长春地区土壤中重金属含量及其在玉米子粒中的积累规律

对长春地区部分农田土壤及玉米中重金属含量进行调查和分析。结果表明,研究区域内土壤中Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg、As 8种重金属含量符合土壤环境质量标准的要求;相应地块玉米中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg、As 7种重金属含量符合粮食重金属元素限量要求,达到食用标准;土壤和玉米中Pb、Cd、Hg含量相关性不显著,Ni、Cr、As含量相关性显著,Cu、Zn含量相关性极显著。     

施硼对双低油菜皖油10号氮磷钾硼的吸收及分配的影响

皖油10号不同施硼水平田间试验结果表明，苗期各器官NPK含量、蕾薹期各器官PK含量、盛花期花蕾和茎NP含量及各器官含B量、成熟期角果和籽粒含K量均随施B量增加（0～0．6mp／kg）而升高，再增加施B量，各元素含量均下降。籽粒NPB含量亦如此，其最大施B量为0．7mg／kg。蕾薹期和盛花期各器官含B量及叶含N量、花蕾含K量均随施B量增加而升高，而苗期植株含B量和盛花期根含N量、茎叶含K量却相反。不同生育期各元素分布是地上部分＞根，其地上部分在盛花期各元素分布是花蕾＞叶＞茎；在成熟期NP主要集中于籽粒，角果次之；KB主要集中于角果，籽粒和茎次之。     

耕作方式对连作大豆生长发育及产量的影响

采用秋旋耕起垄、秋深松旋耕起垄、春旋耕起垄和春顶浆打垄4种土壤耕作方式,进行田间大区试验,以探讨土壤耕作方式对连作大豆生长发育及产量的影响。试验结果表明,秋旋耕起垄和秋深松旋耕起垄出苗率高于春旋耕起垄和春顶浆打垄,出苗率均达85%以上,秋整地大豆生育期间干重、根瘤重和叶面积指数均高于春整地,秋旋耕起垄大豆根际微生物总数最多,细菌和放线菌数量明显高于春顶浆打垄。秋季整地地下害虫——蛴螬（Holotrichia diomphalia Bates）危害率比春季整地低10%左右,春顶浆打垄危害率高达34.3%。秋整地大豆的灰斑病发生程度、籽粒紫斑粒率和虫食率均低于春整地,秋整地产量较春整地增产16%以上,从本试验可以看出黑龙江省黑土平原区秋整地对连作大豆效果更好。     

不同耕作模式对玉米田杂草发生规律的影响

在免耕、旋耕和翻耕玉米田试验区调查杂草种类和出苗数量,并在玉米生长中后期调查杂草种类、株数和鲜重。结果表明,不同耕作模式玉米田杂草发生规律有明显差异。免耕、旋耕和翻耕玉米田禾本科杂草高峰期都在播种后5周发生;阔叶杂草发生高峰期不同,免耕田为播种后1周,旋耕和翻耕田均在播种后2周。杂草种类不同,玉米生长中后期,免耕田有8种杂草,旋耕田有10种,翻耕田有12种;杂草发生总量不同,免耕田杂草总量最多,旋耕田居中,翻耕田最少;杂草单株鲜重不同,免耕田杂草单株鲜重最低,旋耕田居中,翻耕田最高。     

镍矿区周边不同距离玉米农田的重金属污染及转移规律

以吉林省镍矿区作为污染中心,调查周边1～5 km不同距离玉米农田中铬、镍、镉、砷和铅共5种重金属的含量及其在玉米体内的蓄积量和分配规律,为合理评价重金属污染状况及制定治理措施提供借鉴和参考。结果表明,镍矿区周边不同距离农田中,镍、镉含量超标1.3至8.9倍,砷含量接近标准上限,铬、铅不超标;在漂移性方面,镍和镉较弱,而砷、铬和铅较强。重金属含量高的农田,玉米子粒生物量呈显著下降趋势,降幅可达15.8%～31.7%。玉米对镍、铬和砷的富集量较多,对镉和铅的富集量较少,且倾向于砷、铬富集于子粒,镍、镉、铅富集于营养器官。吉林省镍矿区周边不同距离农田重金属污染和转移规律存在显著差异,玉米适合做镍的修复植物,在砷或铬含量高地区不宜种植食用玉米。     

Spatial variability in the growth of direct-seeded rainfed lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) in northeast Thailand

Large within-field variation in rice growth often causes production loss in broadcast-seeded (BC) rainfed lowland rice. The spatial variability of direct-seeded rainfed lowland rice was evaluated in 2004, 2005, and 2007 in on-station experiments at Ubon Ratchathani, northeast Thailand, in relation to soil water content and weed infestation, by adopting semivariogram and block kriging, including comparisons among BC with harrowing (BCH; no weeding), BC with no harrowing (BCNH; no weeding), and row-seeded (RS; interrow weeding once) fields. BCH and BCNH were also compared in 11 farmers’ fields in 2006 and 2007, to assess the effect of harrowing on rice growth and weed infestation. During most of the rice growing periods, flooded and non-flooded portions existed simultaneously in the fields, with different proportions among years and among seeding methods in the on-station experiment. BCH and BCNH rice had large within-field variation in seedling density, heading date, shoot dry matter, grain yield, harvest index, panicle density, and filled spikelet per panicle, as well as in weed infestation, measured by a quick visual estimation. Many of the measured variables (except mean soil water content in RS in 2007, seedling density in BCH in 2005 and 2007, shoot dry matter in BCH and BCNH in 2007, and panicle density in BCH in 2007) were spatially dependent (i.e., data from nearby locations were most similar) by geostatistical analysis. Analysis of correlations using the 420 data sets of BCH plots in 2005 and BCH, BCNH, and RS plots in 2007 revealed a positive correlation between soil water content and grain yield and negative correlations between weed infestation and soil water content and grain yield. Compared with BCH, in 2007 BCNH had much lower grain yield because of lower soil water content after establishment and more weed infestation. BCH had higher grain yield than BCNH in weedy fields in the farmers’ fields experiment. RS with interrow weeding resulted in a smaller coefficient of variation, smaller sill value, and higher grain yield than BCH, due to less weed infestation and a higher proportion of flooded water. These results indicated that reducing the spatial variability in rice growth requires careful field preparation, such as harrowing to level the soil surface and to reduce the uneven distribution of standing water and the variability in soil water content, combined with effective crop and weed management (i.e., harrowing and row-seeding). This is the first study that examined spatial variability in the growth of direct-seeded rice as a function of soil water content and weed infestation in a rainfed lowland environment.     

水稻籽粒蛋白质含量选择对杂交后代蛋白质含量及氮代谢关键酶活性的影响

 以籽粒蛋白质含量有显著差异的杂交后代及亲本为材料,分析了灌浆成熟过程中叶片蛋白水解酶和籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶活性以及籽粒可溶性蛋白质含量的变化动态。结果表明,在籽粒蛋白质含量相近的亲本衍生的杂交后代中,通过籽粒蛋白质含量的连续定向选择不仅可以获得籽粒蛋白质含量和叶片蛋白水解酶活性及籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶活性明显变高或变低的杂种后代,而且可获得蛋白质含量和酶活性超亲的后代;稻米蛋白质含量与灌浆过程中的叶片蛋白水解酶活性呈正相关, 籽粒可溶性蛋白质含量与籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶活性呈显著负相关。     

我国水稻三大优势产区稻米品质现状及区域差异

为全面科学了解我国水稻三大优势产区稻米品质现状及区域差异,采取网格化布局和分层随机抽样方法,于2016—2020年在全国17个水稻主产省的455个重点县抽取5 879份稻谷样品,研究分析了12项品质性状和优质率。结果显示,近5年我国稻米总体优质率为35.96%,粳稻优质率（54.02%）明显高于籼稻（27.30%）,中晚稻优质率（41.43%）显著高于早稻（10.13%）,年度间优质率有变化,2016年为26.86%,2017年为38.30%,2018年为38.61%,2019年为38.79%,2020年为33.33%;区域间优质率差异明显,东北平原为71.38%,显著高于东南沿海的30.83%和长江流域的25.78%。东北三省优质率最高（黑龙江、吉林、辽宁分别为69.65%、75.13%、76.87%）,其次是华南两广（广东37.20%、广西31.92%）、江淮地区（江苏31.88%、安徽34.88%、河南33.57%）和云贵高原（贵州31.16%、云南24.76%）,川渝盆地和湘赣平原优质率有待提升。总体而言,东北平原稻米品质各项指标表现较为适宜,长江流域和东南沿海整精米率低、垩白多,是限制稻米优质率提高的主要因素。整精米率优质达标率总体仅为54.82%,东北平原、长江流域和东南沿海三大优势产区分别为84.59%、47.74%、46.17%,因此,整精米率不仅是我国稻米品质地区差异的关键因子之一,也是今后南方水稻优质育种和栽培的重要攻关目标。     

不同月份播种对红壤甘蔗干物质与养分积累的影响

甘蔗是广西重要的经济作物.为促进甘蔗高效生产,以甘蔗品种'桂糖42号'为材料,在田间条件下,依据广西甘蔗主要播种月份,设置2月15日、3月15日、4月15日及5月15日4个播种期,分析新植蔗和宿根蔗干物质积累、养分积累及养分经济效率.结果表明,随播期推迟,新植蔗各器官干物质积累量减少;宿根蔗根、叶干物质积累量增加,茎干...     

中国马铃薯主产区植地土壤养分初步评价

本研究对中国马铃薯主产区的17个省（自治区）中90个市、县的130个土壤样本的有机质、全氮、速效氮、全磷、速效磷、全钾、速效钾、有效钙、有效镁、有效铁、有效锌、有效铜、有效锰进行分析，以对中国马铃薯主产区的土壤养分丰缺状况作出初步评价。结果表明：同一种营养元素在不同产区的含量相差很大；西南产区和东北产区土壤有机质含量丰富，西北产区和中原产区土壤有机质较为缺乏；西南产区氮含量丰富，西北产区和中原产区氮缺乏；东北产区、西北产区和中原产区磷缺乏；西南产区和西北产区钾缺乏。大部分产区土壤中有效钙含量都比较丰富，只有云南、四川、重庆的部分地区含量较低；有效镁的含量普遍较低；有效铁、锌、铜、锰含量都很丰富。     

木薯的抗寒性及北移栽培技术研究进展综述

木薯作为中国三大薯类之一,具有良好的生物学性状,主要适宜在热带和亚热带种植,光合作用效率较高,淀粉产量在高等植物中非常突出。木薯的用途极为广泛,除食用外,可大量加工成工业产品。本文介绍了近几年木薯在抗寒性的生理生化、抗寒性的分子生物学、抗寒育种及北移栽培技术等领域的最新研究进展,并对木薯抗寒性和北移栽培的未来研究进行了展望。     

中国不同地区科技示范县大豆单产及产量相关性状的比较

分别于2010和2011年对全国18和20个省(区)的130和141个大豆科技示范县进行抽样调查,收集当地大豆生产田的单产及其相关性状数据。在此基础上,按大豆栽培区划进行分区统计,并采用多元逐步回归方法判断不同地区影响产量的关键因素。结果表明,各地区大豆的播种期因耕作制度不同和气象条件多样而存在很大差异,变化幅度大小依次为南方>西北>东北>黄淮海;东北地区大豆种植密度最高,西北、黄淮海居中,南方最低。平均单产高低依次为西北>东北>黄淮海>南方。在农艺和产量性状中,株高以东北大豆为最高,其后依次为西北、黄淮海和南方;单株荚数与单株粒数2个性状的地域差异趋势一致,2010年均依次为南方>西北>黄淮海>东北,2011年均依次为西北>南方>黄淮海>东北;黄淮海地区大豆的百粒重最高,西北次之,东北及南方则相对偏低。多元逐步回归结果表明,在东北和南方地区,影响大豆产量的首要因素为单株粒数,而在西北及黄淮海地区则为单位面积株数。文中讨论了不同主产区提高大豆单产的主攻方向。     

Chemical management of Fusarium wilt of watermelon

Watermelon yield loss due to Fusarium wilt is increasing in the U.S., due in part to the emergence of the virulent race 2 of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum, and to the shift in production to triploid cultivars, which generally have less host resistance than previously grown diploid cultivars. One potential management strategy is the use of soil-applied fungicides to reduce Fusarium wilt. The U.S. national program, interregional project 4 (IR-4) supported multistate trials of soil-applied chemicals to manage Fusarium wilt of watermelon. Greenhouse trials were conducted in Maryland, Indiana and Georgia to test the efficacy of 14 chemicals on Fusarium wilt. Based on the performance of these chemicals in the greenhouse, six in Maryland and Delaware and eight in Indiana were selected for subsequent field evaluations. These chemicals were applied once, as a drench at planting, in field trials in Maryland, Indiana, and Delaware in 2008. The fungicides prothioconazole, acibenzolar-S-methyl, and thiophanate-methyl resulted in the greatest reduction in Fusarium wilt, and caused no phytotoxicity. In Maryland and Indiana in 2009, these chemicals were applied through the drip irrigation line alone and in combination, at 0, 2 and 4 weeks after planting. The experiment was repeated in 2010 in Maryland. Prothioconazole alone and in combination with acibenzolar-S-methyl or/and thiophanate-methyl resulted in the greatest decrease in the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) of Fusarium wilt of watermelon in Maryland in 2009. The same trend was observed in 2010 in Maryland where three of the prothioconazole treatments ranked the lowest of all treatments and prothioconazole in combination with thiophanate-methyl had significantly lower Fusarium wilt AUDPC compared to the non-treated control. All chemical applications except for acibenzolar-S-methyl in combination with prothioconazole reduced Fusarium wilt AUDPC in Indiana in 2009. Prothioconazole alone and prothioconazole in combination with thiophanate-methyl ranked lowest in Fusarium wilt AUDPC, although not significantly lower than most other treatments. These studies are the first to demonstrate that the soil-applied fungicides prothioconazole and thiophanate-methyl may provide an additional field management option for Fusarium wilt of watermelon.     

酿造大麦挥发性风味物质组成分析

为给啤酒风味的稳定性研究提供借鉴,利用固相微萃取与气-质联用分析了两个优质酿造大麦品种Sabastian和Gairdner中的挥发性风味物质组成.在两个大麦品种中共分析鉴定出34种化合物,Sabastian中检出28种,Gairdner中检出32种.在Sabastian中共检出醛类化合物11种,占总质量分数的17.58％;醇类化合物7种,占总质量分数的7.32％;酮类3种,占总质量分数的13.08％;酸类化合物2种,占总质量分数的8.41％;其他类化合物5种,占总质量分数的9.54％.在Gairdner中共检出醛类化合物10种,占总质量分数的38.36％;醇类化合物9种,占总质量分数的25.36％;酮类化合物4种,占总质量分数的9.07％;酸类化合物2种,占总质量分数的6.81％;其他类型化合物7种,占总质量分数的7.77％.两个大麦品种中含量较高的成分为正己醛(Sabastian,13.56％;Gairdner,30.76％)、丙酮(Sabastian,12.82％;Gairdner,8.39％)、乙酸(Sabastian,8.00％;Gairdner,4.86％).作为大麦特征风味物质的异戊醛和2-甲基丁醛的含量在Sabastian中分别为0.51％和0.79％,在Gairdner中分别为1.93％和1.72％.     

直火和蒸汽加热方式制备豆乳对豆腐风味的影响

通过感官评价和化学分析的方法研究了直火与蒸汽2种加热方式制备豆乳对内酯豆腐风味的影响。感官评价结果表明:直火法豆腐的豆腥味和青草味与蒸汽法相当,而豆香味、甜香味和酸味高于蒸汽豆腐,说明直火豆腐的风味要浓于蒸汽豆腐。采用固相萃取法提取豆腐中风味化合物,通过气相色谱-质谱联用法对风味成分进行了检测,结果表明:乙酸乙酯、甲基环戊烷、苯、正戊醛、1-戊醇、已醛、乙苯、邻二甲苯、间二甲苯、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺、1-辛烯-3-醇、戊酸、丁酸丁酯是直火、蒸汽加热制备的豆腐均存在的风味化合物,此外,甲苯、3-羟基丁醛、已酸、苯甲酸甲酯和苯并呋喃为直火豆腐特有化合物,而氮杂丁烷、丙二酸二乙酯、二甲胺和芍药醇为蒸汽豆腐特有化合物。     

Mineral characteristics of leaves of plants from different phylogeny grown in various soil types in the temperate region

The objective of this research was to analyze selected minerals in leavesof plants, belonging to 166 species growing in alluvial, low pH, brownforest and serpentine soils. Mineral characteristics of the soils involved werealso determined.For the macronutrients, in trees grown in alluvial soil, N, P, Ca, and Mgconcentrations of leaves were higher in recently evolved plants than inplants with a longer period of evolution; K concentration remained constantregardless of evolution. In grasses grown in alluvial soil, it was difficult todetect the general tendency of mineral concentration. N, P, and Kconcentrations in alluvial soil were closely related to those in low pH andserpentine soils. Ca concentration in alluvial soil was lower than that in lowpH and serpentine soils. Mg concentration in alluvial soils was higher thanthat in low pH soils, while lower than that in serpentine soil. Therefore, N,P, and K accumulated according to the plant characteristics for theseelements, while Ca and Mg accumulation was strongly affected by the soilproperties.For the micronutrients, in trees, Fe and Mn remained constant regardlessof evolution; Zn concentration was lower in recently-evolved plants than inplants with a longer period of evolution. In grasses, Fe, Mn, and Znconcentrations in Caryophyllids were high. Except for Caryophyllids, Fe andCu concentrations remained constant, Mn concentration decreased withevolution, Zn concentration was higher in recently-evolved plants than inplants with a longer period of evolution.     

钾水平对巴西橡胶树幼苗 MDA 含量和保护酶活性的影响

采用水培技术研究不同钾水平对 RRIM600 无性系种子实生幼苗各器官 MDA 含量和保护酶活性的影 响。结果表明： 在低钾胁迫下, 除叶部的 K0、 K1、 K10 处理、 根中的 K10、 K50 处理外, 缺钾降低了巴西橡胶树幼苗各器官中 MDA 含量, 但各器官中各处理间 MDA 含量差异不显著; 除叶部的 K0 处理、 茎部的皮和根中 K50处理外, 缺钾降低了各器官中 SOD 酶活性, 且在叶部 SOD 酶活性显著降低; 除叶部的 K1、 K10、 K50 处理、 根中的 K1 处理外, 缺钾降低了各器官中 POD 酶活性, 但各器官中各处理间 POD 酶活性差异不显著; 缺钾极显著提高了巴西橡胶树幼苗叶片 CAT 酶活性。 因此, 在巴西橡胶树幼苗各器官中抵御低钾胁迫主要靠各种保护酶相互协调来完成。     

不同花生品种重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr富集与转运规律

以青岛市8个主栽花生品种为试材,通过相同土壤条件下大田种植和室内检测分析,对花生植株不同器官中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd和Cr重金属元素的吸收、富集与转运规律进行了研究。结果表明,供试的8个花生品种植株根系中Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd含量存在显著性差异,茎叶中Cu、Zn、Pb和Cr含量存在显著性差异,籽仁中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd和Cr含量均存在显著性差异,果壳中Cu、Zn和Cd含量存在显著性差异;供试的8个花生品种籽仁中Cd含量均超过了农业部无公害花生Cd≤0.05 mg.kg-1的卫生限量标准。花生植株各器官对重金属的平均生物富集量顺序：根系和果壳为Zn〉Cu〉Cr〉Pb〉Cd,茎叶和籽仁为Zn〉Cu〉Pb〉Cr〉Cd。花生植株各器官的平均转运量系数顺序：茎叶为Pb〉Zn〉Cd〉Cr〉Cu,籽仁为Zn〉Cu〉Cd〉Pb〉Cr,果壳为Cr〉Cu〉Zn〉Pb〉Cd。A4为花生籽仁低Pb吸收富集型品种,A3为花生籽仁低Cd吸收富集型品种。     

中国杂交水稻在孟加拉、印度尼西亚及巴基斯坦的试验研究与应用

为了帮助解决孟加拉和印度尼西亚的粮食短缺问题，提高巴基斯坦的稻谷产量和米质，湖南省农科院筛选了10个中国杂交水稻组合分别参加上述3国2001和2002年的全国水稻区试，其中GNY50和GNY53表现突出，GNY50通过了孟加拉旱季品种审定，GNY50和GNY53同时通过了印度尼西亚旱季品种审定和巴基斯坦品种审定。介绍了中国杂交水稻在上述3国的栽培技术要点及中国杂交水稻种子出口的相关技术措施。     

不同籼稻颖果发育及其结构与品质性状

比较了两个籼稻品种颖果的发育,籽粒的主要品质性状以及胚乳淀粉体的大小、形状、结构等特性。结果表明： 扬稻6号的主要品质性状优于湘早籼33;在开花后前期扬稻6号干物质积累速率较慢,但在后期较快,淀粉充实度较高; 淀粉胚乳细胞内存在两种淀粉体,即单粒淀粉体,直径2.4~8.0 μm,平均4.7 μm;复合淀粉体,即由多个单粒淀粉体结合而成,直径5.7~19.5 μm,平均9.7 μm。湘早籼33单粒淀粉体多数为椭圆形或圆球形,大小差异较大,排列疏松,变异系数较大;扬稻6号胚乳单粒淀粉体基本为晶体多面形,发育良好,大小较为一致,排列紧密,变异系数较小。胚乳背部淀粉体的发育和排列结构优于腹部和中部。胚乳垩白的出现是由于淀粉体发育不良、排列疏松所致,而淀粉体的充实又与灌浆物质的输入途径紧密相关。