Support of new principal investigators by NIH: 1966 to 1972

In summary, Our findings indicate that the research project grant programs of NIH have consistently provided opportunities for newly trained scienitists to receive support for biomedical research projects that they have initiated themselves. The system encourages progress in the biomedical sciences through the continuous influx of creative individuals who can explore their own research ideas, ideas that also correspond to the health research needs of the nation as reflected by the categorical missions of the institutes. Despite the decline (approximately 20 percent) in the total number of active research projects over the past 7 years. the proportion of new PI's among all recipients of new awards remained fairly constant from year to year. From 1966 to 1972, an average of 57 percent of all new research project awards were received by PI's entering the system for the first time, while an average of approximately 10 percent of all the PI's on research projects each year were new PI's being supported by NIH for the first time.     

欧洲的有机农业

自1992年欧洲共同农业政策改革以来，在所有欧盟成员国中，有机农业出现前所未有的发展。即有2%的农业地区和1%的农场开始从事有机农业经营。有机农业的发展首先从农作物开始，后延伸到了畜牧业。 一、概论 有机农业可定义为旨在建立一种综合的、健康的和环保的可持续发展的一种农业生产体系。它体现的是最大程度地实现农业生态系统自我调节，农场或区域资源的可再生，以及对生态与生物生产和相互影响的协调运作。对外部的投入，不管它是有机的还是化学的，都应尽量降到最低限度。 一般而言，有机农业有4个方面的优势：第一，产品具有较高的市场价格。从奶品、牛肉、猪肉和小麦四类产品价格看，有机产品的价格分别比普通产品价格高37%，13.5%，78.5%和106%；第二，土地实现非集约化经营；第三，在农产品需求与供给之间创建较好的平衡；第四，有助于环境保护。另外，比较起传统农业而言，有机农业具有劳动力密集的优势，这有利于农村就业和保护小农场的生存，避免来自全球日益强化的竞争的威胁。 2078/92欧盟农业环保法规要求，应对农民转向有机农业经营提供鼓励，即通过为他们提供财政支持而弥补由此转变而带来的损失。在欧盟国家，有机农产品的生产是通过欧盟委员会2092/91条例来调节的。对不论是欧盟国家生产的，还是从第三国家进口的农产品，在其作为有机产品营销时都有着严格的规定。尤其在条例中严格地限制了农业投入要素的应用范围，包括施肥、植病与害虫防治等。此外，还要求成员国家建立一个检查系统，用以验证这些原则是否得到遵守。