Effect of Water Bicarbonate Concentration,pH and the Presence,or Not,of a Nitrification Inhibitor in the Nitrification Process

Ammonium (NH₄⁺) is an important nitrogen (N) source for plant growth. Nevertheless, NH₄⁺–N can be oxidized to nitrate (NO₃^?) by nitrification and then nitrate and nitrite can be leached into groundwater. The aims of this study were to investigate the effect of the water bicarbonate concentration, pH, and the presence, or not, of a nitrification inhibitor, on the nitrification process. Six treatments were established, changing the pH and the bicarbonate concentration, with or without the nitrification inhibitor. The results showed that an active nitrification process occurred in treatments with high pHs (8 and 7) and with no nitrification inhibitors. This causes an increase in the nitrate and nitrite concentration in the substrate. The use of N–NH₄⁺ fertilizers joint to a nitrification inhibitor, especially in nutritive solutions with a high concentration of bicarbonate and a pH of 8 and 7, decreases nitrate and nitrite accumulation in substrate which can prevent nitrate and nitrite leaching.     

1-MCP乙烯受体阻断剂对香蕉果实采后生理和品质的影响

1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)可以显著延迟香蕉果实软化，但1-MCP对综合食用品质变化的影响不甚清楚。该试验以国产品种广东高州矮香蕉为试材，用200 nL/L 1-MCP处理24 h后贮藏于20℃条件下，分析了1-MCP对香蕉综合品质的影响。结果表明：1-MCP处理显著地降低了香蕉果肉中可溶性糖和可溶性固形物含量的上升速率，延缓了果实硬度的下降。1-MCP能延缓香蕉果实的后熟进程，但并不会降低香蕉的综合食用品质。即使外源乙烯的加入也不能加快1-MCP处理后香蕉果实的后熟进程。     

Water drainage and nitrate leaching under traditional and improved management of vegetable‐cropping systems in the North China Plain

Traditional irrigation and nitrogen (N) fertilization in North China may elevate water drainage and nitrate concentrations in soil and groundwater. A field experiment was conducted in an intensively irrigated vegetable (cauliflower, amaranth, and spinach) field for three consecutive years (1999–2002). The main objective was to test to what extent an improved water and fertilizer management, based on the maintenance of field capacity a defined range of the water content in the 0–50 cm soil layer and an N expert system, could reduce drainage and nitrate leaching without impairing vegetable yield. Rates of water drainage and related nitrate leaching were calculated based on measurements of soil water potential and soil‐water nitrate concentrations. Soil water potential was monitored with tensiometers at depths of 75 cm and 105 cm. Nitrate concentrations were analyzed in soil leachates collected at 90 cm soil depth using ceramic suction cups. The results revealed that the average annual drainage related to the cultivation season for cauliflower, amaranth, and spinach was reduced from 275 mm in the traditional system to 29 mm with improved management practice. The average annual cumulative nitrate leaching during the vegetable‐growing period amounted to 301 kg ha^–1 and 13 kg ha^–1 in the traditional and improved management practices, respectively. Vegetable yields were not significantly different under the traditional and improved management practices.     

Formation and decay of ethylenethiourea (ETU) in soil and water under tropical conditions

Mancozeb is a fungicide frequently used in tropical countries. It rapidly decomposes into ethylenethiourea (ETU), a more stable and toxic metabolite than mancozeb that is, therefore, regarded as a pollutant of concern. The objective was to study ETU formation and decay kinetics in soil and water under tropical conditions in order to assess its potential for accumulation. Batch experiments, spiked with either mancozeb or ETU, were carried out under natural (= active) as well as tyndallized conditions. In active soils, dissipation of ETU occurred significantly faster (half‐life 1.5 h) than in tyndallized soils (half‐life time 28 h). In water under natural and sterile conditions, decay was slower than in soils with an ETU half‐life time of 115 and 99 h, respectively. Microbial activity was seen to play an important role in ETU dissipation in soil. However, in water nonbiological processes seem to be more important in the breakdown of the molecule, with hydrolysis being the most probable decay mechanism. Decay of both mancozeb and ETU was found to occur more rapidly than previously reported. The high humidity and temperatures under the simulated humid tropical conditions, and higher microbial activity, lead to more rapid decay of these molecules than under other conditions. Nevertheless, a concentration of 1.29 mg ETU L^–1 was still observed 8 d after adding mancozeb (20.83 mg L^–1) to water under humid tropical conditions. These results suggest that, in comparable regions in the humid tropics, it is unlikely that ETU would accumulate in soil but it represents a potential risk for accumulation in water bodies.     

不同套袋对香蕉主要品质和耐贮性的影响（简报）

了解果农常用的各种套袋材料和方式对香蕉采后表现的影响,探讨了11种不同的套袋处理对香蕉果实的干物质质量分数、可溶性固形物含量、维生素C含量、失重率和货架寿命等主要指标的影响。结果表明：不同套袋层数对香蕉干物质质量分数影响不同,以套单层袋的最高,其次为对照,双层袋的最低。不同套袋层数处理的香蕉采后失重率也不同,以对照最高,单层套袋次之,双层套袋失重率最低。不同套袋处理的香蕉货架期有一定差异,黑色塑料袋处理的香蕉货架期为6 d,蓝色塑料袋、牛皮纸袋、蓝色塑料袋+报纸、编织袋+报纸、编织袋+珍珠棉、黑色塑料袋+珍珠棉等6种套袋方式的货架期为5 d,而对照和编织袋、黑色塑料袋+报纸、蓝色塑料袋+珍珠棉等3种套袋的货架期仅为4 d。各种套袋处理均降低了香蕉的可溶性固形物含量,提高了维生素C含量。研究表明,大多数香蕉套袋有利于提高耐贮性：套袋可以减少采后香蕉的水分散失,且以双层袋的效果最好;大多数套袋有助于延长香蕉的货架期。套袋对主要品质指标有不同影响：提高了维生素C含量,降低了可溶性固形物含量;单层袋可提高干物质质量分数,但双层袋却降低干物质质量分数。该研究初步表明,从对香蕉的品质和耐贮性影响的角度看,黑色塑料薄膜袋和牛皮纸袋的效果较好,生产上最常用的蓝色袋效果较差。     

Water quality implications of dairy slurry applied to cut pastures in the northeast USA

Abstract. Nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N) leaching from animal production systems in the northeast USA is a major non-point source of pollution in the Chesapeake Bay. We conducted a study to measure NO₃-N leaching from dairy slurry applied to orchardgrass ( Dactylis glomerata L., cv. Pennlate) using large drainage lysimeters to measure the direct impact of four rates of slurry (urine and faeces) N application (0, 168, 336, 672 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) on NO₃-N leaching on three soil types. We then used experimentally-based relationships developed earlier between stocking density and NO₃-N leaching loss and leachate NO₃-N concentration to estimate the added impact of animal grazing. Nitrate N leaching losses from only dairy slurry applied at the 0, 158, 336, and 672 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ rates were 5.85, 8.26, 8.83, and 12.1 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, respectively with corresponding NO₃-N concentrations of 1.60, 2.30, 2.46, and 3.48 mg l⁻¹. These NO₃-N concentrations met the 10 mg l⁻¹ US EPA drinking water standard. However, when a scenario was constructed to include the effect of NO₃-N leaching caused by animal grazing, the NO₃-N drinking water standard was calculated to be exceeded.     

Tunnel production enhances quality in organic carrot seed production

Abstract

In Denmark, organic vegetable seed production is possible for some of the late-maturing species when the maturing is performed in lightweight tunnels which are also relevant for the isolation of small-scale production. The tunnel system offers several advantages, e.g., it is possible to control water supply and thereby introduce drought at proven optimum times, restrict geneflow through insect- and pollen-proof netting, raise the temperature to prolong the growing season and hence the crop duration, and reduce pest attack by preventing pest entrance to the tunnel. In an experiment, tunnel production of open-pollinated carrot varieties increased the yield and germination percentages when compared with normal field conditions. Yield was in the range of 100–250 g and 2–17 g seeds m^?2 respectively, and germination percentage was 84–95 and 43–55, respectively. However, hybrid carrot seed production showed lower yields than did their open-pollinated counterparts. Yields ranging from 60–123 g seeds m^?2 can be obtained, but the production needs to be carefully planned and monitored.

Different growing systems in tunnels have been studied in both open-pollinated and hybrid carrot (Daucus carota L.) for their seed production.     

脱氮副球菌的好氧反硝化特性及对养殖水体中氮素的控制

以一株脱氮副球菌（Paracoccus denitrificans）为试验菌株,研究了其在好氧环境下的最适生长条件以及在不同溶氧条件下对NO2--N、NO3--N的转化去除情况。结果表明,脱氮副球菌好氧下的最适生长温度为30℃,最适生长pH值为7.0。在溶解氧比较充足的情况下（6.6～7.3mg.L-1）,脱氮副球菌对NO2--N、NO3--N的去除以同化吸收为主,少部分是经由反硝化作用去除,最大去除率可达100%和97.58%。随着溶氧的降低,脱氮副球菌的反硝化能力增强,NO2--N、NO3--N通过反硝化作用去除的比例增加。将活菌数≥109个.mL-1的脱氮副球菌按1.0、2.5mg.L-1的浓度加入养殖水体,在10d内可使养殖水体中的NH4＋-N下降41.89%～49.23%,NO2--N下降33.33%～42.86%,NO3--N下降48.28%～67.74%,对养殖水体中的氮素污染具有较好的控制效果。研究显示,脱氮副球菌的好氧反硝化作用可以为养殖水体有氧条件下的脱氮提供一条新的思路。     

辽宁省粮菜主产区农村饮用水硝酸盐污染状况研究

为了解农村饮用水硝酸盐污染情况,2005-2008年连续4年7次采集辽宁省粮食、蔬菜主产区农户井水样品1307个,利用TU-1810DASPC紫外可见光光度计测定了硝酸盐含量。结果表明,粮食、蔬菜主产区农村饮用水硝酸盐含量平均值为18．96mg·L^-1,大于20mg·L^-1的样品占32．08％。保护地蔬菜产区农户饮用水硝酸盐含量平均值为21．26mg·L^-1,个别的蔬菜种植户地下水硝酸盐含量达到396．67mg·L^-1。水稻产区农村饮用水硝酸盐含量平均值为20．62mg·L^-1,玉米产区农户饮用水硝酸盐含量为17．8mg·L^-1。受硝酸盐污染的水井占监测水井总数的百分比分别为：昌图县34．52％、开原市49．63％、铁岭县38．92％、新民市52．68％、辽中县39．82％黑山具3242％和北镇市32．99％．     

Shift in physiological and biochemical processes in wheat supplied with zinc and potassium under saline condition

Soil salinity is a serious abiotic factor affecting the production of crops by reducing potassium (K) uptake due to strong competition with sodium (Na) cations in the root regions. In calcareous soils, most of the nutrients precipitate in unavailable forms for plants. This study investigated the physiological and biochemical response of two wheat genotypes salt tolerant Abadghar and salt sensitive Pari-73 supplemented with K and zinc (Zn) nutrition. A factorial experiment with three levels of K (0, 50 and 100 kg ha^?1) and three levels of Zn (0, 25 and 50 kg ha^?1) based on a complete randomized design was employed. The results showed significant effect of treatments on chlorophyll (Chl) contents, water relations, nitrogen metabolism and yield attributes. The treatment K+Zn (100, 25 kg ha^?1) was the most effective in increasing grain yield. The results achieved highlight the importance of K and Zn nutrition in salt-stress conditions.     

Relationship between nitrogen and phosphate surplus from agricultural production and river water quality in two types of production structure

Abstract

We examined the relationship between nitrogen (N) and phosphate (P₂O₅) surplus derived from agriculture and river water quality. We selected two river basins; one was a paddy farming area (Omoigawa) and the other was an intensive livestock husbandry area (Nakagawa). Nitrogen and P₂O₅ surpluses, defined as the difference between their input and output on regional farmland, from farmland in Omoigawa were twice those of Nakagawa; the surpluses came mainly from chemical fertilizer use. Although N and P₂O₅ surpluses in Nakagawa were lower, Nakagawa had a large amount of non-utilized livestock excreta, twice the N surplus on farmland in Nakagawa. Residual N and P₂O₅ in the river basin, caused by surplus and non-utilized livestock excreta, were approximately 20% and 40%, respectively, higher in Nakagawa than in Omoigawa. Outflows of N and P₂O₅ to river water were higher in Omoigawa than Nakagawa. By excluding domestic sewage N and P₂O₅ in river water, we calculated the loads of non-point source N and P₂O₅. Non-point source N and P₂O₅ were higher in Omoigawa than Nakagawa. This inverse result might be caused by the different source of residual N (i.e. chemical N fertilizer or livestock excreta).     

香蕉茎叶饲喂泌乳牛试验

4头一胎泌乳 5个月的荷斯坦试验牛 ,在其日粮中用经青贮处理的香蕉茎叶 2 0 kg替代 60 %象草。经 60 d的试验结果表明 :试验组和对照组的泌乳量分别为 1 6.0 6kg和 1 5.36kg,乳脂率、乳蛋白质和乳的密度为 3.34、 3.0 9、 1 .0 2 51和 3.4 1、 3.0 7、 1 .0 2 65,两组牛的泌乳量和营养成分差异不显著 ( P>0 .0 5)。试验牛每产 1 kg鲜乳比对照组降低饲料费 0 .0 6元 ,试验期间两组牛体重变化和健康状况相似     

滴灌条件下减量施钾对香蕉产量及土壤钾素平衡的影响

[目的]香蕉生长快,需要及时充足的水肥供应,特别是钾素的供应.研究滴灌条件下减量施钾对香蕉产量品质、钾肥利用率、钾素平衡及经济效益等的影响,为制定适合香蕉生产的水肥一体化施肥方案提供依据.[方法]2016-2018年,在福建漳州进行了为期3年的田间定位试验.在施用等量氮磷肥的基础上,以不施钾肥(K0)和常规灌溉施钾14...     

Soil management options for Alfisols in the semi-arid tropics: annual and perennial crop production

A field experiment was conducted in the semi arid tropics to study the effects of soil structural modification on cropping systems. The aim was to improve crop production and land resource protection using innovative soil management practices. Tillage, mulch and perennial/annual rotational based systems were compared for 5 years in an Alfisol at ICRISAT in India. Crop yield parameters, including grain and biomass yield, leaf area index, crop cover, and plant height were measured. Results indicate significant benefits to annual crop yield (maize, sorghum) from improved water supply due to mulching with farmyard manure or and rice straw, and due to rotation with prior-perennial crops. Grain yields were 16 to 59% higher in mulched treatments compared to unmulched treatments, with similar increases for fodder yields. Annual crop yields after 4 years of perennials were 14 to 81% higher than unmulched treatments, except for low fertility maize grown after buffel grass. The interaction with chemical fertility was less clear than for water supply. The results have implications for soil management throughout the semi-arid tropics.     

山东烟叶生产典型样区土壤质量评价

以山东3个主要植烟地区临沂、潍坊和日照的烟叶生产典型样区为研究对象,选取土壤pH值、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、速效钾、有效磷、有效铁、有效锰、有效铜、有效锌作为植烟土壤肥力质量的评价指标,采用模糊隶属度函数模型对土壤肥力进行定量评价,选取土壤砷、镉、铬、汞、铅、镍、铜、锌全量作为植烟土壤环境质量的评价指标,采用内梅罗指数法进行定量评价。结果表明:临沂、潍坊和日照3地典型样区的土壤肥力质量综合指数分别为0.54、0.56和0.49,土壤肥力无明显差别,平均水平未达到良好等级,存在一定的改进空间。临沂、潍坊和日照3地典型样区的土壤环境质量综合指数分别为0.59、0.58和0.54,土壤环境质量无明显差别,均处于低风险状态,但个别元素存在超标的现象,汞应成为山东烟区土壤环境质量控制的重要关注点。综合两方面的评价结果,山东烟叶生产典型样区的土壤肥力质量良好,土壤环境质量清洁,为烟叶的品质和质量安全状况提供了可靠的保证。     

Evaluating chemical and physical quality indicators for a structurally fragile tropical soil

In tropical regions with well‐defined wet and dry seasons, repeated wetting and drying cycles can harden exposed soils and inhibit root growth. While this phenomenon has been well documented, the relationships between plant productivity and chemical and physical soil parameters have not been well defined. The current study identifies the abiotic parameters that best relate to measures of plant development, specifically to corn productivity. The primary goal of this research was to provide information to improve agricultural sustainability in humid tropical ecosystems. The effects of using plant residues as a cover on a sandy soil were studied. Four leguminous species were planted in an alley cropping system, Leucaena leucocephala, Cajanus cajan, Clitoria fairchildiana and Acacia mangium, and corn was planted in January 2007 between legume rows. We measured the most important chemical and physical soil parameters. Yield indicators included cob weight and the weight of 100 kernels. The application of plant residues altered soil conditions and increased rootable soil volume. This change was associated with an increase by 10% in water retention above field capacity in the uppermost soil layer of the residue‐covered sections of the experiment. In the control sections cobs were up to three times lighter (31.43–93.38 g) in the bare soil control than those from residue‐covered sections of the experiment. Dynamic indicators related to nutrient absorption and crop evapotranspiration, such as the number of days with water stress and rootable soil volume, were the most suitable indicators for assessing soil quality. The response of corn was best related to complex physical indicators, including the amount of N applied via legume residues.     

干旱半干旱地区日光温室黄瓜水分生产函数的研究

在日光温室春茬盆栽嫁接黄瓜条件下,以不同生育时期的土壤水分水平为试验因素,采用正交设计研究了在开花前期、初瓜期、盛瓜期和结瓜后期不同土壤水分条件对黄瓜蒸腾量和产量的影响,得出黄瓜的耗水规律、产量与水分之间的函数关系。研究结果表明：黄瓜对水分的消耗基本呈现为开花前期与初瓜期小、盛瓜期大、结瓜后期小的规律,耗水高峰出现在盛瓜期,并对各生育期耗水量进行了量化;黄瓜总产量与总耗水量之间呈二次抛物线关系,最佳灌水量为393 mm;水分生产函数的敏感指数按盛瓜期→结瓜后期→初瓜期→开花前期的顺序依次降低,与黄瓜耗水规律基本一致。     

基于电导率和结构稳定性阳离子比的微咸水灌溉水质评估方法

电导率（Electrical Conductivity,EC）和结构稳定性阳离子比（Cation Ratio of Soil Structural Stability,CROSS）是评估微咸水对土壤渗透性能影响的重要指标。虽然CROSS全面地考虑了Na+、K+、Ca2+和Mg2+对土壤结构稳定性的复杂影响,但CROSS的离子浓度系数在不同地区的适用性存在差异,有必要根据当地的水质条件确定基于EC和CROSS评估方法的分类标准。该研究旨在分析CROSS替代钠吸附比（Sodium Adsorption Ratio,SAR）评估水质危害的合理性以及其在河套灌区的适用性。在河套灌区不同区域采集73份地下水水样,并采用EC和SAR、EC和CROSS对其进行评估。结果表明,基于2种方法的地下水分类结果中,仅有34.25%的水样分类结果相同,并且不同的CROSS计算方法（基于阳离子相对絮凝能力（Flocculation）的CROSSf、相对分散能力（Dispersion）的CROSSd和优化的（Optimal）CROSSopt）在河套灌区的适用性也不相同。建议采用CROSSd或CROSSopt,并结合土壤盐分和离子浓度评估河套灌区地下水水质。该评估方法更全面地考虑了地下水和土壤中的离子组成对土壤渗透性能的影响,有效避免了不合理的微咸水利用导致的土壤结构恶化等问题,可为微咸水的安全可持续利用提供理论支撑。     

地表覆盖方式对辣椒水分利用效率、果实品质及氮素分布的影响

研究了地表覆盖方式对辣椒 (Capsicum anmuum L.)水分利用效率、品质、叶片硝酸还原酶活性及植株和土壤中氮素分布的影响。结果表明,覆盖可增加辣椒整个生育期土壤水分含量。覆盖地膜和覆盖秸秆+地膜比其他地表处理方式能显著增加辣椒的产量和经济收入,提高产量水分利用效率和经济水分利用效率。覆盖可显著降低耕作层（0—20 ㎝）土壤硝态氮含量,且随着土层深度的增加,硝态氮含量显著降低,但对各土壤铵态氮含量无显著影响。对品质而言,覆盖地膜处理辣椒果实pH、维生素C含量显著高于其它处理,且其电导率、阳离子交换量和硝酸盐含量显著低于其他处理。覆盖可增强叶片硝酸还原酶活性,降低叶片中的全氮含量,显著降低每百千克产量氮肥吸收量。从提高辣椒的品质、环境安全、肥料利用和经济效益各因素考虑,生产中辅以科学的水分管理,覆盖地膜和覆盖秸秆+地膜是可行的地表覆盖方式。