Reduced incidence of persistent chromosome aberrations in mice irradiated at low dose rates

A marked difference was observed between the effectiveness of high and low dose rates of ionizing radiation in producing persistent chromosome aberrations in the marrow cells of mice. Clones of cells with chromosome abnormalities were present in the marrow of all the mice previously exposed to single or fractionated doses of x-rays given at a rate of 30 rad/min. The frequency of chromosome aberrations in these mice varied from 14 to 72 percent of the cells exdmined. By contrast, none of the mice exposed to continuous gamma radiation at a low dose rate (1.45 rad/hour) showed definite clones of abnormal marrow cells, and the frequency of persistent chromosome aberrations varied from zero to 8 percent in this group.     

Effect of Ultraviolet Pretreatment on Yield of Mutations by X-rays in Wheat

A decrease in the yield of chromosomal aberrations in root meristems of wheat induced by four different doses of x-rays has been found to occur when the seeds are pretreated with ultraviolet radiation. However, in X(2) generation, the mutation rate for combined treatment is lower than for x-rays alone in lower dosages and higher than for x-rays alone in higher dosages.     

Mutations induced in Tradescantia by small doses of x-rays and neutrons: analysis of dose-Response curves

Dose-response curves for pink somatic mutations in Tradescantia stamen hairs were analyzed after neutron and x-ray irradiation with doses ranging from a fraction of a rad to the region of saturation. The dose-effect relation for neutrons indicates a linear dependence from 0.01 to 8 rads; between 0.25 and 5 rads a linear dependence is indicated for x-rays also. As a consequence the relative biological effectiveness reaches a constant value (about 50) at low doses. The observations are in good agreement with the predictions of the theory of dual radiation action and support its interpretation of the effects of radiation on higher organisms. The doubling dose of x-rays was found to be nearly I rad.     

Risk of thyroid neoplasms after irradiation in childhood. Studies of populations exposed to radiation in childhood show a dose response over a wide dose range

The incidence of thyroid carcinoma and of clinically palpable thyroid nodules is compared in three groups of individuals many years after exposure to ionizing radiation in childhood or infancy. The estimated mean cumulative doses to the thyroid gland ranged from 20 rad in the Ann Arbor series irradiated with x-rays as infants for thymic enlargement upward to 1225 rad of mixed radiation (including that from ingested radioiodine) in the Marshallese children. Intermediate between these extremes is the high-risk subgroup in the Rochester series of persons irradiated for thymic enlargement; they received an estimated mean thyroid dose of 335 rad. A plot of the incidence of thyroid nodularity against the total cumulative thyroid dose gives what could be a linear dose response with no threshold or, at least, a threshold below 20 rad. The risk of developing carcinoma in the three studies ranges from 0 to 5.5 cases and that for nodularity 38 to 52 cases per 106 persons exposed per rad (thyroid dose) per year. There is evidence dence from animal experimentation that the biologically effective dose in the case of the Marshallese would have been considerably lower than the cumulative physical dose; hence, the dose response might actually be curvilinear at least in the higher dose range. In view of the uncertainties regarding dose and the assumptions made in my study, the risk values may not be exact; however, these values reflect the trends regarding risks estimated from the best available data in man. Furthermore, the estimated risk values apply only if radiation exposure occurred in childhood.     

Hair cell regeneration after acoustic trauma in adult Coturnix quail

Recovery of hair cells was studied at various times after acoustic trauma in adult quail. An initial loss of hair cells recovered to within 5 percent of the original number of cells. Tritium-labeled thymidine was injected after this acoustic trauma to determine if mitosis played a role in recovery of hair cells. Within 10 days of acoustic trauma, incorporation of [3H]thymidine was seen over the nuclei of hair cells and supporting cells in the region of initial hair cell loss. Thus, hair cell regeneration can occur after embryonic terminal mitosis.     

60Co-γ射线辐射马铃薯块茎M2代群体的诱变效应

[目的]研究60Co-γ射线的不同辐射剂量对马铃薯块茎M2代群体的诱变效应。[方法]以云薯2号和鄂马铃薯5号为试材,采用60Co-γ射线的4种辐射剂量（5、10、15、20GY）分别对2个马铃薯品种的休眠块茎进行辐射诱变,分别测量2个马铃薯品种M2代叶片的叶绿素含量、干物质、淀粉含量以及产量等农艺性状,研究60Co-γ射线的不同辐射剂量对马铃薯M2代群体的诱变效应。[结果]不同辐射剂量对同一马铃薯品种M2代主要农艺性状产生的变异程度不同;相同辐射剂量对不同马铃薯品种M2代主要农艺性状所产生的变异程度不同。60Co-γ射线诱变改良个别性状（早熟、抗病性、高产、叶绿素含量）较有效,60Co-γ射线诱变马铃薯的适宜照射剂量为10～20GY,从2个马铃薯品种M2代中共单选出41个优株系。[结论]对马铃薯进行辐射诱变是一种有效的育种手段,但大多数突变是隐性突变,辐射诱变育种难度较大。     

Inhibition of endothelial regeneration by type-beta transforming growth factor from platelets

Damage to the vessel wall is a signal for endothelial migration and replication and for platelet release at the site of injury. Addition of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) purified from platelets to growing aortic endothelial cells inhibited [3H]thymidine incorporation in a concentration-dependent manner. A transient inhibition of DNA synthesis was also observed in response to wounding; cell migration and replication are inhibited during the first 24 hours after wounding. By 48 hours after wounding both TGF-beta-treated and -untreated cultures showed similar responses. Flow microfluorimetric analysis of cell cycle distribution indicated that after 24 hours of exposure to TGF-beta the cells were blocked from entering S phase, and the fraction of cells in G1 was increased. The inhibition of the initiation of regeneration by TGF-beta could allow time for recruitment of smooth muscle cells into the site of injury by other platelet components.     

化学药剂对绿豆尾孢菌叶斑病的田间防治效果比较

[目的]筛选防治绿豆尾孢菌叶斑病的最佳药剂及方案.[方法]通过田间药效试验测定了4种化学药剂对绿豆尾孢菌叶斑病的防治效果.[结果]43％戊唑醇悬浮剂800倍液喷雾、25％嘧菌酯悬浮剂800倍液喷雾、43％戊唑醇悬浮剂500倍液浸种2 h＋43％戊唑醇悬浮剂800倍液喷雾、25％嘧菌酯悬浮剂500倍液浸种2 h＋25％嘧菌酯悬浮剂800倍液喷雾处理对绿豆尾孢菌叶斑病的防治效果明显,第3次施药后28 d的防治效果均达到80％以上,且具有一定的增产效果,建议在生产上推广应用.[结论]为绿豆尾孢菌叶斑病的化学防治提供了理论依据.     

紫外线诱变对猴头菌菌丝体生长的影响

[目的]为食用菌紫外线诱变育种提供依据。[方法]采用紫外线辐照猴头菌菌丝体,研究不同照射时间对菌丝生长速度、菌丝生长势、菌落直径及菌丝锁状联合数量的影响。[结果]紫外线对辐照1~3 min的菌丝生长有不同程度的促进作用,其中以照射3 min处理的作用最明显(P<0.01)。对照射5 min处理的菌丝生长有抑制作用,但差异不显著。[结论]该试验条件下猴头菌紫外线诱变育种辐照时间以3 min最佳,但紫外线照射的不同时间与猴头菌产量和品质的相关性有待进一步研究。     

Pentobarbital: dual actions to increase brain benzodiazepine receptor affinity

The binding of [3H]diazepam to benzodiazepine receptors was studied in extensively washed membranes of rat cerebral cortex in the presence of the depressant barbiturate, pentobarbital. Pentobarbital, like the endogenous neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), increased the basal binding and also potentiated the GABA-enhanced binding of [3H]diazepam to benzodiazepine receptors by increasing the apparent affinity of [3H]diazepam for the benzodiazepine receptor. The concentrations of pentobarbital necessary to elicit these effects in vitro are the same as those observed after treatment with pharmacologically relevant doses, suggesting that a common neurochemical association may exist between these types of compounds.     

Biological damage from intranuclear tritium: DNA strand breaks and their repair

Isotopic decay in tritiated thymidine in the DNA of frozen (-196 degrees C) Chinese hamster cells causes breaks in DNA strands to accumulate at a rate of 2.1 breaks per decay. After DNA is thawed the tritium-induced breaks repair rapidly with a half-time of 15 minutes at 37 degrees C. In comparison to breakage by x-rays, the efficiency of DNA strand breakage by tritium is equivalent to 0.48 rad per decay. This dose per decay is close to that predicted by simple dosimetric considerations (0.38 rad per decay) for irradiation by the beta particles from tritium.     

不同施肥方式对澳洲坚果产量的影响

[目的]研究不同施肥方式对澳洲坚果产量的影响。[方法]以澳洲坚果H2品种为试材,连续3年调查不同施肥方式对澳洲坚果产量的影响。[结果]年施3次肥的单株产量高于年施2次肥的,施水肥的单株产量最高,其次为沟施,撒施最差。[结论]在施用普通肥料情况下,增加肥料用量,减少施肥次数,澳洲坚果不能获得增产。     

Chromosome studies on Marshall Islanders exposed to fallout radiation

Cytogenetic studies of blood lymphocytes of Marshall Islanders, 10 years after their exposure to radiation from fallout in 1954, show chromosome-type aberrations in 23 of 43 exposed persons. Half the aberrations are of the exchange type. An unexpectedly large number of acentric fragments, but no exchange-type aberrations, appear in a few unexposed people on the same island.     

氮离子束注入和钴60伽玛辐射对大豆生物学效应研究初报

[目的] 探索氮离子束注入和钴60伽玛辐射对大豆的生物学效应,为大豆诱变育种提供依据。[方法]14份大豆品种或高代稳定品系干种子按4×10^16、6×10^16和8×10^16N^＋/cm^2 3个剂量和能量30 Kev氮离子束注入,35份大豆品种或高代稳定品系干种子按100、150和200 Gy 3个剂量和剂量率1.6 Gy/Min钴60伽玛辐射,以未处理作对照,考察大豆主要农艺性状和产量,采用近红外透射光谱法测定大豆籽粒品质。[结果]8×10^16N^＋/cm^2氮离子束注入和150 Gy钴60伽玛辐射对大豆农艺性状的突变效果明显。氮离子束注入和钴60伽玛辐射诱变蛋白质含量增加的材料占总材料份数的57.1%-78.6%,但6×10^16N^＋/cm^2氮离子束注入的蛋白质突变频率大于其余两个剂量,而钴60伽玛辐射剂量间差异不大;诱变脂肪含量增加的材料占总材料份数的34.3%-40.0%,且8×10^16N^＋/cm^2氮离子束注入和200 Gy钴60伽玛辐射的脂肪突变频率分别大于其余两个剂量。[结论]选择适宜剂量的氮离子束注入和钴60伽玛辐射可以改善大豆农艺性状,增加产量,提高蛋白质和脂肪含量,因而氮离子束注入和钴60伽玛辐射是两种行之有效的大豆诱变育种方法。     

不同氮肥后移量对稻套麦产量的影响

[目的]研究不同氮肥后移量对稻套麦产量的影响,探讨其适宜的氮肥施用方式。[方法]采用单因素随机区组设计,共7个处理,其中稻套麦10月25日播种,拔节肥按不同尿素施用量分5个处理:A:150 kg/hm2;B:225 kg/hm2;C:300 kg/hm2;D:375 kg/hm2;CK1:0kg/hm2。收稻后旋耕撒播小麦(茬后种麦)分2个处理,分别为CK2:于11月5日播种;CK3:于11月15日播种。稻套麦大田用种量225kg/hm2,茬后种麦大田用种量150 kg/hm2。[结果]在基肥、壮蘖肥一致的前提下,施用拔节肥225 kg/hm2后其穗粒数、千粒重、理论产量、实际产量及经济系数均高于其他施氮处理以及不施氮处理CK1。但与稻茬后撒播小麦相比,在基肥、壮蘖肥一致的前提下,稻套麦产量要低于适期茬后种麦水平,高于迟播小麦。[结论]该研究可为稻套麦高产栽培提供理论参考。     

防治烟草脉斑病媒介烟蚜的高效低毒药剂筛选

[目的]筛选适合防控烟草脉斑病传毒媒介烟蚜的高效低毒药剂。[方法]2010～2011年对烟蚜进行了3种药剂的田间防效试验。[结果]参试的3种药剂中,对烟蚜的防治效果以5%吡虫啉乳油1 200倍液最好,药后10 d对烟蚜的防治效果达到83.4%,虫口减退率为97.73%;其次是200 g/L吡虫啉可溶液剂4 000倍液和3%啶虫脒乳油2 000倍液,药后10 d对烟蚜的防治效果分别达到79.2%和81.1%,虫口减退率分别为96.04%和96.63%。[结论]3种药剂可作为烤烟生产中防治烟蚜的首选药剂。     

工业污染区繁缕微核的观察研究

[目的]了解工业污染区繁缕根尖细胞有丝分裂期染色体的畸变和微核。[方法]以兰州某工业污染区采的繁缕种子为材料,经过室温萌发,卡诺氏固定液固定,盐酸解离,石炭酸品红染色液染色,常规压片,镜检,进行微核鉴别。[结果]处理样品有丝分裂过程中存在着大量的染色体畸变,主要表现为微核的产生。在所观察的34个染色体畸变细胞中微核数有5种类型（8、9、10、11、12）,其中以微核数10和11的染色体畸变细胞为主。有染色体畸变的微核细胞小而圆,并且聚集成团出现,没有染色体畸变的正常细胞呈椭圆形,而且细胞较大。[结论]该研究为今后繁缕属植物的研究与环境污染的植物检测提供了参考。     

虫生广布拟盘多毛孢侵染对松突圆蚧海藻糖酶 活性、海藻糖、葡萄糖和蛋白质含量的影响

[目的]探究虫生广布拟盘多毛孢对松突圆蚧营养物质代谢的影响,为深入研究广布拟盘多毛孢致死松突圆蚧机理及开发利用广布拟盘多毛孢防治松突圆蚧提供科学依据.[方法]以虫生广布拟盘多毛孢GXSTYJ03菌株制得浓度为1×107个孢子/mL的孢子悬浮液感染松突圆蚧,以喷洒无菌吐温-80为对照,逐日测定松突圆蚧体内海藻糖、葡萄糖、蛋白质含量及海藻糖酶活性,连续测定8 d.[结果]处理组松突圆蚧海藻糖含量在各时间点均低于对照组,且随处理时间延长呈明显的下降趋势,在染菌3 d后显著低于对照组(P<0.05,下同);海藻糖酶活性在各时间点均高于对照组,在染菌后第3 d显著高于对照组,5 d后也一直显著高于对照组;葡萄糖含量在染菌后1~3 d迅速升高,第3 d时升至最大值(3.1479 mmol/L),随后逐渐降低,在第4~6 d时与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05),6 d后显著低于对照组;蛋白质含量在各时间点均低于对照组,且在染菌2 d后一直显著或极显著(P<0.01)低于对照组.[结论]虫生广布拟盘多毛孢GXSTYJ03菌株侵染松突圆蚧过程中引起松突圆蚧体内海藻糖、葡萄糖和蛋白质含量一定程度降低,是致死松突圆蚧的原因之一.     

木霉菌素产生菌的诱变育种

[目的]筛选高产木霉菌素菌株,提高木霉菌素产量。[方法]以从枸骨中分离到的产木霉菌素的内生真菌———哈茨木霉为出发菌株,进行紫外线二次复合诱变处理,将筛选出的突变菌株连续转接5代,测定其遗传稳定性。[结果]随着照射时间的延长,哈茨木霉的致死率增大,选取致死率为88.1%的紫外线照射45 s作为最适处理剂量进行诱变育种。经过2次诱变的菌株的产孢时间提前,长出的菌落更为致密。经过初筛和复筛,最终获得1株高产突变株UV-5-3,其产抗生素的水平最高,为164.75μg/m l,比初次诱变筛选获得的突变株UV-3-1提高了56.77%,是出发菌株的2.3倍。传代试验表明,突变株UV-5-3的高产性能遗传特性稳定。[结论]利用紫外线二次复合诱变处理哈茨木霉可以获得高产木霉菌素菌株。     

1．6％胺鲜酯对水稻生长影响及增产作用研究

[目的]研究1．6％胺鲜酯对水稻生长和增产作用。[方法]在田间小区试验条件下,研究试验药剂不同使用剂量对水稻生长、增产效果和田间应用安全性。[结果]1．6％胺鲜酯水剂制剂稀释1000—1500倍,连续用药2次,水稻增产率达6．51％以上,与对照药剂相当,对环境和作物安全。[结论]1．6％胺鲜酯水剂是调节水稻生长性状和增产增效较为理想的药剂。