochar for remediation of sites where concentrations of highly stable and mobile agrochemicals exceed the water-quality benchmarks.     

草被减流减沙效应及其力学机制分析

 利用人工模拟降雨试验,定量研究不同降雨强度下20°坡面草地的减流减沙效应,探讨草被坡面固土作用的力学机制。结果表明:在45、87和127mm/h降雨强度下,草地坡面土壤的平均入渗率是裸地坡面入渗率的2.1～4.2倍;与裸地相比,草地径流流速减少77.3%～79.8%,径流量减少51.9%～99.1%,产沙量减少93.6%～99.2%;从力学角度分析坡面土壤颗粒的受力情况,建立的坡面产沙量与径流切应力的关系模型可用于草被坡面土壤流失量预测;试验条件下,草地临界径流切应力值为2.857N/m2,裸地临界径流切应力值为0.861N/m2,坡面产沙量随径流切应力的增大而增大。研究结果对定量评价草被减流减沙作用和深化土壤侵蚀力学过程有一定的参考意义。