关于森林生态效益补偿问题的探讨

通过对国内外生态效益补偿现状的分析 ,为进一步完善和建立森林生态补偿机制提供经验 ,促进保护生态环境和林业可持续发展。深入分析建立森林生态效益补偿机制的必要性、原则、途径以及补偿标准等 ,为进一步完善我国森林生态效益补偿机制提供科学依据。森林生态效益补偿资金的建立 ,不仅为森林资源管护提供稳定的资金来源 ,更重要的是对森林生态效益价值的承认 ,从根本上解决生态公益林建设的动力和机制问题     

林业生态经济补偿机制的探讨

我国森林生态公益林经济补偿工作由2001年开始试点，生态公益林经济补偿工作虽然取得了阶段性的成果，但也暴露了现存的林业生态经济补偿机制的不足。该文分析了现行的林业生态经济补偿机制存在的问题，多视角探讨完善林业生态经济补偿机制，对林业生态经济补偿的可持续发展具有重要意义。     

我国森林生态补偿标准问题的研究进展及发展趋势

在回顾我国森林生态补偿相关研究现状的基础上,分析了森林生态补偿标准问题的研究进展,梳理了森林生态补偿标准的影响因素、确定方法等内容,并结合当前实际,提出了森林生态补偿标准问题的未来发展趋势,包括地租理论的使用、不同事权等级的公益林补偿标准问题以及多学科交叉研究的必要性。     

关于建立森林生态效益补偿基金制度的探讨

随着经济和社会的发展,生态环境问题日益受到全社会的关注。为解决生态公益林保护所需资金,我国提出了森林生态效益补偿问题。文章论述了森林生态效益补偿基金的必要性、可行性及补偿原则,并就地方性的补偿制度和生态效益资金补助进行了初步分析。     

关于中国森林生态效益补偿标准的思考

森林为我国的经济建设提供了重要的支撑和保障作用,但由于森林的生态效益具有明显的外部性特征,“免费搭车”现象普遍存在,森林的生态功效得不到应有的补偿。近年以来,随着我国对生态：环境建设重视程度不断加强,森林生态补偿得以用法律的形式固定下来。但是,限于我国经济发展水平和生态补偿刚刚起步,目前森林生态补偿标准存在缺陷。现就森林生态补偿的提出、现状、以及补偿标准的不足进行分析和讨论,并对我国森林生态补偿标准的优化提出相关建议,为我国生态补偿建设提供参考。     

关于建立森林生态效益补偿基金的思考

随着经济和社会的发展和生态环境的恶化 ,森林生态问题引起了全社会的关注。为解决生态公益林保护所需资金 ,林业部门提出了建立森林生态效益补偿基金制度。其重点和难点问题是 :森林生态效益补偿基金的测算和森林生态效益补偿基金的筹集。建议以现有公益林面积及需要投入资金进行测算 ,比较理想的筹集办法是从税收总额中提取一定比例作为森林生态效益补偿基金。     

青海省实施森林生态效益补偿的思考

基于青海省森林生态效益补偿实施5年来的现状,说明生态补偿实施取得的效益,不仅为森林资源的保护管理提供资金来源,更重要的是提升人们对森林生态价值的认可性,更好地促进林业资源的可持续发展。同时指出了青海省森林生态补偿存在的问题,提出建立我国森林生态效益补偿制度的相关对策。     

日本的森林生态效益补偿制度及最新实践

系统介绍了日本的保安林制度和水源税制度等2种森林生态效益补偿制度，对我国森林生态补偿制度存在的问题进行了分析，借鉴日本的经验，提出了加大宣传力度，提高全社会对森林生态效益的认识；建立多渠道、多层次的资金筹措机制；进一步完善配套措施，建立多途径、多方式的补偿机制；建立损失评价制度，提高补偿标准；理顺管理体制，明确补偿重点等政策建议。     

我国森林生态补偿法律制度研究

良好的生态环境是人类生存和发展的必要外部条件,而森林资源是构成良好生态环境的重要基础。森林资源同时具有经济效益和生态效益,过度追求其经济价值导致森林生态系统遭受严重破坏,继而引发了一系列生态环境问题。森林生态补偿制度作为维护生态安全和生态公平的重要手段,日益受到各国的重视。我国在政府主导下开展的森林生态补偿实践取得了显著成效,但也暴露出我国森林生态补偿法律制度立法不健全、市场配套机制不完善等问题。森林生态补偿制度是国家生态文明建设的重要内容,“十四五”时期,立足新的发展阶段,碳达峰、碳中和纳入经济社会发展和生态文明建设整体布局,应该抓住机遇,构建开放的多元化、市场化的森林生态补偿机制,以完善的法律法规和配套机制作为支撑,加快推进森林生态补偿法律制度的建设完善。     

郑州城市森林建设面临的主要问题和对策

从城市森林的发展现状出发，结合郑州森林生态城建设实践，对郑州城市森林建设面临的如何解决用地和农民的补偿安置以及营造、养护森林的用水配置等主要问题进行分析，并研究相应对策。     

Forest Stewardship Council certification for forest ecosystem services: An analysis of stakeholder adaptability

There are many studies indicating the linkages of Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) forest management certification to forest ecosystem services (FES). The primary focus of the research was the FSC system's impacts on FES management. What is unique about this study is that it evaluates the adaptability of key FSC stakeholders in terms of their ability to incorporate FES. We surveyed 270 FSC stakeholders to quantify the capacity of FSC certification bodies (e.g., auditors) to audit FES delivery, the preferences of FSC enabling partners (e.g., FSC national networks) to provide training, and the experiences and expectations of FSC certificate holders (e.g., forest owners) to manage and sell FES. The study results indicate that the stakeholder adaptability was high for biodiversity conservation, carbon storage, and provision of non-timber forest products, medium for watershed protection services, and low for ecotourism and agricultural products. This may help FSC establish priorities for capacity development for FES.     

广东省生态公益林补偿制度探讨

文章分析了广东省生态公益林补偿制度的形成和逐步完善的过程,即农民对生态公益林补偿制度从认识、参与到接受和拥护的过程。在此基础上指出广东省生态公益林补偿制度存在补偿标准偏低、补偿标准一刀切、起不到激励作用等问题,提出进一步完善生态公益林补偿制度,加强法制建设,分区域、分类型制定补偿标准,提高生态公益林经营管理水平等建议。     

流域生态补偿模式分析及优化对策探讨

指出了我国对流域生态补偿已有不少研究和探索,在实施流域生态补偿的实践中探索出了不同的补偿模式。对不同的流域生态补偿模式进行了具体研究,探讨了我国流域生态补偿模式中存在的问题,以期为更好地实施流域生态补偿提供理论依据和决策支持。     

How does economic research contribute to the management of forest ecosystem services?

Key message

More and more environmental and resource economists are taking a particular interest in research on forest ecosystem services (FES), especially in a context of climate change. Spatial and temporal issues are crucial to economic analyses and for the design of conservation policies. Interdisciplinary research involving ecological and economic disciplines is a prerequisite for the more effective management of forest ecosystems.

Context

Economists define non-market ecosystem services (ES) as public or common goods due to their characteristics of non-rivalry in terms of consumption and/or non-excludability. Just because they do not have a price does not mean that ES have no economic value because their social benefits are undoubtedly considerable. These features, associated with the market demand for timber and a poor climate risk assessment, may lead to the under-provision of non-market forest ES and the over-harvesting of timber.

Aims

In this article, we review research questions that are central to the enhancement of FES provision. Beyond the economic modelling of the joint provision of FES, we focus on issues related to the design of public policies to guide forest management. The objective is to provide crucial insights concerning the importance of a spatial and sustainable provision of FES.

Results

First, we provide an economic interpretation of the FES concept and a review of economic models of forest management. Second, we explain how spatial and temporal dimensions of FES can have major implications on their supply and demand. Both dimensions explain why FESs have to be taken into account in production decisions and public policies (including the design of payment for environmental services (PESs)).

Conclusion

A better understanding of FES provision and public policies to be enhanced is not possible without accounting for spatial and temporal dimensions. This helps to analyse the impact of intervention on FES and the cost-effectiveness of economic instruments, implying a coordinated effort to bring together ecological and economic data and models.

     

德国巴登—符腾堡州森林生态保护财政支持政策与我国公益林补偿反思

德国森林生态保护财政支持政策历史悠久、制度完备,并取得了显著成效。巴登—符腾堡州森林划分合理,管理手段科学,经营体系规范,森林覆盖率历年保持稳定,具有典型性。文中梳理其森林生态保护等级制度以及财政支持政策,同时分析我国公益林生态补偿现状及存在问题,旨在为制定我国公益林生态补偿方案提供借鉴。     

基于合作治理理论的我国区域多层次复合市场化森林生态补偿模式构建探索

森林生态补偿是通过协调森林生态公共产品受益者与提供者之间的利益关系,提高生态服务供给水平和供给效率的重要途径。文中对合作治理模式的核心要素和实现条件进行分析;探讨构建政府、企业、环保组织和林农等行为主体合作治理的区域多层次复合市场化森林生态补偿模式,在运作方式、组织机构设置与责任机制、投融资体系和补偿方式等方面进行思路创新;提出实施区域多层次复合市场化森林生态补偿模式的保障机制。     

Compensation for forest ecological services in China

The paper discusses methods to compensate for the costs incurred in the supply of forest ecological services (FES), i.e. government dominated and market-based instruments as well as progress made so far in China. Factors which constrain the supply of these services and potential policy improvements are presented.     

Fertilization effects on mean stomatal conductance are mediated through changes in the hydraulic attributes of mature Norway spruce trees

Stomatal conductance was quantified with sap flux sensors and whole-tree chambers in mature Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) trees after 3 years of exposure to elevated CO(2) concentration ([CO(2)]) in a 13-year nutrient optimization experiment. The long-term nutrient optimization treatment increased tree height by 3.7 m (67%) and basal diameter by 8 cm (68%); the short-term elevated [CO(2)] exposure had no effect on tree size or allometry. Nighttime transpiration was estimated as approximately 7% of daily transpiration in unchambered trees; accounting for the effect of nighttime flux on the processing of sap flux signals increased estimated daily water uptake by approximately 30%. Crown averaged stomatal conductance (g(s)) was described by a Jarvis-type model. The addition of a stomatal response time constant (tau) and total capacitance of stored water (C(tot)) improved the fit of the model. Model estimates for C(tot) scaled with sapwood volume of the bole in fertilized trees. Hydraulic support-defined as a lumped variable of leaf-specific hydraulic conductivity and water potential gradient (K(l)DeltaPsi) -was estimated from height, sapwood-to-leaf area ratio (A(s):A(l)) and changes in tracheid dimensions. Hydraulic support explained 55% of the variation in g(s) at reference conditions for trees across nutrient and [CO(2)] treatments. Removal of approximately 50% of A(l) from three trees yielded results suggesting that stomatal compensation (i.e., an increase in g(s)) after pruning scales inversely with K(l)DeltaPsi, indicating that the higher the potential hydraulic support after pruning, the less complete the stomatal compensation for the increase in A(s):A(l).     

国家公园中地役权保护模式及支撑体系研究

通过对国内外地役权保护发展和实践的分析,针对我国国家公园试点中不同集体土地管理权流转获取方式面临法律依据不足、财政补偿压力大、流转稳定性不足、操作复杂困难等主要问题,提出了以地役权协议为核心,以制度和技术支撑体系为支持,以实施流程为保证的地役权保护模式,进而探讨地役权保护模式中制度支撑体系和技术支撑体系的具体内容和方法...     

建立森林生态效益补偿制度的博弈分析

森林生态效益补偿制度的建立是保证我国生态公益林可持续发展的关键性措施．文章从外部性和公共物品理论角度出发,指出建立森林生态效益补偿制度的必要性,即用财政政策调节存在于森林生态价值循环补偿中的“市场失灵”．运用博弈论理论和方法,构建了一个生态效益补偿政策下生态保护实施者与生态保护受益者之间的博弈模型．通过模拟现实中各方的行动策略和得益,分析均衡结果,以验证森林生态效益补偿制度是否安排有效,是否能使个人理性选择的结果符合集体理性的要求．