Microstructure of wood char

Summary Past research on the combustion and pyrolysis of wood have often indicated a link between wood microstructure and its observed properties in fire exposure. The present research, after utilizing an instrumented fire exposure shown to simulate actual fire conditions, examines the microstructure of fire damaged wood and considers the implications of microstructural changes seen on the burning process.Differences in microstructural detail between wood and char, as well as fissure geometry, were shown to be consistent. The demarcation between damaged and undamaged wood was shown to be extremely small (several cell layers in thickness). The resulting microstructural observations are considered in light of published kinetic data on wood combustion and current theories and data on thermal degradation of wood.The authors wish to acknowledge the general support of the University of California Forest Products Laboratory as well as grant support to the University of California Berkeley Fire Research Group (NSF-Rann-S-22053, NFPCA-S-22584), University of California Berkeley Electron Microscopy Lab. (NSF-GB-38359) and the University of California, Davis Department of Botany (NSF-GB-29653). In addition we would also like to thank Dr. Arno P. Schniewind, University of California Forest Products Laboratory and Dr. R. Falk, University of California, Davis, Department of Botany     

酚类阻燃剂处理杉木热解过程的热动力学研究

抗流失阻燃剂是当前阻燃剂研究开发的一个重要方向。采用TG DTA热分析技术研究了酚类阻燃剂处理杉木热解过程各阶段的木炭产量和热动力学参数。结果表明 ,酚类阻燃剂阻燃处理杉木的产炭量因苯环上取代基不同而不同 ,其阻燃作用的大小顺序为 :氨基 >溴 >硝基。同时具有氮元素和溴元素的二溴硝基苯酚和二溴氨基苯酚的产炭量都大于相应的单取代苯酚衍生物。浸泡实验后 ,磷酸氢二铵的产炭损失率是二溴硝基苯酚的 5倍。阻燃处理后产炭量的增大总是对应于炭化阶段热解反应峰温降低、反应速率常数增大 ,但产炭量的增大程度与这些热动力学参数的改变是负相关的。因此 ,氮和溴的苯酚衍生物不仅对木材具有很强的阻燃作用 ,而且具有很强的抗浸泡能力 ,氮元素的阻燃作用与其在阻燃剂中的氧化态关系极大 ,氮和溴在木材阻燃中存在协同增效作用 ,阻燃处理对木材的吸湿性也有影响。     

阻燃处理马尾松的热动力学分析

将硼酸、硼砂混合制成均匀的阻燃剂，并以脲醛预缩液为载体，采用动态热重法来分析马尾松木材阻燃处理前后的热动力学特性。经定性与定量分析，结果表明，该阻燃体系能使松木的热解温度降低；平均热解失重率降低、失重过程变缓；产炭量增加，在炭化阶段的失重减少。     

阻燃木材应具备的产品性能

本文概述了使用阻燃木材的必要性,论述了传统型和第二代木材阻燃剂的主要差别,讨论了阻燃木材应具备的产品性能,特别是难燃性,吸湿性,强度,使用寿命。     

阻燃剂WFRJ1改性木材的体积稳定性和涂饰性能

用阻燃剂ＷＦＲＪ１处理大青杨木材并对处理材的阻燃性能、涂饰性能和体积稳定性进行测定。结果表明：ＷＦＲＪ１可用于木制品的阻燃处理。当ＷＦＲＪ１浓度为１０％时,氧指数可达到５０％以上,与水溶性ＲＦ树脂复配,可大幅度提高处理材的抗胀缩率和阻湿率,增加体积稳定性。经ＷＦＲＪ１处理后杨木单板的涂饰性能未受影响。     

Chemical mechanism of fire retardance of boric acid on wood

It is commonly accepted that the fire retardant mechanism of boric acid is a physical mechanism achieved by the formation of a coating or protective layer on the wood surface at high temperature. Although a char-forming catalytic mechanism has been proposed by some researchers, little direct experimental support has been provided for such a chemical mechanism. In this paper, new experimental results using thermal analysis, cone calorimetry (CONE), and gas chromatography–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (GC–FTIR) analysis are presented and the fire retardant mechanism of boric acid on wood is discussed. Basswood was treated with boric acid, guanylurea phosphate (GUP), and GUP–boric acid. Treated wood was then analyzed by thermogravimetry (TG/DTG), differential thermal analysis (DTA), CONE, and GC–FTIR analysis. Thermogravimetry showed that the weight loss of basswood treated with boric acid was about three times that of untreated or GUP-treated wood at 165°C, a temperature at which GUP is stable. The DTA curve showed that boric acid treated basswood has an exothermal peak at 420°C, indicating the exothermal polymerization reaction of charring. CONE results showed that boric acid and GUP had a considerable synergistic fire retardant effect on wood. The GC–FTIR spectra indicated that compounds generated by boric acid treated wood are different than those generated by untreated wood. We conclude that boric acid catalyzes the dehydration and other oxygen-eliminating reactions of wood at a relatively low temperature (approximately 100–300°C) and may catalyze the isomerization of the newly formed polymeric materials by forming aromatic structures. This contributes partly to the effects of boric acid on promoting the charring and fire retardation of wood. The mechanism of the strong fire retardant synergism between boric acid and GUP is due to the different fire retardant mechanisms of boric acid and GUP and the different activation temperatures of these two chemicals.The Forest Products Laboratory is maintained in cooperation with the University of Wisconsin. This article was written and prepared by U.S. Government employees on official time, and it is therefore in the public domain and not subject to copyright. The use of trade or firm names in this publication is for reader information and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture of any product or service.     

可膨胀石墨与聚磷酸铵对木粉/聚丙烯复合材料的协同阻燃作用(英文)

采用锥形量热仪(CONE)研究可膨胀石墨(EG)与聚磷酸铵(APP)对木粉/聚丙烯复合材料的协同阻燃作用。CONE测试结果表明:EG和APP均可降低木粉/聚丙烯复合体系的热释放速率(HRR)、总热释放(THR)和烟释放速率(RSR),提高成炭率;与APP相比,EG表现出更好的抑烟效果。当EG与APP的总添加量为15%、复配比例为2∶1时,能形成稳定致密的膨胀炭层,阻燃协同效应显著。力学性能测试结果表明:即使在马来酸酐接枝聚丙烯相容剂(MAPP)的存在下,EG和APP阻燃剂的添加对复合材料的冲击强度和弯曲强度仍有不利影响,但EG的添加可提高复合材料的弯曲模量。     

阻燃杉木胶合层积材的制造工艺

利用质轻、松软、强度低、径极小的杉木间伐材，经阻燃液浸渍处理、干燥后，生产阻燃杉木胶合层积材。制出的胶合层积材物理力学性能满足日本农林集成材标准，同时又具有一定的阻燃效果，可供作室内装饰和家具等用材。     

BL-环保型阻燃剂对杨木单板吸湿性和尺寸稳定性的影响

该研究采用BL-阻燃剂溶液浸渍处理杨木单板,比较分析BL-阻燃杨木与未阻燃杨木的吸湿性和尺寸稳定性的影响。结果表明:①在不同的湿度条件下,阻燃处理后试件的吸潮率递增值明显高于未处理材。②BL-阻燃剂浓度越高的试件吸潮率也越高,相同浓度的试件在不同湿度中,湿度越高,其吸潮率也越高。③阻燃后杨木单板的尺寸变化率明显高于未处理材的,BL-阻燃剂具有较高的吸湿性,其对杨木单板尺寸稳定性的影响规律为:厚度弦向径向。     

KY-FW阻燃剂对木材力学性能的影响

采用杉木和泡桐为试材,对经过KY-FW阻燃剂处理的木材与未经处理的木材进行对比研究,分析KY-FW阻燃剂对木材力学性能的影响.结果表明,木材经KY-FW阻燃剂处理后,除冲击韧性降低外,其它主要力学性能指标(如抗弯强度、顺纹抗压强度及硬度)都有所提高.KY-FW阻燃木材的力学性能达到了一级水基型阻燃剂标准规定的相应指标.     

Improvement of fire retardancy of plywood by incorporating boron or phosphate compounds in the glue

A practical approach to enhancing the fire retardancy of wood-based materials by adding fire-retardant chemicals to the glue was developed. Plywoods were manufactured using urea melamine formaldehyde resin mixed with ammonium pentaborate or dihydrogen phosphate. Treated plywoods had better incombustibility than untreated ones. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis clearly demonstrated the distribution of boron and phosphorus, which had migrated from the glue to the wood, contributing to better fire retardant properties. The cross-sectional micrographs from scanning electron microscopy showed that untreated specimens exhibited a foamy structure near the interface in the glue layer and the deformed structure of wood cells. The cell structure and cell wall thickness retained intact in the specimens treated with urea melamine formaldehyde resin mixed with ammonium pentaborate or dihydrogen phosphate. When observing the effect of the thickness of overlay veneers on incombustibility, a shorter glowing time was obtained from the specimens with a thicker surface layer when the fire retardant chemical was added at 2%, but the differences were smaller at the higher chemical retention of 4%. A similar tendency was observed for the char length.Part of this paper was presented at the International Tropical Wood Conference in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, June 1997     

木材阻燃剂SLB处理木材的阻燃性能研究

选用新型木材阻燃剂SLB对马尾松和南洋楹两种木材进行了阻燃处理,并用氧指数法和木垛法对处理后木材的阻燃性能进行了测试。结果表明：用SLB阻燃剂处理木材,载药量达到40 kg/m^3以上时,阻燃性能达到相关标准的要求,阻燃效果随着载药量的增大而增强。在载药量相近时,南洋楹木材比马尾松木材的阻燃效果显著。     

木材防腐的现状及研究开发方向

对国内外木材防腐、阻燃的研究与产业状况进行了概述,并对我国木材防腐、防蓝变、阻燃技术的研究开发提出了建议,如在低毒对环境无害的防腐剂、防蓝变药剂、抗渗出/抗吸湿阻燃技术的研究开发与推广应用方面.并对国内木材防腐产业的前景进行了分析,如用于建材等领域.     

落叶松木材的FRW阻燃处理技术

研究采用真空加压法、以新型木材阻燃剂ＦＲＷ对难以浸注处理的落叶松木材进行阻燃处理。结果表明，在压力为１．４ＭＰａ、加压时间为１８０ｍｉｎ、前后真空度均为０．０９８ＭＰａ、前真空时间为３０ｍｉｎ及后真空时间为１５ｍｉｎ的工艺条件下，能初步实现落叶松木材的有效处理。     

三种木材的渗透性与阻燃处理关系

通过对马尾松、米槠、檫树的渗透性及它们的阻燃剂浸注量的研究发现 ,3种木材的阻燃剂浸注量与它们相应的渗透性呈线性相关 ,相关系数在 0 847～ 0 896之间 ,该结果说明了木材的阻燃处理与木材的渗透性有着密切的关系。     

木塑复合材料阻燃技术研究现状和趋势

综述了近年来木塑复合材料的常用阻燃剂类型（主要指无卤阻燃剂）、阻燃处理工艺及其阻燃性能的研究现状,对木塑复合材料的燃烧性能进行了分析,并结合木塑复合材料在阻燃方面存在的问题对其未来发展方向进行了展望。     

阻燃型杉木间伐材层压板的制造

探讨了在由双氰胺、磷酸、硼化物等配制的阻燃剂处理的杉木间伐材单板生产阻燃型层压板的工艺和性能.分析了各阻燃处理材的阻燃性能和热压工艺对杉木间伐材层压板胶合强度的影响,并检测了甲醛释放量.结果表明:该阻燃层压板达到了国标难燃一级标准;其胶合强度和游离甲醛两项指标均达到室内用材的要求.     

木材结构特性对氧指数的影响

采用氧九法对４种树种木材、５种阻燃物质燃烧特性的研究发现，未阻燃木材的氧指数在纵横向上有差异性，纵向高于横向，径弦向差异很小。这主要是木材结构各向异性以及各方向上的导热系数不同所致。木材树种不同氧指数也有差异，原因之一密度不同所致。阻燃处理可使方向上的的差异逆转，即横向高于纵向。同一阻燃物质对不同树种木才的作用效果不同，即树料与阻燃物质之间存在适应性问题。树种铎氧指数有很大影响。     

阻燃刨花板阻燃剂的研制

以氨基树脂为载体,磷-氮系阻燃液与固体无机耐火剂所构成的刨花板用阻燃体系,采用阻燃剂与刨花直接混合的添加工艺,不会造成阻燃剂的浪费,不污染环境。所生产的阻燃刨花板主要物理力学性能达到国家标准。阻燃性能:氧指数40%～50%.1000℃火焰穿透时间15～25分钟,发烟等级为一级。对人低毒。     

低分子量酚醛树脂与阻燃剂复配改性大青杨木材的研究

用低分子量酚醛树脂分别与阻燃剂ＦＲＤＬ－１１２或硼酸复配改性大青杨木材的研究表明,ＰＦ树脂与ＦＲＤＬ－１１２复配使用时的渗透性优于与硼酸复配;对处理材的顺纹抗压强度和硬度有降低作用,但与未处理素材相比仍有提高,与硼酸复配对处理材的阻湿性和抗胀缩性能有较大负面影响。阻燃效果是ＦＲＤＬ－１１２明显优于硼酸;与ＦＲＤＬ０－１１２复配可处理材的防腐能力下降,与硼酸复配处理材的防腐效果优于单纯的酚醛树脂处理