An analysis of carbon dioxide transport in arterial and venous blood of the rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss,following exhaustive exercise

Arterial and venous cannulations were used to examine the characteristics of CO₂ transport in pre and post branchial blood both at rest and during recovery from exercise. As in previous studies, exercise caused a marked decrease in the extracellular pH (pH_e) in both arterial and venous blood. Except for a transient increase in venous blood immediately following exercise, plasma total CO₂ ([C_{CO 2}]_pl) and whole blood total CO₂ ([C_{CO 2}]_wb) decreased in both arterial and venous blood during recovery. Exercise also resulted in an increase in red blood cell total CO₂ concentration ([C_{CO 2}]_i) and in the partial pressure of CO₂ (P_{CO 2}) in both arterial and venous blood. Activation of the adrenergic mechanism at the level of the red blood cell likely contributed to the increases observed in ([C_{CO 2}]_i) following exercise. At rest, the majority of the total [C_{CO 2}] carried in arterial and venous blood could be attributed to the plasma, with 2 and 9% carried in the red blood cells, respectively. However, exercise resulted in an increase in the percentage of C0₂ carried within the red blood cell to 13.5 and 20% in arterial and venous blood, respectively. The total CO₂ difference between pre and post branchial blood also increased following exercise suggesting an increase in CO₂ excretion.     

Use of the Reflotron system for the determination of creatine kinase (CK) in the blood of swine, sheep, cattle, horses and dogs]

The Reflotron-CK test was evaluated with blood samples of healthy and diseased pigs, sheep, cattle, horses and dogs in relation to the standard CK-NAC test (UV-method). The precision within the series on the day of blood sampling was better than VK = 7.5% (coefficient of variation) with both methods. The day to day precision was estimated by using deep frozen plasma and was in the same order of magnitude with the Reflotron-CK and the UV-method (CV less than 10%). While fresh whole blood of sheep, cattle, horses and dogs respectively should be applied directly onto the dry reagent carrier with the Reflotron-pipette (32 microliters), the blood samples of pigs must be diluted (200 microliters 0.9% NaCl-solution and 32 microliters blood, factor 7.25) before determination with Reflotron-CK. In the five species mentioned the correlation between Reflotron-CK and CK values obtained with the standard UV-method was satisfactory (r greater than 0.96). Systemic deviations of the Reflotron-CK values should be corrected by calculation formulae, given in the paper.     

Use of lupin,Lupinus perennis,mango, Mangifera indica,and stinging nettle,Urtica dioica,as feed additives to prevent Aeromonas hydrophila infection in rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)

Feeding rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), with 1% lupin, Lupinus perennis, mango, Mangifera indica, or stinging nettle, Urtica dioica, for 14 days led to reductions in mortality after challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila. In addition, there was significant enhancement in serum bactericidal activity, respiratory burst and lysozyme activity in the treatment groups compared to the controls. Use of lupin and mango led to the highest number of red blood and white blood cells in recipient fish, with use of stinging nettle leading to the highest haematocrit and haemoglobin values; the highest value of mean corpuscular volume and haemoglobin was in the control groups and those fed with stinging nettle.     

盐度驯化下史氏鲟的血液学参数

测定了5个不同盐度梯度(0、10、20、25、28)下分别饲养14d和21d的史氏鲟血液生理学参数。结果表明:在不同的饲养时间下,红细胞总数(RBC)、红细胞压积(HCT)、血栓细胞总数(PLT)、血红蛋白浓度(HGB)均随盐度的升高逐渐减少,红细胞平均体积(MCV)、平均血红蛋白含量(MCH)随盐度的升高逐渐增加,平均血红蛋白浓度(MCHC)无显著变化,红细胞体积分布宽度(RDW)、白细胞总数(WBC)、淋巴细胞数(LYM)、单核细胞数(MON)、嗜酸性粒细胞数(EOS)、中性粒细胞含量(NEUT)、嗜碱性粒细胞含量(BASO)随盐度的增加先升高后下降。在相同的盐度条件下,红细胞总数(RBC)、血栓细胞总数(PLT)、平均血红蛋白含量(MCH)、平均血红蛋白浓度(MCHC)、嗜碱性粒细胞含量(BASO)随养殖天数的增加逐渐下降,其它血液指标随饲养时间的延长逐渐升高。白细胞分类计数(DLC)值显示,在不同的盐度条件下,白细胞中各类细胞比例依次为淋巴细胞(Lym)>单核细胞(Mon)>嗜中性粒细胞(Neut)>嗜碱性粒细胞(Baso)>嗜酸性粒细胞(Eos)。通过盐度驯化后血液生理学分析,史氏鲟具有较强的渗透调节能力,经过驯化可以在28的盐水中生存。     

Cardiovascular,respiratory, and blood adjustments to hypoxia in the Japanese eel,Anguilla japonica

The cardioventilatory performance of the Japanese eel,Anguilla japonica, was evaluated during acute exposure to hypoxia. The eel became an oxygen conformer as ambient PO₂ fell below the critical value of 110 mmHg. Although arterial and venous PO₂ also fell progressively, the arterial O₂ content remained constant down to an ambient PO₂ of about 60 mmHg. Arterial blood O₂ saturation was maintained at 85% even at 40 mmHg. The increase in the supply of O₂ to the animal during hypoxia was due to a combination of adaptive adjustments: (1) an increase in ventilation: perfusion ratio brought about mainly be bradycardia; (2) an increase in respiratory exchange surface area which was manifested as an increase in branchial blood transit time and quantified as a rise in transfer factor, water-blood overlap coefficient and utilization (%); (3) an increase in blood O₂ affinity and capacitance coefficient as a result of respiratory alkalosis and Bohr-Root shift and a decrease in haemoglobin allosteric modulator (GTP, ATP) concentrations in the RBC. These factors together helped to increase the efficiency of O₂ transfer across the gills.     

Strain differences in hemoglobin polymorphism,oxygen consumption,and blood oxygen equilibria in three hatchery broodstocks of arctic charr,Salvelinus alpinus

Hemoglobin polymorphism, standard oxygen consumption, and blood oxygen equilibria were examined in three stocks of Arctic charr,Salvelinus alpinus, originating from the central Arctic (Nauyuk Lake) and Labrador (Fraser River) regions of Canada and from Norway (Storvatn) and maintained at the Rockwood Experimental Fish Hatchery in Gunton, Manitoba. Ten hemoglobin isomorphs were identified in the blood of adult charr by starch gel electrophoresis at pH 8.6. Five anodic isomorphs were found in all charr. The stocks differed, however, in the occurrence an relative concentrations of five cathodic isomorphs. Nauyuk Lake charr exhibited two hemoglobin phenotypes based on the presence of either three (3-C) or five (5-C) cathodic isomorphs whereas the Labrador charr were uniformly the 5-C phenotype and the Norwegian charr were uniformly the 3-C phenotype. Physiologically, the Labrador and Norwegian charr exhibited similar standard rates of oxygen consumption over a weight range of 0.5 to 50 g and similar blood oxygen equilibria. Charr from Nauyuk Lake exhibited higher standard oxygen consumption rates at weights above 10 g, and blood with both a higher oxygen affinity and a larger Bohr shift than the other two charr strains. All charr strains exhibited very low residual oxygen levels.     

Given the same dietary carotenoid inclusion, Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar (L.) display higher blood levels of canthaxanthin than astaxanthin

Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, fitted with permanent dorsal aorta cannulae were fed diets containing either 0, 30, 60 mg kg^?1 or combinations of astaxanthin and canthaxanthin, with the aim of comparing the uptake efficiencies to blood of the two pigments and evaluating possible interactions during absorption when formulated in the same diet. Given either astaxanthin or canthaxanthin in separate diets, at dietary levels of <30 mg kg^?1, an identical linear relationship (R² = 0.97) between dietary levels and blood concentrations was observed for both carotenoids. At dietary astaxanthin inclusions above 30 mg kg^?1, blood astaxanthin concentration approached saturation at an average level of 1.2 ± 0.04 μg mL^?1 (arithmetic mean ± SD), whereas blood levels of canthaxanthin continued to increase linearly throughout the inclusion range tested (0–60 mg kg^?1). When both carotenoids were presented in the same diet, a reduction in the absorption efficiency of both pigments was observed (P < 0.05). This manifested itself as a lower level in blood than the level observed when each carotenoid was administered separately. The negative interaction was most prominent for astaxanthin, the maximum average blood saturation level of which fell (P < 0.05) to 0.73 ± 0.03 μg mL^?1 (arithmetic mean ± SD). Our data support the conclusion that at higher dietary inclusions, canthaxanthin is more efficiently absorbed from the digestive tract into the blood of S. salar than astaxanthin.     

Effects of levamisole,echinacea, and thyme oral administration on growth factors,blood parameters,and immunity in beluga,Huso huso

A total of 180 fish (95.50 g) were fed with 0.1% levamisole, 0.5% thyme, and 0.5% echinacea crude extract for 60 days. The control group received no stimulant. The results of growth parameters indicated a significant positive effect of levamisole in comparison with the control group, though it was not significantly different from echinacea and thyme treatments (P > 0.05). No mortalities were observed in the treatments. Feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio did not differ significantly between the treatments. The highest numbers of white and red blood cells and the greatest amounts of hemoglobin and hematocrit were detected in the levamisole treatment, showing significant differences with the other groups in the percentage of hemoglobin only (P < 0.05). The highest levels of MCH and MCHC were also measured in the levamisole treatment. Differential count of white blood cells revealed no significant differences in neutrophil and lymphocyte levels with the control. There was a significant increase in the percentage of eosinophil in the levamisole treatment alone. No significant differences were recorded in total protein, albumin, and aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase enzymes. Levamisole treatment displayed the highest activities of glutathione peroxidase and lysozyme as well as the greatest amount of immunoglobulin. So 0.1 levamisole yielded better results in the growth, blood, and immunity parameters and can be used as a stimulant without injuring body organs.     

欧洲鳗li血液指标的研究

以114尾欧洲鳗li(Anguilla anguilla)为材料，测定了血液中红细胞数，白细胞数，血红蛋白值，比积，白细胞分类计数值及各型血型细胞大小等正常值，按统计学原理进行分析，并对总体正常值范围进行估计，另对欧洲鳗li的血液指标与其他鱼类的血液指标进行了比较。     

Cardiac remodelling,blood chemistry,haematology and oxygen consumption of Atlantic cod, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gadus morhua</Emphasis> L., induced by experimental haemolytic anaemia with phenylhydrazine

Anaemia is a common pathology associated with many infectious and non-infectious diseases. The effects of haemolytic anaemia induced by i.p. injection of phenylhydrazine (PHZ) were studied in Atlantic cod. Phenylhydrazine injection (0.3 mg kg⁻¹) in a DMSO and saline vehicle induced a reproducible and stable anaemia reducing haematocrit, (Hct) by 62% over 3 weeks. Controls consisted of fish injected with saline and DMSO/saline vehicle with minimal effects on Hct or whole blood haemoglobin (Hb). Although anaemia resulted in reduced blood lactate and glucose in PHZ injected fish, there were no effects of anaemia on blood, sodium, chloride or potassium. Similarly, there were no changes in the relative proportions of leucocytes in the blood although an increase in the number of immature erythrocytes was observed in the anaemic fish. Anaemic fish showed a 29 and 22% increase in cardiac somatic index (CSI) relative to saline and vehicle controls, respectively, although there were no significant differences in the linear dimensions of the ventricle. Changes in cardiac somatic and ventricular somatic index correlated positively and significantly with Hct but not with whole blood Hb concentration. Anaemic fish had significantly reduced resting routine oxygen consumption compared with vehicle controls but were not able to increase oxygen consumption following a bout of exhaustive exercise. Plasma lactate concentrations increased significantly after exercise to a greater extent in anaemic fish compared with vehicle control fish. Phenylhydrazine is a useful model for studying haemolytic anaemia in Atlantic cod with minimal effects on blood biochemistry and haematology and clearly reduces the aerobic capacity in Atlantic cod.     

栉孔扇贝夏季大规模死亡的神经网络预测模型

为了比较3种扇贝血液中的K⁺、Na⁺、Ca²⁺和Cl⁻浓度,血氧(pO₂)和血二氧化碳(pCO₂)气体分压及血液酸碱度（pH）的差异情况,实验利用血气分析仪对栉孔扇贝、虾夷扇贝和海湾扇贝的血液生理指标进行测定。结果显示,扇贝的血液生理指标呈现显著的物种差异,其中栉孔扇贝血液的K⁺浓度[(15.74±1.47) mmol/L]、Na⁺浓度[(388.07±11.38) mmol/L]、Cl⁻浓度[(462.43±6.88) mmol/L]和pO₂ [(140.13±15.35) mmHg]最高。此外,栉孔扇贝和虾夷扇贝的Ca²⁺浓度和pCO₂含量较高,而海湾扇贝的pH最高。对相同月龄不同大小栉孔扇贝血液指标进行比较,发现栉孔扇贝的血液pH值与其壳高呈正相关(r=0.611),而生理指标与壳高呈负相关。随着温度的升高,栉孔扇贝血液的Ca²⁺浓度显著增加,而pO₂显著下降,K⁺、Na⁺和Cl⁻浓度先升高后恢复到初始水平,而pH和pCO₂保持相对稳定。研究结果为贝类血液生理研究提供参考,也为贝类生理状态的评估提供了一种新的思路与方法。     

Immunosuppression in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, caused by the haemoflagellate Cryptobia salmositica Katz, 1951

Abstract. An experimental Cryptobia salmositica infection in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, produced suppression of the humoral response against sheep red blood cells as measured by direct haemagglutination. Two-month and 5-month infections produced equal suppression. The parasite also produced suppression of the humoral response against a bacterial pathogen, Yersinia ruckeri . Anti- Y. ritckeri titres were significantly lower in most fish infected with C. salmositica than in non-infected fish. Immunosuppression became evident when C. salmositica first appeared in the blood (first 2 weeks of infection), Immunosuppression was confirmed by challenge with Y. ruckeri . Mortality at challenge occurred in 64·3% to 83·3% of the fish already infected with C. salmositica at the time of initial Y. ruckeri exposure. There was no mortality at challenge if fish were not infected with C. salmositica at initial bacterial exposure, nor in those concurrently infected with both pathogens. Antigenic competition may have caused the immunosuppression.     

Impact of a pathogenic haemoflagellate, Cryptobia salmositica Katz, on the metabolism and swimming performance of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)

Abstract. Oxygen consumption of juvenile rainbow trout (5 g at 13°C) at moderate swimming speeds did not change significantly when infected with Cryptobia salmositica. However, significant reductions of as much as 44% of the maximum aerobic scope for activity and 24% of the critical swimming speed were observed when the parasitaemia reached a maximum of 57.6 × 10⁶ ml⁻¹ fish blood at 3 weeks post- infection. Blood haematocrit was significantly reduced from the initial 34.1 to 19.7% at 4 weeks post- infection, probably as a result of haemolysis by the parasite. The destruction of red blood cells clearly led to lower oxygen carrying capacity, and reduced respiratory and swimming performance.     

Prevalence and development of intraleucocytic haemogregarines from Northwest and Northeast Atlantic mackerel, Scomber scombrus L.

Abstract. Scomber scombrus on both sides of the North Atlantic were infected with similar intraleucocytic haemogregarines. Detection of parasites in blood smears alone was found to be an unreliable indicator of prevalence. In the Northwest Atlantic, prevalence of blood infections varied annually and seasonally, with an average of 18.4%, whereas tissue imprints showed up to 98.3% prevalence. Northeast Atlantic fish had a 4.0% prevalence in blood smears and 100% in spleen imprints. Age 1 mackerel were the principal hosts of haemogregarines in the Northwest Atlantic. Scanty infections of single and paired parasites were observed primarily in lymphocytes and neutrophils of peripheral blood and tissue imprints. Also present in the blood and tissues of Northwest Atlantic mackerel were intracellular schizonts with up to 20 merozoites, and fish from the same region showed haemogregarines within histological lesions in kidney and spleen. Ultrastructural studies on Northeast Atlantic mackerel indicated the parasite is apicomplexan and morphologically dissimilar to Haematractidium scombri. Its relationship with Goussia clupearum was not determined.     

Stress and metabolic indicators in a relatively high (European sea bass,Dicentrarchus labrax) and a low (meagre,Argyrosomus regius) cortisol responsive species,in different water temperatures

The aim of this study was to examine species‐specific differences in pre‐ and post‐stress concentrations of haematological, metabolic and hormonal parameters in two Mediterranean fish species, one with relatively high (European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax) and the other with low (meagre, Argyrosomus regius) basal and post‐stress blood cortisol concentrations, in relation to different water temperatures. Fish were reared in net‐pen sea cages and exposed to an identical acute stressor (crowding and chasing with a net for 5 min) in three different periods of the year. Results indicated that inter‐specific differences occurred in most of the examined parameters. In addition, within each species, differences between sampling periods existed in plasma cortisol, glucose, osmolarity, blood pH and muscle glycogen concentration. Glucose, lactate and osmotic pressure showed a constant pattern of change, with maxima at half an hour post stress in both species, while cortisol, and blood and muscle pH, were significantly altered only in E. sea bass. No alterations were observed in liver and muscle glycogen concentrations in E. sea bass, while a significant reduction was evident only in the coldest temperature in meagre. It is concluded that there are important species‐specific differences in the magnitude of hormonal and metabolic response to acute stress and that both basal and post‐stress blood cortisol concentrations are affected by the sampling period.     

不同溶氧水平对吉富罗非鱼幼鱼生长、血液生化、脂肪酸组成及其抗海豚链球菌病的影响

为了探究不同溶氧水平对吉富罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)生长性能、血液生化、肝脏脂肪酸组成及海豚链球菌感染后的存活率的影响,选取270尾平均体重为(20.00±0.10)g的吉富罗非鱼,随机分为3组:低氧组(2.0±0.3)mg/L、对照组(4.5±0.4)mg/L、高氧组(7.0±0.4)mg/L,养殖8周。结果显示:(1)随着溶氧水平的增加,实验鱼成活率、末体重、特定生长率、肝体比、脏体比显著提高且均在高氧组达到最高,饲料转化率逐渐减小。(2)随着溶氧水平的增加,鱼体血液中红细胞数、红细胞比容、谷丙转氨酶含量均先下降后趋于稳定,白细胞数、血红蛋白以及谷草转氨酶含量均先下降后上升,且最高值均出现在低氧组;血液中总蛋白、总胆固醇以及甘油三酯的含量呈逐渐上升的趋势;血液中葡萄糖含量呈先上升后下降的趋势。(3)随着溶氧水平的增加,n-3系列不饱和脂肪酸、花生四烯酸和二十二碳六烯酸的含量均呈逐渐上升的趋势。(4)罗非鱼腹腔注射海豚链球菌后,24 h内三组均未出现死亡;感染96 h后,低氧组罗非鱼存活率显著高于对照组与高氧组。结果表明,低氧胁迫影响吉富罗非鱼肝脏脂肪酸组成以及部分血液生化指标,造成吉富罗非鱼生长缓慢。     

Blood cleansing cells in head kidney and spleen in Buenos Aires tetra, Hyphessobrycon anisitsi (Eigenmann), (Characidae: Teleostei)

The general structure and cell types in kidney and spleen in Buenos Aires tetra, Hyphessobrycon anisitsi, family Characidae, are described. The capability and capacity of these organs to clean foreign ferritin from the blood stream are analysed and compared. Head kidney was mainly composed of neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes and other white blood cells, whereas unmatured and matured red blood cells were few in number. Spleen often contained much red pulp, that is mainly matured red blood cells between splenic cords, often with some macrophages and neutrophils in the latter. Occasionally, this pulp contained large volumes of unmatured red blood cells, particularly in the periphery of the spleen. The splenic white pulp consisted of ellipsoids composed of an inner endothelial layer covered by a thick sheet of white blood cells, which in the periphery consisted mainly of macrophages. Erythrocytes occupied nearly the entire splenic volume in some specimens, whereas up to half of this volume was filled by ellipsoid macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes and other white blood cells in other specimens. The macrophages and sinusoidal endothelial cells in kidney and spleen from ferritin-injected specimens were tightly packed by yellow-brown granules or Prussian blue precipitations, in tissue treated with Mallory stain or acid ferrocyanide, respectively, suggesting a large uptake of foreign ferritin. In the present tetra large amounts of white blood cells are developed in head kidney, where macrophages and sinusoidal endothelial cells play important roles in the cleansing of scavenger and foreign molecules and particles from the blood stream. The spleen seems primarily to be a site for iron recycling and production and storage of red blood cells. Sometimes, however, it was rich in macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes and other white blood cells, suggesting functions like blood cleansing and non-specific and specific defence in such specimens.     

Bleeding of Farmed Atlantic Cod: Residual Blood,Color, and Quality Attributes of Pre- and Postrigor Fillets as Affected by Perimortem Stress and Different Bleeding Methods

The main objectives of the study were to (a) assess the effect of perimortem stress on blood drainage, (b) compare the efficiency of gill cutting and direct gutting as bleeding methods, and (c) compare pre- and postrigor filleting strategies for presence of residual blood in Atlantic cod fillets. Anesthetized cod had significantly higher drainage of blood compared to stressed fish. Nevertheless, the visual assessments of residual blood were not affected by stress or bleeding method. Some minor, but significant, differences between pre- and postrigor fillets were found. Stressed fish were initially less light in color than those unstressed, but after ice storage there was no noticeable difference. However, initially, the largest difference in fillet color was due to different bleeding methods. Fillets cut from fish subjected to gill cutting were lighter and less red in color than those bled by direct gutting. After 7 and 21 days of storage, the color differences observed in fresh and salted fillets, respectively, were mainly due to the different rigor status when they were filleted, indicating that fillets cut postrigor were superior to fillets cut prerigor. Prerigor filleting resulted in lower water holding capacity after ice storage in anesthetized, direct gutted cod.     

Daily and seasonal variations in haematological and blood biochemical parameters in the tench, Tinca tinca Linnaeus, 1758

The purpose of the present study was to characterize daily variations in haematology and blood biochemistry in healthy male and female tench (Tinca tinca) in the four seasons of the year. Red blood cells, haematocrit and haemoglobin presented a similar daily profile in spring and summer, with high values during the scotophase. Total and differential types of leucocytes showed significant daily fluctuations, with a different pattern depending on the season and/or the type of leucocytes studied. A daily rhythm in plasma glucose and triglycerides was detected in winter, but significant changes in cholesterol concentrations were only detected in females during summer. The lowest mean level for triglycerides and cholesterol was observed in winter. The daily profile of plasma total proteins was similar in the four seasons, without a significant daily oscillation. All these daily and seasonal changes in haematology and blood biochemistry indicate that the time of the day and the season must be considered when such parameters are used for assessing the physiological status of the fish, and as biomarkers for disease and/or pollutant exposure.     

Diff-Quik染色法在中华鳖血细胞染色中的应用

采用Diff-Quik染色法对中华鳖的血涂片进行染色,用DP-71显微成像系统采集血片细胞显微图像,经Image-proExpress5.1测量和分析中华鳖各类血细胞大小、比例。结果表明：①Diff-Quik染色后中华鳖各类血细胞核质染色差别明显,核质界面明显,各类白细胞的颗粒明显、易分辨。②中华鳖红细胞、嗜中性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、嗜碱性粒细胞大小分别为17.86μm×12.43μm、16.26μm×13.67μm、12.28μm×10.98μm、14.63μm×12.83μm。嗜中性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、单核细胞和淋巴细胞占白细胞百分比分别为54.7、13.72、6.22和24.72,嗜碱性粒细胞仅为0.65。③比较Diff-Quik法、Giemsa法、Wright-Giemsa法对染色效果的影响,3种染色方法在细胞大小及白细胞分类比例上无明显差异。从核质界面、细胞颗粒特征性染色等来看,Diff-Quik法和Giemsa法优于Wright-Giemsa法。Diff-Quik法染色快捷、核质和颗粒染色清晰度更高,是一种适合大量标本快速染色的染色法,可适用于中华鳖的血细胞染色。