Bitterness and Toxicity in Wild Yam (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Dioscorea</Emphasis> spp.) Tubers of Nepal

Wild yams make a significant contribution to diets of tribal people in Nepal. However, these wild tubers are unpalatable, taste bitter, produce inflammation and show occasional toxicity. Four wild yam species, which are eaten after primary treatment by Nepali aborigines, were analyzed for bitter and toxic principles. Bitter components were identified as furanoid norditerpenes (diosbulbins A and B). Diosbulbins A and B were found in the range of 0.023–0.046 and 0.151–0.442 g kg⁻¹, respectively. Results demonstrated that diosbulbin B, with an average value of 0.314 g kg⁻¹, was the principal bitter compound as compared to diosbulbin A (0.037 g kg⁻¹). The toxic alkaloid, dioscorine and histamine (an allergen) were not detected in these tubers, whereas cyanogens (as HCN equivalent) content were found ranging from 3.2 to 6.0 ppm. Our results revealed that Nepali wild yam tubers are not toxic varieties, as they do not contain either toxic dioscorine or histamine and cyanogens contents were satisfactorily below the safety limits. The inflammation and occasional toxicity observed could possibly be due to the presence of high level of oxalate in these tubers. Domestic cooking methods were found to be very efficient in removing bitterness, thus making the bitter yams palatable.     

Seasonal dynamics of Microcystis spp. and their toxigenicity as assessed by qPCR in a temperate reservoir

Blooms of toxic cyanobacteria are becoming increasingly frequent, mainly due to water quality degradation. This work applied qPCR as a tool for early warning of microcystin(MC)-producer cyanobacteria and risk assessment of water supplies. Specific marker genes for cyanobacteria, Microcystis and MC-producing Microcystis, were quantified to determine the genotypic composition of the natural Microcystis population. Correlations between limnological parameters, pH, water temperature, dissolved oxygen and conductivity and MC concentrations as well as Microcystis abundance were assessed. A negative significant correlation was observed between toxic (with mcy genes) to non-toxic (without mcy genes) genotypes ratio and the overall Microcystis density. The highest proportions of toxic Microcystis genotypes were found 4-6 weeks before and 8-10 weeks after the peak of the bloom, with the lowest being observed at its peak. These results suggest positive selection of non-toxic genotypes under favorable environmental growth conditions. Significant positive correlations could be found between quantity of toxic genotypes and MC concentration, suggesting that the method applied can be useful to predict potential MC toxicity risk. No significant correlation was found between the limnological parameters measured and MC concentrations or toxic genotypes proportions indicating that other abiotic and biotic factors should be governing MC production and toxic genotypes dynamics. The qPCR method here applied is useful to rapidly estimate the potential toxicity of environmental samples and so, it may contribute to the more efficient management of water use in eutrophic systems.     

Effect of six synthetic pyrethroids on two populations of potato tuber moth,Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), in Peru

The toxicity of six synthetic pyrethroids, permethrin, cypermethrin, flucythrinate, fenvalerate, cyfluthrin and deltamethrin, were evaluated on two populations of potato tuber moth (PTM) Phthorimea operculella (Zeller) in Peru. Deltamethrin was most toxic with an LC₅₀ of 120 μg/ml for male PTM from La Molina and 137 μg/ml for female PTM from San Ramon. Fenvalerate was least toxic and the other four insecticides were intermediate in toxicity. At field recommended concentrations (0·05-0·04%) none of the six synthetic pyrethroids were effective on the two populations tested.     

Toxin levels and profiles in microalgae from the north-Western Adriatic Sea--15 years of studies on cultured species

The Northern Adriatic Sea is the area of the Mediterranean Sea where eutrophication and episodes related to harmful algae have occurred most frequently since the 1970s. In this area, which is highly exploited for mollusk farming, the first occurrence of human intoxication due to shellfish consumption occurred in 1989, nearly 10 years later than other countries in Europe and worldwide that had faced similar problems. Until 1997, Adriatic mollusks had been found to be contaminated mostly by diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins (i.e., okadaic acid and dinophysistoxins) that, along with paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins (i.e., saxitoxins), constitute the most common marine biotoxins. Only once, in 1994, a toxic outbreak was related to the occurrence of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in the Adriatic coastal waters. Moreover, in the past 15 years, the Adriatic Sea has been characterized by the presence of toxic or potentially toxic algae, not highly widespread outside Europe, such as species producing yessotoxins (i.e., Protoceratium reticulatum, Gonyaulax spinifera and Lingulodinium polyedrum), recurrent blooms of the potentially ichthyotoxic species Fibrocapsa japonica and, recently, by blooms of palytoxin-like producing species of the Ostreopsis genus. This review is aimed at integrating monitoring data on toxin spectra and levels in mussels farmed along the coast of the Emilia-Romagna region with laboratory studies performed on the species involved in the production of those toxins; toxicity studies on toxic or potentially toxic species that have recently appeared in this area are also reviewed. Overall, reviewed data are related to: (i) the yessotoxins producing species P. reticulatum, G. spinifera and L. polyedrum, highlighting genetic and toxic characteristics; (ii) Adriatic strains of Alexandrium minutum, Alexandrium ostenfeldii and Prorocentrum lima whose toxic profiles are compared with those of strains of different geographic origins; (iii) F. japonica and Ostreopsis cf. ovata toxicity. Moreover, new data concerning domoic acid production by a Pseudo-nitzschia multistriata strain, toxicity investigations on a Prorocentrum cf. levis, and on presumably ichthyotoxic species, Heterosigma akashiwo and Chattonella cf. subsalsa, are also reported.     

Quantitative risk assessment for reclaimed wastewater irrigation on paddy rice field in Korea

Water shortage has become an important issue for Korean agriculture. Korea suffers from a limited agricultural water supply, and wastewater reuse has been recommended as an alternative solution. This study examined the concentrations of toxic heavy metals and Escherichia coli in a paddy rice field irrigated with reclaimed wastewater to evaluate the risk to farmers. Most epidemiological studies have been based on upland fields, and therefore may not be directly applicable to paddy fields. In this study, a Beta-Poisson model was used to estimate the microbial risk of pathogen ingestion. The risk value increased significantly after irrigation and precipitation. The results of the microbial risk assessment showed that risk values of groundwater and reclaimed wastewater irrigation were lower than the values of effluent directly from wastewater treatment plants. The monitoring results of heavy metals for each irrigated paddy fields did not show specific tendency. A risk assessment for toxic heavy metals was performed according to various exposure pathways; however, the results of the carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risk estimation showed that the risk from reclaimed wastewater-irrigated paddy fields was the lowest.     

转Bt毒蛋白基因玉米及其抗虫性研究进展

本文从转Bt毒蛋白基因玉米的培育及商品化，Bt毒蛋白基因在转基因玉米中的遗传分离与整合、对玉米螟及其它害虫的杀虫效果、对天敌种群数量和玉米病害发生程度的影响、玉米螟对转Bt毒蛋白基因玉米产生抗性及解决措施、应用转Bt毒蛋白基因玉米潜在的生态风险性等方面对国内外最新研究进展进行了综述。     

The effect of fermentation on the nutrient status and on some toxic components ofIcacinia manni

The effect of fermentation on the nutrient status and on some toxic components ofIcacinia manni was investigated. Chemical analysis of both unfermented and fermented products revealed an increase in protein, ash and fibre content while the lipid and carbohydrate content showed a decrease. The results indicated that fermentation resulted in protein enrichment of the fermentedIcacinia manni mash. Fermentation was also observed to cause a marked decrease in the level of some toxic components (oxalic acid, phytic acid and hydrocyanic acid) of the product. The possibility of incorporatingIcacinia manni among the edible starchy plant tubers is discussed.     

Potentiation of the Cytotoxic Activity of Copper by Polyphosphate on Biofilm-Producing Bacteria: A Bioinspired Approach

Adhesion and accumulation of organic molecules represent an ecologically and economically massive problem. Adhesion of organic molecules is followed by microorganisms, unicellular organisms and plants together with their secreted soluble and structure-associated byproducts, which damage unprotected surfaces of submerged marine structures, including ship hulls and heat exchangers of power plants. This is termed biofouling. The search for less toxic anti-biofilm strategies has intensified since the ban of efficient and cost-effective anti-fouling paints, enriched with the organotin compound tributyltin, not least because of our finding of the ubiquitous toxic/pro-apoptotic effects displayed by this compound [1]. Our proposed bio-inspired approach for controlling, suppressing and interfluencing the dynamic biofouling complex uses copper as one component in an alternative anti-fouling system. In order to avoid and overcome the potential resistance against copper acquired by microorganisms we are using the biopolymer polyphosphate (polyP) as a further component. Prior to being functionally active, polyP has to be hydrolyzed to ortho-phosphate which in turn can bind to copper and export the toxic compound out of the cell. It is shown here that inhibition of the hydrolysis of polyP by the bisphosphonate DMDP strongly increases the toxic effect of copper towards the biofilm-producing Streptococcus mutans in a synergistic manner. This bisphosphonate not only increases the copper-caused inhibition of cell growth but also of biofilm production by the bacteria. The defensin-related ASABF, a marine toxin produced by the sponge Suberites domuncula, caused only an additive inhibitory effect in combination with copper. We conclude that the new strategy, described here, has a superior anti-biofilm potential and can be considered as a novel principle for developing bio-inspired antifouling compounds, or cocktails of different compounds, in the future.     

Polymethoxy-1-alkenes from Aphanizomenon ovalisporum Inhibit Vertebrate Development in the Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryo Model

Cyanobacteria are recognized producers of a wide array of toxic or otherwise bioactive secondary metabolites. The present study utilized the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo as an aquatic animal model of vertebrate development to identify, purify and characterize lipophilic inhibitors of development (i.e., developmental toxins) from an isolate of the freshwater cyanobacterial species, Aphanizomenon ovalisporum.Bioassay-guided fractionation led to the purification, and subsequent chemical characterization, of an apparent homologous series of isotactic polymethoxy-1-alkenes (1–6), including three congeners (4–6) previously identified from the strain, and two variants previously identified from other species (2 and 3), as well as one apparently novel member of the series (1). Five of the PMAs in the series (1–5) were purified in sufficient quantity for comparative toxicological characterization, and toxicity in the zebrafish embryo model was found to generally correlate with relative chain length and/or methoxylation. Moreover, exposure of embryos to a combination of variants indicates an apparent synergistic interaction between the congeners. Although PMAs have been identified previously in cyanobacteria, this is the first report of their apparent toxicity. These results, along with the previously reported presence of the PMAs from several cyanobacterial species, suggest a possibly widespread distribution of the PMAs as toxic secondary metabolites and warrants further chemical and toxicological investigation.     

A ω-secalin contained decamer shows a celiac disease prevention activity

Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune permanent enteropathy that is triggered in susceptible individuals after the ingestion of gluten, a storage protein fraction presents in wheat, rye and barley endosperm. Specific gluten peptides can bind to HLA-DQ2/8 and induce lamina propria CD4⁺ T cell responses causing damage of the small intestine mucosa. Recent studies suggested that beside immunodominant and toxic epitopes, wheat gluten also contains epitopes capable of preventing the mucosal response in vitro. Among them, a decapeptide (QQPQDAVQPF) from wheat was reported to have an antagonist effect on the agglutination of K562(S) cells and celiac T-cell activation, although the corresponding nucleotidic sequence remained unknown. This study was therefore designed to clone the sequence encoding the protein carrying the decapetide with CD protective properties. A ω-secalin gene encoding containing the decapeptide QQPQRPQQPF was isolated. Although the decapeptide was not identical to the one previously described, QQPQRPQQPF showed the same capability to prevent K562(S) cell agglutination and celiac mucosa immune activation induced by toxic gliadins. The ω-secalin gene was found in wheat carrying the wheat–rye chromosomal translocations 1BL.1RS. The identification of this immunomodulatory gliadin sequence, naturally occurring in cultivars of wheat toxic for celiac patients, might offer new therapeutic strategies for CD.     

Molecular approaches unravel the mechanism of acid soil tolerance in plants

Acid soil is a worldwide problem to plant production. Acid toxicity is mainly caused by a lack of essential nutrients in the soil and excessive toxic metals in the plant root zone. Of the toxic metals, aluminum(Al) is the most prevalent and most toxic. Plant species have evolved to variable levels of tolerance to aluminum enabling breeding of high Al-tolerant cultivars.Physiological and molecular approaches have revealed some mechanisms of Al toxicity in higher plants. Mechanisms of plant tolerance to Al stress include: 1) exclusion of Al from the root tips, and 2) absorbance, but tolerance of Al in root cells. Organic acid exudation to chelate Al is a feature shared by many higher plants. The future challenge for Al tolerance studies is the identification of novel tolerance mechanisms and the combination of different mechanisms to achieve higher tolerance. Molecular approaches have led to significant progress in explaining mechanisms and detection of genes responsible for Al tolerance.Gene-specific molecular markers offer better options for marker-assisted selection in breeding programs than linked marker strategies. This paper mainly focuses on recent progress in the use of molecular approaches in Al tolerance research.     

Occurrence of Lipophilic Marine Toxins in Shellfish from Galicia (NW of Spain) and Synergies among Them

Lipophilic marine toxins pose a serious threat for consumers and an enormous economic problem for shellfish producers. Synergistic interaction among toxins may play an important role in the toxicity of shellfish and consequently in human intoxications. In order to study the toxic profile of molluscs, sampled during toxic episodes occurring in different locations in Galicia in 2014, shellfish were analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS), the official method for the detection of lipophilic toxins. The performance of this procedure was demonstrated to be fit for purpose and was validated in house following European guidelines. The vast majority of toxins present in shellfish belonged to the okadaic acid (OA) group and some samples from a particular area contained yessotoxin (YTX). Since these toxins occur very often with other lipophilic toxins, we evaluated the potential interactions among them. A human neuroblastoma cell line was used to study the possible synergies of OA with other lipophilic toxins. Results show that combination of OA with dinophysistoxin 2 (DTX2) or YTX enhances the toxicity triggered by OA, decreasing cell viability and cell proliferation, depending on the toxin concentration and incubation time. The effects of other lipophilic toxins as 13-desmethyl Spirolide C were also evaluated in vitro.     

Root growth response of serradella species to aluminium in solution culture and soil

Serradella (Ornithopus) species are high‐quality pasture legumes that originate from the Mediterranean basin and have been increasingly used in southern Australian temperate grazing systems. They are generally regarded as tolerant of soils with low pH and, by inference, elemental toxicities such as aluminium (Al). No studies have examined the effect of high Al concentrations on the growth of French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.) or newly developed cultivars of yellow serradella (O. compressus L.). Several cultivars/accessions of each species were grown in low ionic‐strength nutrient solutions at pH_Ca 4.5 containing a range of Al concentrations. Their susceptibility to root growth inhibition by Al was benchmarked against reference species ranging from Al‐sensitive to Al‐tolerant. Most serradella cultivars had moderate‐to‐high Al tolerance in solution culture but one yellow and two French serradella cultivars ranked alongside the Al‐sensitive reference species. A subset of cultivars and reference species were then grown in an Al‐toxic soil to test the validity of the solution culture results; these cultivars spanned the apparent range in Al sensitivity/tolerance indicated by the solution culture experiment. Variation in the relative root length achieved in Al‐toxic solution culture explained ~59% of the variation in the relative root length achieved in the acidic Al‐toxic soil. This result supports the conclusion that Al tolerance varies among serradella and that some cultivars may not thrive in soils with pH_Ca < 4.5 and elevated extractable Al concentrations.     

Favism-inducing toxins in broad beans (Vicia faba) biological activities of broad beans extracts in favism — Sensitive subjects

Ingestion of broad bean seeds will precipitate an acute haemolytic anaemia (favism) in certain sensitive subjects. Aqueous extracts from both fresh and dried mature broad bean seeds, obtained from a favism-endemic area in Iran, were incubated with blood from favism-sensitive and control subjects. Changes in the reduced glutathione content of red blood cells were determined as an index of toxicity. The results showed that:

1. The toxic principles in broad beans were at least partially water soluble.
2. The seed coats of dry mature seeds and the flesh from fresh seeds had low toxicity.
3. The immature whole seeds and the seed coats of fresh mature seeds were toxic.

     

菜籽饼粕生物转化与高值化利用技术研究进展

菜籽饼粕是一种利用价值很高的优质植物蛋白资源。由于饼粕中存在硫甙、芥酸、植酸等多种有害成分和抗营养因子,其利用价值和应用范围受到极大限制。生物技术法对于改善饼粕饲用品质、提升综合利用价值、拓宽应用领域等方面具有独特的优势。本文重点介绍了生物技术法在饼粕脱毒、饲用品质改良、发酵生产食用菌和酶制剂等产品的生物转化与高值化利用方面的最新研究进展,并概述了生物技术法应用于饼粕的发展方向。     

Therapeutic Potential of Marine Peptides in Prostate Cancer: Mechanistic Insights

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the leading cause of cancer death in men, and its treatment is commonly associated with severe adverse effects. Thus, new treatment modalities are required. In this context, natural compounds have been widely explored for their anti-PCa properties. Aquatic organisms contain numerous potential medications. Anticancer peptides are less toxic to normal cells and provide an efficacious treatment approach via multiple mechanisms, including altered cell viability, apoptosis, cell migration/invasion, suppression of angiogenesis and microtubule balance disturbances. This review sheds light on marine peptides as efficacious and safe therapeutic agents for PCa.     

Antinutritional factors in anasazi and other pinto beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Antinutritional factors of anasazi bean were compared to traditional pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Anasazi beans contained less (p<0.001) soluble and bound condensed tannins compared to pinto beans. No differences (p>0.05) in stachyose and raffinose content were found between the two bean types; verbascose was not detected at all. Significant (p<0.05) differences in lectin content were observed between anasazi and pinto bean. The lectins of anasazi beans were classified as non toxic and those of the pinto beans as toxic types. No differences (p>0.05) in inhibitor activity against human and bovine trypsin and chymotrypsin were found between the two bean types.     

Molecular Approaches to Improve Salt Resistance in Crops: Facts and Perspectives

SUMMARY

Because of the expansion of agriculture into marginal environments, enhancement of crop resistance to soil salinity is becoming a frequent objective for breeders. The tools offered by molecular biology to transfer a single or a few genes provide a major hope to reduce the negative impact of broad gene transfer that takes place in wide-cross hybridizations. Due to the presence of osmotic and toxic components in the growth response of plants to salt stress, any attempt to improve plant performance in saline environments should ensure the maintenance of an adequate flux of water into plant tissues, and also avoid the build up of ions into the cell compartments where they can exert toxic effects. Besides, reduction of injury effects due to salinity on plant tissues is a highly desirable objective. Transgenic plants overexpressing ion transporters able to exclude Na⁺ into vacuoles, the enzymes required for the biosynthesis of several osmocompatible, organic solutes, or the enzymes participating in detoxification pathways, have been obtained. Some of these transgenic plants display an enhanced growth relative to their wild type parents in saline environments, although the way in which this resistance is achieved remains essentially unknown. A fourth and promising way to engineer salt resistance in plants is the attempt to manipulate gene regulatory pathways. The extent to which these experiences, mainly with model plants, could be extrapolated to crop plants growing in the field is discussed. It is proposed that a combination of different molecular approaches could be helpful to achieve enhanced salt resistance in crop plants.     

Growth,Metabolism and Yield of Rice Cultivated in Soils Amended with Fly Ash and Cyanobacteria and Metal Loads in Plant Parts

Soil amendment with fly ash(FA) and combined supplementation with N_2-fixing cyanobacteria masses as biofertilizer were done in field experiments with rice. Amendments with FA levels, 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0 and 10.0 kg/m~2, caused increase in growth and yield of rice up to 8.0 kg/m~2, monitored with several parameters. Pigment contents and enzyme activities of leaves were enhanced by FA, with the maximum level of FA at 10.0 kg/m~2. Protein content of rice seeds was the highest in plants grown at FA level 4.0 kg/m~2. Basic soil properties, p H value, percentage of silt, percentage of clay, water-holding capacity, electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity, and organic carbon content increased due to the FA amendment. Parallel supplementation of FA amended plots with 1.0 kg/m~2 N_2-fixing cyanobacteria mass caused further significant increments of the most soil properties, and rice growth and yield parameters. 1000-grain weight of rice plants grown at FA level 4.0 kg/m~2 along with cyanobacteria supplementation was the maximum. Cyanobacteria supplementation caused increase of important basic properties of soil including the total N-content. Estimations of elemental content in soils and plant parts(root and seed) were done by the atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Accumulations of K, P, Fe and several plant micronutrients(Mn, Ni, Co, Zn and Cu) and toxic elements(Pb, Cr and Cd) increased in soils and plant parts as a function of the FA gradation, but Na content remained almost unchanged in soils and seeds. Supplementation of cyanobacteria had ameliorating effect on toxic metal contents of soils and plant parts. The FA level 4.0 kg/m~2, with 1.0 kg/m~2 cyanobacteria mass supplementation, could be taken ideal, since there would be recharging of the soil with essential micronutrients as well as toxic chemicals in comparative lesser proportions, and cyanobacteria mass would cause lessening toxic metal loads with usual N_2-fixation.     

Toxische und Wachstumshemmende Faktoren in Bohnen

Zusammenfassung Gartenbohnen (Phaseolus vulgaris) und Helmbohnen (Dolichos lablab) enthalten toxische Phytohaemagglutinine, die bei Verfütterung der rohen, gemahlenen Bohnen zu Gewichtsverlust und Tod der Versuchstiere führen. Die in ihnen enthaltenen Trypsininhibitoren sowie der Amylaseinhibitor der Gartenbohnen haben keine nachweisbare Giftwirkung. Die von Trypsininhibitoren befreiten rohen Eiweiße aus beiden Bohnenarten sind in vitro gegen den Angriff von allen diesbezüglich geprüften Proteinasen sehr resistent und zeigen auch in vivo sehr geringe Verdaulichkeit. Das Zusammenwirken der erwähnten Faktoren wird für die Wachstumshemmwirkung der Hülsenfrüchte verantwortlich gemacht, doch kann das Vorhandensein von andern, bisher unbekannten, toxischen Inhaltsstoffen nicht ausgeschlossen werden.Bei Limabohnen (Phaseolus lunatus), die zwar das Wachstum hemmen, aber keine Letalwirkung zeigen, konnten ähnliche Befunde über die Verdaulichkeit und die nicht toxische Wirkung des Trypsininhibitors aufgezeigt werden, jedoch fehlen Hinweise auf eine mögliche Toxizität des in ihnen enthaltenen Agglutinins.

---

Summary Both, kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and field beans (Dolichos lablab) contain toxic phytohemagglutinins. Ingestion of the raw, ground beans cause weight loss and death of the experimental animals. The two bean species also contain trypsin inhibitors and the kidney beans also an amylase inhibitor, which are devoid of detectable toxicity. Proteins from both bean species, even when free of trypsin inhibitors, are resistant against in vitro attack of all proteases tested and also show a very low in vivo digestibility. It is concluded that this property, together with the toxic haemagglutinins are responsible for the growth inhibition, but the existance of unrecognized toxic constituents can not be ruled out.Limabeans (Phaseolus lunatus) show growth inhibiting action, but their ingestion is not lethal. Their trypsin inhibitor is not toxic, but digestibility is also low. Nothing is known about a possible toxic action of their agglutinin.

---

Resumen Las semillas de frijoles (Phaseolus vulgaris) y de gallinazo (Dolichos lablab) contienen fitohemagglutininas tóxicas. El consumo de estas semillas crudas y molidas produce pérdida de peso y la muerte de animales experimentales. Ambas especies de leguminosas contienen además inhibidores de la tripsina y en los frijoles se encuentra tambien un inhibidor de la amilasa pancreática. Estos últimos factores no exhiben, sin embargo, actividad tóxica significante. Las proteinas de ambos tipos de semillas son poco atacadas in vitro por enzimas proteolíticos, ni tampoco si se separan previamente de los inhibidores trípticos. Su digestibilidad in vivo es igualmente baja. Se concluye que esta característica, junto con la presencia de las hemagglutininas tóxicas son responsables, por lo menos parcialmente, de la toxicidad de las semillas crudas, aunque no se excluye la posibilidad de que esten presentes otros factores toxicos todavia no reconocidos.Habas de Lima (Phaseolus lunatus) tambien retardan el crecimiento de animales experimentales, si se incorporan en la dieta, pero su ingestión no causa la muerte. Contienen un inhibidor tríptico no tóxico y una hemagglutinina cuya acción biológica se desconoce.