2017 — 2021年陇南条锈菌有性菌系毒性结构分析

有性菌系监测研究对揭示其在条锈菌变异中的作用及新小种的发现具有重要意义。2017 — 2021年对甘肃陇南条锈菌越夏区感病转主寄主小檗种类进行了调查,从天水市秦州区,陇南市成县、西和县3种小麦条锈菌感病转主寄主小檗上获得了67个有性菌系共计454个单孢。将其先后接种于中国鉴别寄主上进行苗期毒性鉴定,结果发现,天水陇南主要感病转主寄主为堆花小檗、短柄小檗及假猪豪刺。在已归类小种类型中,共鉴定出28个生理小种和致病类型。优势小种类型均为条中34号、条中32号、条中33号、贵22-14,出现频率分别为14.54%、15.86%、4.85%、3.96%。未归小种类型中,洛类、贵农、水源、Hy和中四类型出现频率分别为1.98%、15.64%、12.56%、8.15%、4.63%。这为阐明陇南越夏区条锈菌毒性群体结构复杂,该区是条锈菌新小种的策源地提供了数据支撑。     

祁连山西水林区灌木林降雨截留特征

基于2014年5—9月的野外试验数据,采用野外观测与统计分析相结合方法,研究了祁连山排露沟流域5种典型灌丛:吉拉柳(Salix gilashanica)、箭叶锦鸡儿(Caragana jubata)、金露梅(Potentilla fruticosa)、鲜黄小檗(Berberis diaphana)和甘青锦鸡儿(Caragana tangutica)灌丛降雨截留特征,分析了降雨量对灌丛穿透雨量和截留量的影响。结果表明:研究期间共观测到降雨40次,年降雨总量为292.4mm,其中2~10mm的降雨事件出现次数最多;5种灌丛穿透雨量、截留量分别为吉拉柳灌丛183.5,108.9 mm;甘青锦鸡儿灌丛174.3,73.5 mm;箭叶锦鸡儿灌丛168.8,123.6mm;金露梅灌丛166.1,106.4mm;鲜黄小檗灌丛165.7,82.1mm;5种灌丛穿透雨量和截留量与降雨量均呈显著线性正相关(p0.001);而穿透率和截留率与降雨量均以对数函数拟合较好(p0.001)。     

不同土壤含水量下3种盆栽灌木耗水特性研究

采用盆栽称重法分别对3种城市常见绿化灌木单株的耗水规律进行了研究,并对其在4种不同土壤含水量条件下的耗水特性及与环境因子的关系进行了分析。研究结果表明,4种不同土壤含水量条件下,3种灌木的耗水量日动态呈单峰型变化。在相同环境条件下,各灌木的单株耗水量大小为:金叶女贞>冬青>紫叶小檗。随着土壤含水量的降低,3种灌木的耗水量依次减少,35%～15%田间持水量的土壤含水量对3种灌木耗水量具有显著的影响(p<0.01),这说明了该土壤含水量对3种灌木的水分消耗产生了胁迫。通过相关分析,认为影响3种灌木耗水量的主导环境因子是大气温度和光照强度。以环境因子作自变量,以灌木耗水量为因变量,经过逐步回归,建立了多元线性模型。所选回归方程拟合效果良好。利用逐步回归分析建立的优化模型可利用气象参数预测植物的耗水量。     

Protective effects of berberine against low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation and oxidized LDL-induced cytotoxicity on endothelial cells

The oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is thought to have a central role in the pathogenesis of atherogenesis. Berberine, a natural constituent of plants of the genera Coptis and Berberis, has several anti-inflammation and anticancer biological effects. However, its protective effects on LDL oxidation and endothelial injury induced by oxLDL remain unclear. In this study, we evaluated the antioxidative activity of berberine and how berberine rescues human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) from oxidized LDL (oxLDL)-mediated dysfunction. The antioxidative activity of berberine was defined by the relative electrophoretic mobility of oxLDL, fragmentation of ApoB, and malondialdehyde production via the Cu(2+)-mediated oxidation of LDL. Berberine also inhibited the generation of ROS and the subsequent mitochondrial membrane potential collapse, chromosome condensation, cytochrome C release, and caspase-3 activation induced by oxLDL in HUVECs. Our results suggest that berberine may protect LDL oxidation and prevent oxLDL-induced cellular dysfunction.     

祁连山大野口流域典型灌丛植物与土壤中氮磷的 化学计量特征

通过野外取样与室内分析相结合的方法,对祁连山西水林区的鬼箭锦鸡儿(Caragana jubata)、吉拉柳(Salix gilashanica)、金露梅(Potentilla fruticosa)、鲜黄小檗(Berberis diaphana)和甘青锦鸡儿(Caragana tangutica)等5种典型灌丛植物和土壤氮(N)和磷(P)含量进行了测定和分析,旨在阐明植物与土壤中N、P的化学计量特征。结果表明:(1)5种灌丛植物叶片的N、P含量均显著高于其他器官的N、P含量,N含量的变化范围为15.72~29.08 g/kg,P含量的变化范围为1.58~3.47 g/kg;细根和粗根的N含量的变化范围分别为5.11~12.20 g/kg和4.46~11.84 g/kg,P含量的变化范围分别为0.87~1.58 g/kg和0.63~2.02 g/kg;叶片N∶P值范围为7.00~9.95,细根和粗根中的N∶P值分别为5.60~8.97和5.09~8.84,叶片和根系对N、P元素有着相似的利用格局。(2)5种灌丛土壤N含量均随土层深度增加逐渐减小,不同土层N含量的变化范围为1.40~6.80 g/kg,P含量均随土层深度增加较为稳定,不同土层P含量的变化范围为0.45~0.96 g/kg;N∶P值随土层深度增加其值不断减小,主要取决于土壤N含量。0~10 cm土层中,吉拉柳、鬼箭锦鸡儿、金露梅、鲜黄小檗和甘青锦鸡儿N∶P值分别为11.02、7.30、7.41、7.40和2.69。(3)5种灌丛叶片N含量与土壤N含量呈显著或极显著正相关,与土壤P含量无显著相关(甘青锦鸡儿除外);叶片N∶P值与土壤N含量呈显著负相关,而与土壤P含量呈显著正相关;灌丛叶片和土壤N、P含量及化学计量比与其他变量之间均无显著相关。同时研究还发现,祁连山5种典型灌丛生长可能主要受N素限制。     

Leaf litter decomposition and nitrogen concentration in decomposing leaves of a quercus seme‐carpifolia smith forest stand of Kumaun Himalaya

Abstract

Decomposition patterns of Quercus semecarpifolia (Kharsu oak; tree species), Viburnum cotinifolium, and Berberis asiatica (shrub species), Senecio rufinervis, Polygonum amplexicaule, and Selinum candollii (herb species) were studied. Sixty‐five per cent weight loss occurred in Kharsu oak in 360 days, whereas total disappearance of leaf litter was achieved in 360 days in both the shrub species and in 210 days in case of herb species. A highly negative correlation (r² = 0.861 to 0.949) was established between nitrogen (N) concentration and per cent weight remaining during decomposition. The absolute amount of N at various periods was calculated and N was never found more than 100% of initial mass.     

Effects of Exotic Plant Species on Soil Properties in Hardwood Forests of New Jersey

Two exotic plant species, Berberis thunbergii and Microstegium vimineum, recently have invaded deciduous hardwood forests in the Northeast. We examined changes in soil properties that may be associated with this invasion in three parks in northern New Jersey. In each park, we collected soil and vegetation data along transects that were established across heavily infested areas and extended into uninvaded forest. The data were analyzed statistically by ANOVA and Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). Significant differences were found between invaded and uninvaded plots in both soil and vegetation characteristics. Invaded areas have fewer oaks (Quercus spp.) in the canopy, and lack the native understory shrubs (Vaccinium spp.). The pH of soils in the invaded areas is significantly higher than in the uninvaded areas, and the litter and organic horizons are thinner. The data cannot show that the exotic species have caused these changes. However, the occurrence of contrasting soils in adjacent areas of native vegetation, with no evidence of differences in land-use history between areas, suggests that such a cause-and-effect relationship exists. We propose a feedback loop involving the exotic plants, and the presence of earthworms to explain these dramatic soil differences.     

祁连山典型灌丛植物根系化学计量特征及其与土壤理化因子的关系

为了揭示植物根系养分含量及其化学计量特征与土壤因子之间的关系,选择祁连山大野口流域的甘青锦鸡儿(Caragana tangutica)、鲜黄小檗(Berberis diaphana)、金露梅(Potentilla fruticosa)、鬼箭锦鸡儿(Caragana jubata)和吉拉柳(Salix gilashani...     

Failure of spring turnover in Onondaga Lake,NY, U.S.A.

Onondaga Lake, N.Y., failed to turnover in the spring of 1986 because of the strong chemical stratification under the ice that developed as a result of ionic discharges from an alkali plant. This stratification had a negative impact on the O₂ resources of the lake, as the lower depleted layers of the lake were not replenished with O₂. Anoxia and anaerobiesis in the bottom water expanded following ‘ice-out’. Comparison of characteristics observed for the winter through spring interval of 1986 with historic data indicates Onandaga Lake has failed to experience spring turnover in a number of years (approximately 7 of the last 18 yr) because of the ionic discharges from the alkali plant.     

Flavonoid content of U.S. fruits, vegetables, and nuts

Analytical data are reported for 20 flavonoids (as aglycones) determined for more than 60 fresh fruits, vegetables, and nuts collected from four regions across the United States at two times of the year. Sample collection was designed and implemented by the Nutrient Data Laboratory (USDA). Analyses of eight flavan-3-ols (catechin, catechin gallate, epicatechin, epicatechin gallate, epigallocatechin, epigallocatechin gallate, gallocatechin, and gallocatechin gallate), six anthocyanins (cyanidin, delphinidin, malvidin, pelargonidin, peonidin, and petunidin), two flavanones (hesperetin and naringenin), two flavones (apigenin and luteolin), and two flavonols (myricetin and quercetin) were performed by the Food Composition Laboratory (USDA) using a hydrolysis method for the anthocyanidins, flavones, and flavonols and a direct extraction method for the flavan-3-ols and flavanones. Experimental results compare favorably (few statistically significant differences) to literature values in the flavonoid and proanthocyanidin database previously compiled by the Nutrient Data Laboratory. The results of this study showed a seasonal variation only for blueberries. This study also showed that the variation in the flavonoid content of foods, as purchased by the U.S. consumer, is very large. The relative standard deviation, averaged for each flavonoid in each food, was 168%.     

Dryland corn response to tillage and nitrogen fertilization. II. P,K, CA,MG

Abstract

Nitrogen fertilization and tillage practices may influence the availability and uptake of essential plant nutrients other than N. This study was conducted to assess the interactive effects of N rate and timing and tillage practices on uptake and concentration of P, K, Ca and Mg in corn grown under dryland conditions. Potassium accumulations in no till (NT) soils were greater than in conventional till (CT) near the surface and lower than CT in the subsoil. Phosphorus and Ca levels decreased with soil depth, while Mg tended to accumulate in the subsoil. Phosphorus uptake and concentration of 5‐leaf stage corn was increased as tillage intensity decreased. Nitrogen rate at planting increased 5‐leaf P uptake but reduced P concentration; however, by silking no effect of tillage or N fertilization practice on ear leaf P concentration was obtained. Increases in 5‐leaf corn K uptake and concentration as tillage intensity decreased may have reduced Mg and Ca concentrations via cation antagonism. Ear leaf Mg and Ca concentrations were increased by N rate, probably as a result of solubilization of Ca and Mg and improved crop growth. Distribution of essential elements in the soil due to tillage in combination with varying N fertilization practices can influence temporal nutrient uptake, thereby altering plant nutrient diagnosis.     

Thormann,F. C., und Golisch,G.: Erfolg in Förste. DLG-Verlag Frankfurt/Main, 1970, 84 Seiten, 20 Abbildungen,broschiert 7,20 DM

Geological and archaeological investigation of the mode of origin of the marshes in Nordfriesland (Germany) In the bogs between marine sediments and Pleistocene uplands on the mainland of Nordfriesland, saltbearing peat for salt production was dug before, as well as while, the bogs were covered by sediments with high clay content. Additionally, there is not much fresh-water coming from the Pleistocene uplands and carbonate is only preserved in the “Klei” deposited in the resulting holes. These facts show, that the “Klei” was originally calcareous and that it was deposited in water with a high salt content. Therefore one cannot conclude that adsorbed cations and narrow Ca:Mgratio (0.5–1.5) indicate sedimentation in brackish water and deposition of sediments with a low, or indeed, no carbonate content. Hence adsorbed cations and the Ca:Mgratio do not allow the separation of marsh soils from soils of a marine or brackish origin.     

Entwicklung der Niederschlags-Deposition von Schwermetallen in Westdeutschland. 2. Arsen,Chrom, Kobalt und Nickel

Development of heavy-metal deposition by precipitation in West Germany. 2. Arsenic, chromium, cobalt, and nickel Between 1984 and 1993 the deposition of As, Cr, Co and Ni with bulk precipitation was measured on 6 open field sites in Northrhine-Westphalia/Germany. The absolute amount of As, Cr, Co and Ni deposition varies according to field sites and annual precipitation. In all studied areas, however, As deposition with bulk precipitation decreased significantly during the observation period. Considering all research stations under study, the average As deposition fell from 11.0 g ha^?1 in 1984 to 3.0 g ha^?1 (r = ?0.982***). The reduction in As deposition corresponds with the reduction in As emission within the same period of time prognosticated. Immission of Cr and Co also decreased significantly over the majority of the studied areas. The avarage Cr immission fell from 8.5 g ha^?1 in 1984 to 3.5 g ha^?1 in 1993 (r = ?0.888***), whereas the average Co immission decreased from 2.6 g ha^?1 to 1.1 g ha^?1 (r = ?0.869***). In contrast, no reduction in Ni deposition with precipitation was found on any of the studied areas under observation. Co shows the lowest deposition rates. On average, 2.2 times as much Cd, 2.7 times as much As, 3.2 times as much Cr, 6.5 times as much Ni, and 66 times as much Pb was deposited on the six open field sites in Northrhine-Westphalia in 1993.     

Chemistry, nutrition, and microbiology of D-amino acids.

Exposure of food proteins to certain processing conditions induces two major chemical changes: racemization of all L-amino acids to D-isomers and concurrent formation of cross-linked amino acids such as lysinoalanine. Racemization of L-amino acids residues to their D-isomers in food and other proteins is pH-, time-, and temperature-dependent. Although racemization rates of the 18 different L-amino acid residues in a protein vary, the relative rates in different proteins are similar. The diet contains both processing-induced and naturally formed D-amino acids. The latter include those found in microorganisms, plants, and marine invertebrates. Racemization impairs digestibility and nutritional quality. The nutritional utilization of different D-amino acids varies widely in animals and humans. In addition, some D-amino acids may be both beneficial and deleterious. Thus, although D-phenylalanine in an all-amino-acid diet is utilized as a nutritional source of L-phenylalanine, high concentrations of D-tyrosine in such diets inhibit the growth of mice. Both D-serine and lysinoalanine induce histological changes in the rat kidney. The wide variation in the utilization of D-amino acids is illustrated by the fact that whereas D-methionine is largely utilized as a nutritional source of the L-isomer, D-lysine is totally devoid of any nutritional value. Similarly, although L-cysteine has a sparing effect on L-methionine when fed to mice, D-cysteine does not. Because D-amino acids are consumed by animals and humans as part of their normal diets, a need exists to develop a better understanding of their roles in nutrition, food safety, microbiology, physiology, and medicine. To contribute to this effort, this multidiscipline-oriented overview surveys our present knowledge of the chemistry, nutrition, safety, microbiology, and pharmacology of D-amino acids. Also covered are the origin and distribution of D-amino acids in the food chain and in body fluids and tissues and recommendations for future research in each of these areas. Understanding of the integrated, beneficial effects of D-amino acids against cancer, schizophrenia, and infection, and overlapping aspects of the formation, occurrence, and biological functions of D-amino should lead to better foods and improved human health.     

Chemical composition of hoarfrost,rime and snow during a winter inversion in Utah,U.S.A.

We present data on the chemical composition of hoarfrost, rime, and snow grains that accumulated during an eighteen-day long temperature inversion event in Salt Lake City, Utah in December 1985 and January 1986. Chemical analyses show that the precipitation formed during this inversion event was acidic (as low as pH 3.85) and had nitrate and sulfate contents up to 1680 and 1290 μeq · L^?1, respectively. Ammonia, nitrate, and sulfate deposition of 361, 615, and 792 μeq · m^?2, respectively, occurred in a six-day period due to the accumulation of snow grains during this inversion.     

Chromium speciation in natural waters draining contaminated land,Glasgow, U.K.

Historically, solid waste from chromite ore processing has been disposed of at a number of sites in Glasgow, Scotland. Leachate from these sites has been implicated as a source of chromium (Cr) contamination to both groundwaters and stream waters in the south east area of the city. In this study, chromium speciation has been determined in ground-, stream-, river- and pore waters, to assess the extent of contamination and the associated risk. The speciation of chromium is important, as the trivalent species of chromium (Cr(III)) is an essential form of the element, while hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is a known carcinogen to humans via inhalation. Concentrations of total chromium have also been determined in sediments from the River Clyde, to assess the significance of local concentrations relative to those elsewhere in the catchment. High concentrations of Cr(VI) were found in groundwaters and streamwaters in the area immediately surrounding the contaminated sites, and high concentrations of chromium were also found in River Clyde sediments downstream of these sites. However, these concentrations rapidly decrease away from the chromium-contaminated south eastern side of the city. Data from porewaters suggest that some reduction of Cr(VI) occurs naturally in the sediments, indicating that the risk posed by high concentrations of Cr(VI) should be decreased over the longer term.     

The oxygen resources of the hypolimnion of ionically enriched onondaga lake,NY, U.S.A.

The depletion of hypolimnetic DO and the upper depth boundary of anoxia for four different years (1978, 1979, 1980 and 1981), and the accumulation of sulfide for a single year (1981), are documented for ionically enriched hypereutrophic Onondaga Lake, NY, USA. The depletion rate, represented as the areal hypolimnetic oxygen deficit (AHOD, g m^?2 day^?1), was extremely high (1.2–2.7 g m^?2 day^?1), The large differences in the rate within individual years and from year to year were largely a result of differences in attendant vertical mixing (parameterized as the hypolimnetic heating rate). The entire hypolimnion (depth interval from 11 to 20 m) was without O₂ by late June of all 4 yr; anoxia was observed above the hypolimnion on some occasions when secondary stratification occurred. Sulfide accumulated progressively in the hypolimnion in 1981 following the onset of anoxia to a volume weighted concentration of I1 mg L^?1. The ionic discharge from an adjoining alkali manufacturer exacerbated the problem of limited O₂ resources of the hypolimnion by: (1) decreasing vertical mixing, (2) prolonging the duration of stratification, (3) causing abbreviated turnovers, and (4) encouraging increased rates of phytoplankton settling.     

On the physical properties of orange orchard soils in ehime prefecture,Shikoku Island,Japan. I.

Ehime Prefecture is one of the major orange productive areas in Japan. Mcst orchards are distributed on hilly to bench-terraced steep slopes and the soils are of various geological and petrographic origins. Although it is supposed that the physical as well as chemical properties of the soils vary considerably from place to place, relatively little information is available on this subject.