不同供氮水平对天门冬生长和品质的影响

采用砂培方法研究了不同供氮水平(0、2、4、8、12、16、20 mmol/L)对天门冬农学性状、叶绿素含量和有效成分等生理特性的影响。结果表明,天门冬茎长增长量与供氮水平呈正相关,块根鲜重增长量和叶片叶绿素含量均随供氮水平的增加呈先增加后下降趋势,在供氮水平16 mmol/L时达到最大;游离氨基酸和可溶性糖含量与块根增重量、叶绿素含量的变化规律基本一致,即供氮水平在12~16 mmol/L时含量最高,而皂苷含量在低氮水平时相对较高。总之,氮素营养对天门冬生长和品质影响显著,以食用为主时宜高氮(12~16 mmol/L)栽培,以药用为主时则可适当低氮(2~8 mmol/L)栽培。     

Constituents of Asparagus officinalis evaluated for inhibitory activity against cyclooxygenase-2

As part of a project directed toward the discovery of new cancer chemopreventive agents from plants, two new natural products, asparagusic acid anti-S-oxide methyl ester (1) and asparagusic acid syn-S-oxide methyl ester (2), a new acetylenic compound, 2-hydroxyasparenyn [3',4'-trans-2-hydroxy-1-methoxy-4-[5-(4-methoxyphenoxy)-3-penten-1-ynyl]-benzene] (3), as well as eleven known compounds, asparenyn (4), asparenyol (5), (+/-)-1-monopalmitin (6), ferulic acid (7), 1,3-O-di-p-coumaroylglycerol (8), 1-O-feruloyl-3-O-p-coumaroylglycerol (9), blumenol C, (+/-)-epipinoresinol, linoleic acid, 1,3-O-diferuloylglycerol, and 1,2-O-diferuloylglycerol, were isolated from an ethyl acetate-soluble fraction of the methanol extract of the aerial parts of Asparagus officinalis (Asparagus), using a bioassay based on the inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 to monitor chromatographic fractionation. The structures of compounds 1-3 were elucidated by 1D- and 2D-NMR experiments ((1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, DEPT, COSY, HMQC, HMBC and NOESY). All the isolates were evaluated for their inhibitory effects against both cyclooxygenase-1 and -2, with the most active compound being linoleic acid.     

Comparative Analysis of Bacteriophages and Bacteria Removal in Soils and Pyrophyllite-Amended Soils: Column Experiments

The objective of the present study was to investigate the transport and removal of Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, bacteriophage MS2, and bacteriophage Phix174 in the soils and pyrophyllite-amended soils. Laboratory columns experiments were performed under saturated flow conditions. Our results showed that bacteriophages passed through the soils more easily than bacteria under the given experimental conditions (pulse injection?=?15 min, flow rate?=?0.5 mL/min, column length?=?20 cm, inner diameter?=?2.5 cm, pH?=?7.6, electrical conductivity (EC)?=?150.1 μS/cm); the log removals of bacteria were in the range of 0.44 to 1.72, whereas the log removals of bacteriophages were between 0.01 and 0.13. Our results also demonstrated that the transport of bacteria and bacteriophages in the soil columns could be reduced considerably in the presence of pyrophyllite. Under the same column experimental conditions above, the log removals for MS2 and Phix174 in 50% soil?+?50% pyrophyllite were 2.64 and 3.05, respectively, whereas the log removals in 100% pyrophyllite were 5.70 for MS2 and 5.10 for Phix174; those values were far greater than the log removals in 100% soil (MS2?=?0.063, Phix174?=?0.128). Additional column experiments (step injection, flow rate?=?0.3 mL/min, column length?=?30 cm, inner diameter?=?2.5 cm, solution pH?=?8.4, EC?=?39.8 mS/cm) showed that the log removals for B. subtilis (1.72) and Phix174 (1.48) in the pyrophyllite were greater than those in the soil (B. subtilis?=?1.41; Phix174?=?0.39). This study demonstrated that the pyrophyllite amendment method could be used for protecting groundwater from microbial contamination by animal carcass burial soils.     

水保经济植物——芦笋

该文简要地介绍了芦笋的特性和其特殊的营养保健成分，及较高的经济效益和水保效益。笔者认为在黄土高原应加速发展芦笋水保经济植物。     

Evaluation of genetic resources in the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Asparagus</Emphasis> for resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Asparagus virus 1</Emphasis> (AV-1)

Forty-four Asparagus officinalis cultivars, gene bank accessions and breeding lines as well as thirty-four accessions of wild relatives of Asparagus were evaluated for resistance to Asparagus virus 1. Three different test strategies were developed for the assessment of individual plants: (1) natural infection under field conditions, or two vector-mediated infection assays using the green peach aphid Myzus persicae (2) in an insect-proof gauze cage or (3) in a climate chamber. The AV-1 infections were verified by DAS-ELISA and RT-PCR approaches. All tested 660 individual plants of A. officinalis germplasm were susceptible to AV-1 infection. In contrast, in 276 plants of 29 Asparagus wild accessions no virus infection could be detected. These resistant accessions comprised of nineteen diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid species of both the Eurasian clade and the African clade of the asparagus germplasm. Data of the AV-1 resistance evaluation are discussed in relation to the genetic distance of the resistance carrier and potential application in breeding.     

Cytogenetic and marker assisted identification of a wheat–Psathyrostachys huashanica Keng f. ex P.C.Kuo alien substitution line conferring processing quality and resistance to stripe rust

Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution - Psathyrostachys huashanica Keng f. ex P.C.Kuo (2n?=?2x?=?14, NsNs) harbor numerous useful genes and exhibit application prospects as a...     

Influence of the Forest Canopy on Total and Methyl Mercury Deposition in the Boreal Forest

Atmospheric mercury deposition by wet and dry processes contributes mercury to terrestrial and aquatic systems. Factors influencing the amount of mercury deposited to boreal forests were identified in this study. Throughfall and open canopy precipitation samples were collected in 2005 and 2006 using passive precipitation collectors from pristine sites located across the Superior National Forest in northern Minnesota, USA. Samples were collected approximately every 2 weeks and analyzed for total (THg) and methyl mercury (MeHg). Forest canopy type and density were the primary influences on THg and MeHg deposition. Highest THg and MeHg concentrations were measured beneath conifer canopies (THg mean?=?19.02 ng L^?1; MeHg mean?=?0.28 ng L^?1) followed by deciduous throughfall (THg mean?=?12.53 ng L^?1; MeHg mean?=?0.19 ng L^?1) then open precipitation (THg mean?=?8.19 ng L^?1; MeHg mean?=?0.12 ng L^?1). The greater efficiency of conifers at scavenging THg and MeHg from the atmosphere may increase the risk of mercury related water quality issues in conifer-dominated systems.     

Nitrogen nutrition of asparagus seedlings

Asparagus seedlings (cv. Limbras 10) were grown in a glasshouse for 20 weeks with five levels of nitrogen liquid feed. Growth was greatly retarded at low N rates. Best growth occurred with weekly feeds of 200–300 mg N/litre. Total nitrogen concentrations of these plants were 3.5–4.5% N (dry weight). Nitrate nitrogen concentrations were 600–1500 yg N/g.     

Antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts from several asparagus cultivars

Three different methods (antiradical activity, inhibition of primary oxidation, and ferric reducing power) have been used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of eight different asparagus cultivars and byproducts: white and green asparagus from Alcalá del Río (Guadalquivir Valley, Seville) and American hybrids, native spears, and their byproducts from Huétor-Tájar (Vega de Granada). The correlation between antioxidant activity and total phenol content was studied. Six standards were also tested to validate the modified methods for antioxidant activity determination. Results obtained for antiradical capacity and reducing power were very similar, and a high correlation with phenols was found (R > or = 0.9 for both tests). Sample origin was an important factor, spears from Huétor-Tájar having higher values (ARC between 7 and 10 and P(R) of 0.25-0.33) than those from Alcalá del Río (ARC 0.6-2 and P(R) of 0.05-0.07). Significant differences were found between spears with the same origin, suggesting that genetics are another factor to take into account. Asparagus inhibits lipid primary oxidation, but no correlation between the inhibition percentage and phenols was observed. Asparagus origin was the only factor that led to significant differences: samples from Huétor-Tájar had higher values (POIC between 18 and 32) than those from Alcalá del Río (POIC of 5-9). Byproducts from the canning industry at Huétor-Tájar were also assayed for antioxidant activity; the results obtained suggested that byproducts could be considered as an excellent source of natural antioxidants.     

Investigation of the genetic structure of some common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) commercial varieties and genotypes used as a genitor with SSR and SNP markers

Common bean is a species belonging to the Phaseolus genus of the Leguminosae family. It has economic importance due to being rich in protein, vitamin A and C, and minerals. Being one of the most cultivated species of legumes, the determination of genetic diversity in bean genotypes or populations has an important role in terms of our genetic resources. The objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic structure of 94 genotypes which were cultivated in different parts of the world and our country with SSR and SNP markers. 10 SSR loci and 73 SNP primers were used for the determination of genetic structure in commercial cultivars and breeding lines. All of the SSR and SNP loci used in the study were found to be polymorphic. A total of 89 alleles were identified for 10 SSR loci. Mean number of alleles per locus (Na?=?8.9), effective allele number (Ne?=?3.731), Shannon information index (I?=?1.468), observed heterozygosity (Ho?=?0.023), and expected heterozygosity (He?=?0.654) were calculated based on SSR analysis. According to the results of Bayesian-based STRUCTURE analysis using SSR and SNP data, 94 bean genotypes were genetically divided into three main clusters. According to genetic distance based UPGMA dendrogram obtained from SNP analysis, 94 bean genotypes were divided into 2 main clusters corresponding Mesoamerican and Andean gene pools. The obtained results provide important information about the genetic structures of the studied bean cultivars and breeding lines. With the obtained results, it will be possible to develop breeding programs to develop new cultivars by using our gene resources.

     

不同磷肥用量对绿芦笋产量及营养品质的影响

2008年3~7月在西辽河平原的内蒙古民族大学实验农场,以4年生芦笋阿波罗(Asparagus officinalis L.cv.Apollo)为试材,研究了不同磷肥用量对绿芦笋产量及营养品质的影响。结果表明,施磷量在0~90 kg hm-2的范围内,绿芦笋产量随施磷量的增加呈先升高后略有降低的变化趋势,单支重和支数均有不同程度的增加。随着磷肥用量的增加,叶绿素a、叶绿素b的含量增加,而类胡萝卜素的含量变化不大;采笋后期叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素含量均明显地高于采笋前期和中期。可溶性糖、粗蛋白和可溶性蛋白含量总体上随着施磷量的增加而增加;矿质元素含量在一定施磷水平下较高,高量施磷和不施磷处理含量均较低。在试验条件下,施磷量在72 kghm-2下,具有较高的产量和较好的营养品质。     

Effect of pectolytic enzyme preparations on the phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of asparagus juice

Commercial pectolytic enzymes were investigated for their influence on phenolics and antioxidant activities of asparagus juice. The antioxidant activity of asparagus juice was analyzed according to 2,2'-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) methods. The enzymes, with the exception of pectinase from Rhizopus sp., contained rutinase, which hydrolyzed rutin to quercetin. Asparagus juice treated with Viscozyme had the highest quercetin content without exhibiting a significant increase in the antioxidant activity. For a pectinase from Aspergillus niger, the antioxidant activity of asparagus juice was markedly reduced. Caution should be paid in the selection of pectolytic enzyme preparations for production of antioxidant activity-rich juice.     

Carotenoid composition in the fruits of Asparagus officinalis

The carotenoid pigments of the ripe and unripe fruits of Asparagus officinalis were investigated by means of an HPLC technique. Capsanthin, capsorubin, capsanthin 5,6-epoxide, antheraxanthin, violaxanthin, neoxanthin, mutatoxanthin epimers, zeaxanthin, lutein, beta-cryptoxanthin, beta-carotene, and some cis isomers were found. Carotenoids with 3,5,6-trihydroxy and 3,6-epoxy beta-end groups could not be deleted.     

Ploidy distinction in male and female plants of betelvine (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Piper betle</Emphasis> L.): a study by flow cytometry

Piper betle L. (betelvine) is a dioecious species which is a native of Central and South East Asia and it is cultivated in an area of about 50,000 ha in India. The basic chromosome number of this species is x?=?13. Only fragmented work has so far been reported on chromosome numbers and ploidy status. The extremely small size and high number of chromosomes, interclonal variability and very dense cytoplasmic contents make critical analysis difficult. In India, a large number of germplasm has been collected and assembled in All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Betelvine centers by sustained efforts of betelvine workers over a period of two and half decades. Hybridization work was also initiated and a few hybrids have been developed in India. But hybrid depression was noticed in most of the hybrids. Hence a study was undertaken to determine compatible ploidy level of available male and female germplasm using flow cytometry. Cytological studies conducted in a selected male cultivar revealed 2n?=?3x?=?39 and female cultivar it was 2n?=?4x?=?52 chromosomes and these cultivars were used as control samples in the flow cytometry analysis. Flow cytometric study showed that all male accessions were grouped within the same ploidy level (triploid) while all females were grouped in another ploidy group (tetraploid). The present study also gave explanation for the observed hybrid depression due to the possibility of aneuploid hybrid formation by the fusion of unbalanced gametes developed from the triploid male parents. Flow cytometry could thus be utilized for the rapid screening and earlier detection of the aneuploids in hybrid seedlings in the species. Separation of sexes by ploidy difference is also a new report in P. betle.     

Determination of total phosphorus in soil using simple Kjeldahl digestion

Abstract

Following observation of severe chlorosis and dieback of meri‐stem tissue in asparagus seedlings started in the greenhouse in a soilless media, a study was conducted to determine if the growth patterns were associated with one or more of the media components. Asparagus seedling growth using several potting media was compared. Treatments included single component media, washed sand, perlite, peat, Plainfield loamy sand [a local soil (PLS)], plus 1: 1 mixtures of peat/perlite, washed sand/peat, PLS/perlite, washed sand/peat, and PLS/peat. Abnormal growth patterns were observed in several of the media. Chlorosis was associated with high pH which occurred in perlite, washed sand, and their combinations. Chlorotic plants were characterized by low root and fern dry weights and low fern to root ratios. Meristem dieback occurred in several media treatments and did not appear to be pH related. Plants exhibiting dieback had fern to root ratios approaching 1 if they were not also affected by chlorosis. Nutrient availability was suspected to be a cause but this hypothesis was not substantiated by data collected in this experiment. Asparagus growth in a mixture of Plainfield loamy sand and peat was the highest and was similar to that of field grown seedlings.     

Assessment of genetic diversity in Galega officinalis L. using ISSR and SRAP markers

Goat’s rue is well known for its traditional medicinal importance. In the present study, inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and sequence related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) molecular markers were employed for the first time to access the genetic diversity and relationships of 35 wild goat’s rue accessions obtained from Russia and part of Europe countries. A total of 100 bands were amplified by ten ISSR primers, of which 77(77%) were polymorphic, and 59 polymorphic bands (67.1%) were observed in 88 bands amplified by seven SRAP primers. Polymorphic information content (PIC?=?0.426), Shannon’s information index (I?=?0.432), and average expected heterozygosity (He?=?0.292) generated by ISSR primer were higher than that of SRAP analysis (PIC?=?0.422, I?=?0.380, and He?=?0.257,). The study indicated that ISSR were more effective than SRAP markers for assessing the degree of genetic variation of goat’s rue. UPGMA cluster analysis revealed inconsistencies in the clustering patterns, as the Mantel’s test between the dendrograms for ISSR and SRAP data indicated a poor fit for the ISSR and SRAP data types (r?=?0.358). Whereas the pattern of clustering of the genotypes remained more or less the same in SRAP and combined data of ISSR and SRAP. The results of principal coordinates analysis also supports their UPGMA clustering. These results have an important implication for goat’s rue germplasm characterization, improvement, and conservation.     

水溶液和芦笋中毒死蜱的辐照降解

为寻求一种能有效降解毒死蜱残留的技术方法,本文采用60Co γ射线辐照水溶液和芦笋中的毒死蜱,并对比了毒死蜱的辐照降解率。结果表明,辐照剂量在0～12kGy时,水溶液中毒死蜱的降解率随剂量的增加而增大,4kGy的辐照可使其降解率达95.5%;芦笋中毒死蜱的辐照降解率偏低,8kGy辐照时降解率最高,达到30.0%。进一步研究表明,芦笋成分Vc、芦丁和总糖等的存在对辐照降解毒死蜱有抑制效应。     

Detoxification of phytotoxic compounds by TiO2 photocatalysis in a recycling hydroponic cultivation system of asparagus

TiO 2 photocatalytic decomposition and detoxification of phytotoxic compounds released by the roots of asparagus ( Asparagus officinalis L.) were investigated from the viewpoint of conservation-oriented cultivation. The phytotoxically active fraction was extracted either from dried asparagus roots or from the recycled nutrient solution of an asparagus hydroponic cultivation system. We found that the phytotoxic activity gradually decreased in the fraction with TiO 2 powder under irradiation with ultraviolet (UV) light at an intensity of 1.0 mW/cm (2). The growth of asparagus plants under actual cultivation conditions was also investigated by comparing asparagus grown in a hydroponic system where recycled waste nutrient solution was photocatalytically treated with solar light and a system with untreated recycled waste nutrient solution. The results showed, as measured by growth indices such as stem length and stem thickness, that asparagus growth in the photocatalytically treated system was superior to the untreated one. Furthermore, the yield of asparagus spears was 1.6-fold greater in the photocatalytically treated system, demonstrating the detoxification effect on the phytotoxic compounds and also the killing effect on pathogenic microorganisms.     

An Alternate Method for Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopic Determination of Soil Nitrate Using Derivative Analysis and Sample Treatments

This study aimed at examining effective sample treatments and spectral processing for an alternate method of soil nitrate determination using the attenuated total reflectance (ATR) of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Prior to FTIR measurements, soil samples were prepared as paste to enhance adhesion between the ATR crystal and sample. The similar nitrate peak heights of soil pastes and their supernatants indicated that the nitrate in the liquid portion of the soil paste mainly responded to the FTIR signal. Using a 0.01-M CaSO₄ solution for the soil paste, which has no interference bands in the characteristic spectra of the analyte, increased the concentration of the nitrates to be measured. Second-order derivatives were used in the prediction model to minimize the interference effects and enhance the performance. The second-order derivative spectra contained a unique nitrate peak in a range of 1,400–1,200 cm^?1 without interference of carbonate. A partial least square regression model using second-order derivative spectra performed well (R ²?=?0.995, root mean square error (RMSE)?=?23.5, ratio of prediction to deviation (RPD)?=?13.8) on laboratory samples. Prediction results were also good for a test set of agricultural field soils with a CaCO₃ concentration of 6% to 8% (R ²?=?0.97, RMSE?=?18.6, RPD?=?3.5). Application of the prediction model based on soil paste samples to nitrate stock solution resulted in an increased RMSE (62.3); however, validation measures were still satisfactory (R ²?=?0.99, RPD?=?3.0).     

酶法提取芦笋皮中高活性膳食纤维的研究

以芦笋皮为原料，采用酶法水解制备高活性膳食纤维。试验结果表明：用0.54%的脂肪酶(100 U/mg)、0.80%的淀粉酶(25 U/mg)和0.80%的糖化酶(20 U/mg)、1.20%的蛋白酶(100 U/mg)可提取出高活性的膳食纤维。所得膳食纤维纯度高，总膳食纤维含量达83.08%，其中水溶性膳食纤维17.02%，不溶性膳食纤维66.06%。而且生理活性好，持水性和溶胀性分别为886%和4.5 mL/g。