Endoscopic findings in horses with diseases of the upper respiratory tract

With the aid of a flexible glassfibre endoscope, a 300 W cold light source and a special adapted camera, colour photographs of the upper respiratory tract of horses were taken. These pictures served to present especially the disease processes of the different areas of the upper respiratory tract which lead to a constriction of the lumen. These included proliferation in the nose, guttural pouch diseases and larynx diseases such as hemiplegia, subepiglottic cysts, epiglottic entrapment and rostral displacement of the plica palatopharyngica. Furthermore endoscopic findings of changes in the soft palate and in the recessus pharyngicus were shown.     

Meadow saffron (Colchicum autumnale) in hay and colic in horses

Following feeding of a new delivery of hay (bought in Southern Germany) 3 horses out of a unit of 17 developed colic within a few days one horse died. Post-mortem there was an intensive accumulation of serous or serous-haemorrhagic fluid in the thorax and abdomen. The hay was heavily contaminated by autumn crocus (colchicum autumnale)--about 1.48% of total mass. Other feedstuffs were of good quality and following removal of the affected hay no further cases of colic occurred. The pathological findings also indicated a colchicine intoxication.     

仿刺参幼体烂胃病及其致病原鉴定

山东、辽宁两省在仿刺参（Apostichopus japonicus）苗种培育期间的5-7月，耳状幼体易发生一种以胃壁增厚、萎缩、溃烂为主要特征的“烂胃病”。从患烂胃病的耳状幼体中分离到1株细菌LW-1，人工回接感染实验证实其具有较强的致病性，并与自然发病症状相同。通过API半自动化鉴定和常规的生理生化试验的结果表明，LW-1具有弧菌属的特征，其表型特征与灿烂弧菌（Vibrio splendidus）相似。对该菌株16S rRNA基因序列分析和构建系统发生树。结果显示，菌株LW-1与灿烂弧菌的亲缘关系最近，相似率达到99．8％。菌株LW-1可鉴定为灿烂弧菌，并视为耳状幼体烂胃病的致病原之一。通过对多起仿刺参苗期烂胃病的调查研究表明，烂胃病病原也具有多样性和复杂性，并与投喂老化腐败的单胞藻饵料有关。     

The effect of nutrition on the origin of colic (digestive disorders) in horses]

Colics are often initiated by mistakes in feeding inadequate feed quality or quantity or poor feeding technique. The consequences are obstruction, impaction or dysbiosis with increased production of organic acids, gas or toxins. Nutritional anamnesis in patients with colic may give information on the pathogenesis of the disease.     

中华鲟细菌性烂鳃病和胃充气并发症的临床诊断和控制

在中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)的抢救、暂养、养殖和放流工作中,采用水产动物医学的临床诊治技术和方法,对中华鲟的健康和疾病进行跟踪检验、诊断、预防和控制,以保障中华鲟自然资源保护工作的顺利进行.总结几年来对中华鲟病害防治临床实践的经验,发现细菌性烂鳃病、细菌性烂鳃和胃充气并发症是常发性疾病,一旦发生且治疗不及时,死亡率极高.细菌性烂鳃和胃充气并发症是一种未见报道的鲟鱼常见病,不同规格的中华鲟都有发病,诊断时要注意与临床症状相似的鳔充气、肠充气加以区别.     

中华绒螯蟹胃、肠及肝、胰脏蛋白酶初探

以酪蛋白为底物,研究了中华绒螯蟹胃、肠及肝、胰脏蛋白酶的最适pH值和最适底物浓度。研究结果表明:河蟹消化道蛋白酶的最适pH值在5.4～5.8和7.2～7.6;蛋白酶的最适底物酪蛋白的浓度为:胃,0.8mg/ml;肠,1.6mg/ml;肝、胰脏,1.2mg/ml。     

Stable isotope variations in otoliths of Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) and indications of the possible 1990 regime shift

Stable oxygen and carbon isotope ratios (δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C) from archived otoliths of Pacific halibut, Hippoglossus stenolepis, were measured to examine the most recent regime shifts in British Columbia and the Gulf of Alaska. δ¹⁸O values of these otoliths ranged from −1.5 to +2.8‰ VPDB, and were consistent with the life stages and migration behavior of halibut. δ¹³C varied from −3.3 to +0.9‰ VPDB, but did not show a transition from the juvenile to the adult stage as does δ¹⁸O. Evaluation of δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C values of mature halibut (ages 8–12) indicated that the 1977 regime shift might have a warming impact on the northeast Pacific fish stocks. In contrast, a possible regime shift around 1990 with a bottom seawater temperature decrease of about 2 °C might have occurred in both the areas. The connection between stable isotope variations in otoliths and the climate regime shifts is thus potentially useful in studying the population dynamics of Pacific halibut, and decadal scale (e.g., the last 20–30 years) ocean environmental changes.     

皱纹盘鲍与光棘球海胆筏式混养研究

皱纹盘鲍与光棘球海胆的混养可有效地防治污损生物的附着。综合分析鲍与海胆的生长、存活及防污损生物附着的效果,在生长期、高温期和恢复生长期混养海胆的最适密度分别为１５．２０个／格和１５－２０个／格。     

Cold‐water coral Madrepora oculata in the eastern Ligurian Sea (NW Mediterranean): Historical and recent findings

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Use of the Reflotron system for the determination of creatine kinase (CK) in the blood of swine, sheep, cattle, horses and dogs]

The Reflotron-CK test was evaluated with blood samples of healthy and diseased pigs, sheep, cattle, horses and dogs in relation to the standard CK-NAC test (UV-method). The precision within the series on the day of blood sampling was better than VK = 7.5% (coefficient of variation) with both methods. The day to day precision was estimated by using deep frozen plasma and was in the same order of magnitude with the Reflotron-CK and the UV-method (CV less than 10%). While fresh whole blood of sheep, cattle, horses and dogs respectively should be applied directly onto the dry reagent carrier with the Reflotron-pipette (32 microliters), the blood samples of pigs must be diluted (200 microliters 0.9% NaCl-solution and 32 microliters blood, factor 7.25) before determination with Reflotron-CK. In the five species mentioned the correlation between Reflotron-CK and CK values obtained with the standard UV-method was satisfactory (r greater than 0.96). Systemic deviations of the Reflotron-CK values should be corrected by calculation formulae, given in the paper.     

V_(B12)V_(B1)对扁藻繁值和生长的影响实验

对比实验表明,V_B_(12)、V_B_1对扁藻的生长无明显影响,不是扁藻生长必需的外源性有机营养。打破了V_B_(12)、V_B_1对单胞藻类生长有明显促进作用的传统结论。     

黄海浮游植物群落的长期变化(1985—2015)

基于黄海1985—2015年的浮游植物网采调查,研究了群落结构的年代际演变特征,分析了群落组成的差异贡献率。30多年来共记录浮游植物81属202种,硅藻、甲藻是主要的类群。进入2005—2015年,优势属种在北黄海演替为具槽帕拉藻(Paralia sulcata)、角藻(Tripos)、角毛藻(Chaetoceros)、圆筛藻(Coscinodiscus)、原多甲藻(Protoperi dinium)等,在南黄海演替为角毛藻、圆筛藻、鼻状藻(Proboscia)、中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)等。浮游植物总丰度年代际平均为76.2×10~4个/m~3,硅藻丰度比例平均为80.3%,并于2010s下降到67.5%。甲藻丰度在2005—2015年期间有了显著升高,甲硅藻比与1985—2000年相比较平均增加了1.13倍。物种丰富度呈现升高的趋势,在2005—2015年增加了78.9%,暖水种比例上升到平均10.3%,物种多样性北黄海保持稳定,南黄海较1985—2000年增加了28.9%。浮游植物群落的长期演变决定了渔业生物饵料基础的变动,本研究为深入探讨黄海重要渔业水域关键栖息地饵料水平和结构的改变,及其对生态系统食物网结构和渔业生物早期补充过程的影响提供了基础资料及参考依据。     

Iron and iron-binding capacity in the serum of clinically healthy horses

Serum iron concentration and iron-binding capacity were determined in 34 respectively 35 clinically healthy horses of different sex, with the age of 3 to 21 years. In the Warm blooded horse, the Half bred, the Haflinger horse, the Heavy horse and the Arabian Haflinger the mean serum iron concentration amounted to 253 +/- 66 micrograms/dl, 202 +/- 87 micrograms/dl, 166 +/- 67 micrograms/dl, 183 micrograms/dl and 366 micrograms/dl, while the iron-binding capacity in the Warm blooded horse, the Half bred, the Haflinger horse, the Thoroughbred, the Heavy horse and the Arabian Haflinger ran up to 427 +/- 55 micrograms/dl, 530 +/- 162 micrograms/dl, 422 +/- 63 micrograms/dl, 447 micrograms/dl, 467 micrograms/dl and 394 micrograms/dl. Regarding serum iron concentration no age or sex differences were ascertained, whereas they were obvious when observing the iron-binding capacity. Diurnal variations in serum iron concentration are pointed out. The quotient of the two examined parameters showed race-related differences. The results are presented in tables.     

Effect of vitamin B12 and taurine on the alleviation of nutritional anaemia in common sole (Solea solea)

Sole fed commercial pellets develop a nutritional anaemia. This study assessed the impact of dietary B12 and taurine on the haematocrit (Hct) and haemoglobin (Hb) level and mineral absorption in anaemic sole. Anaemic sole was fed one of four diets. Diets were equal regarding mineral, amino acid and macronutrient composition and formulated, according to a two by two factorial design: two B12 (0.34 vs. 1.9 mg kg dm^?1) and two taurine levels (3.5 vs. 7.6 mg kg dm^?1). The feeding level was restricted and equal for all diets. Hct and Hb levels in anaemic sole are influenced by dietary B12. A “high” level of B12 increases the Hct and Hb level. An increasing level of taurine suppresses the stimulating effect of the “high” level of B12. The applied B12 and taurine levels were unable to completely alleviate the anaemia in sole. Nevertheless, sole needs high dietary levels of B12 to alleviate anaemia. The impact of B12 and taurine on Hb and Hct was not related to a change in the absorption of iron. A “high” level of B12 positively affected the absorption of chromium and a high level of taurine negatively affected the absorption of cobalt in sole.     

Jaw ulcers in Atlantic tomcod, Microgadus tomcod (Walbaum), from the St Lawrence River

A survey of external lesions on Atlantic tomcod from the St Lawrence River was carried out between mid-December 1992 and the end of January 1993 ( n = 1674). Jaw ulcerations were observed in 3.8% of the fish. These ulcers were usually single, and located at the junction between the skin epidermis and oral mucosa. They progressed from shallow lesions to deep ulcers with pathological fracture of the facial bone secondary to osteitis. The aetiology of these lesions could not be determined. Fish with ulcers were generally older than those of the monitored spawning population. The reason for a higher prevalence in older tomcods is unknown, but decreased immune functions and healing capacity caused by ageing are suggested as potential predisposing factors.     

2001-2005年松花湖水质评价

为了了解松花湖近几年水质状况,基于2001～2005年松花湖水质监测数据,以单因子评价法,确定主要污染指标.采取综合污染指数法,对松花湖水质进行评价.结果表明,溶解氧全湖年均值7.604mg/L,符合国家Ⅱ类水体标准.丰满断面石油类污染最重,5年超标率为5.0%;各断面除小荒地高锰酸盐指数未超标外,其余断面均超过国家标准;总氮各断面均超过国家标准.松花湖5个断面水质污染程度比较,污染最严重的是辉发河口,综合污染指数7.69,污染负荷比为28.01;第2位是桦树林,综合污染指数6.54,污染负荷比为23.91;第3位是小荒地、沙石浒和丰满,综合污染指数均为4.45,污染负荷比分别为15.77、15.77和为16.28.可见松花湖水体的主要污染指标为总磷、总氮和高锰酸盐指数,松花湖的大部分水体的水质处于中度污染状态.     

Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in fish by‐products is inactivated with inorganic acid (pH 1) and base (pH 12)

The aquaculture industry needs a simple, inexpensive and safe method for the treatment of fish waste without heat. Microbial inactivation by inorganic acid (HCl) or base (KOH) was determined using infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) as a model organism for fish pathogens. Salmonella and spores of Clostridium perfringens were general hygiene indicators in supplementary examinations. IPNV, which is considered to be among the most chemical‐ and heat‐resistant fish pathogens, was reduced by more than 3 log in 4 h at pH 1.0 and pH 12.0. Salmonella was rapidly inactivated by the same treatment, whereas spores of C. perfringens were hardly affected. The results indicate that low and high pH treatment could be particularly suitable for fish waste destined for biogas production. pH treatment at aquaculture production sites could reduce the spread of fish pathogens during storage and transportation without disturbing the anaerobic digestion process. The treatment could also be an alternative to the current energy‐intensive steam pressure sterilization of fish waste to be used by the bioenergy, fertilizer and soil improver industries.