重大实蝇类昆虫解毒代谢基因的研究进展

实蝇类昆虫种类很多,其中地中海实蝇Ceratitis capitata、橘小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis、瓜实蝇B. cucurbitae等严重为害多类果蔬,造成巨大经济损失,是国际重要检疫性或入侵性害虫。目前,杀虫剂仍然是防治实蝇类害虫的重要手段,但是多种实蝇因已经产生抗药性而导致防治困难。在昆虫抗药性产生与发展中,解毒代谢家族基因起着十分重要的作用。本文综述了实蝇科重要经济性昆虫包括橘小实蝇、瓜实蝇、油橄榄果实蝇B. oleae、昆士兰果实蝇B. tryoni、辣椒果实蝇B. latifrons、桃果实蝇B. zonata、木瓜果实蝇B. papayae、杨桃果实蝇B. carambolae、柑橘大实蝇B. minax、地中海实蝇、苹绕实蝇Rhagoletis pomonella、雪果绕实蝇R. zephyria和泽兰始实蝇Procecidochares utilis等的细胞色素P450酶、酯酶、谷胱甘肽S转移酶、ABC转运蛋白这4类解毒代谢基因方面的研究进展,为全面深入了解研究实蝇科昆虫应对有毒有害物质的生理和遗传机制以及研发实蝇类害虫化学防治新策略、新技术等提供参...     

橘小实蝇及其近似种的特征比较

实蝇属双翅目Diptera,实蝇科Tephritidae（Trypetidae）。全世界已知实蝇种类约500属,4500余种,中国约400余种。实蝇是植食性昆虫,幼虫均为潜食性,大多数种类以幼虫为害植物的果实。实蝇的寄主很广,如地中海实蝇和橘小实蝇的寄主有近300多种,几乎人类能食用的果实,实蝇都能危害,给水果和蔬菜生产造成重大损失。我国已有多种实蝇分布,为了摸清我省实蝇的种类和分布情况,全省设立了许多监测点。同时,为了便于区分实蝇种类及其主要形态特征,进行初步鉴别：     

实蝇科昆虫线粒体基因组研究进展

实蝇科昆虫种类繁多、世界广泛分布、具有重要经济意义,其种类鉴定、种群遗传、系统发育等方面的研究倍受植物检疫学和入侵生物学等领域的关注。线粒体基因组已被广泛应用于多个昆虫类群的进化与系统发育等研究。本文对实蝇科昆虫线粒体基因组的测序现状、基因组的结构和基因排列、碱基组成、进化速率及其在实蝇中的应用等方面的研究进展进行介绍、讨论与展望,并提示其对实蝇科害虫的入侵防控具有重要的理论和实践指导意义。     

黄野螟化学感受基因的鉴定与分析

昆虫的化学感受系统在昆虫的取食、交配等多种行为中发挥着重要作用。黄野螟Heortia vitessoides是一种寡食性害虫, 幼虫具有聚集性、暴食性等特点, 对土沉香Aquilaria sinensis危害严重。本研究使用高通量测序技术对黄野螟成虫触角和口器的转录组进行了测序, 共鉴定到124个化学感受基因, 包括50个气味受体(odorant receptor, OR)基因, 19个离子型受体(ionotropic receptor, IR)基因, 17个味觉受体(gustatory receptor, GR)基因, 19个气味结合蛋白(odorant binding protein, OBP)基因, 17个化学感受蛋白(chemosensory protein, CSP)基因和2个感觉神经元膜蛋白(sensory neuron membrane protein, SNMP)基因。通过系统进化和差异表达分析, 对黄野螟化学感受基因的分化, 以及不同性别、不同组织间的表达差异进行系统性的研究。以气味受体为例, HvitOR42、HvitOR43和HvitOR48聚在传统的性信息素受体(pheromone receptor, PR)分支, 其中HvitOR42和HvitOR43在雄性成虫触角中特异性高表达, 这3个气味受体可能参与识别黄野螟雌性成虫释放的性信息素。此外, HvitOR20在雌性成虫触角中特异性高表达, 可能与雌性成虫交配和产卵等行为相关。本研究为进一步探究黄野螟的化学感受机制提供了分子基础, 为开发以化学生态学为基础的黄野螟绿色害虫防控技术提供了理论依据。     

贵州果园实蝇科害虫种群多样性分析

为明确贵州果园实蝇科害虫种类及多样性,评估贵州实蝇科害虫为害风险,保证特色果品质量及水果产业健康发展,本研究于2019年采用性诱剂、食诱剂等方式开展了贵州果园实蝇科害虫的诱集.经过1年持续调查监测,明确了贵州7个监测果园实蝇种类为8种,均属寡鬃实蝇亚科Dacinae,其中果实蝇属Bactrocera 2种,镞果实蝇属Z...     

棉铃虫寄主植物种类及其适合性程度

通过江苏淮南、淮北棉区棉铃虫寄主植物种类凋查,已查明60种栽培植物、34种野生植物为棉铃虫寄主,它们分属24个科,其中以禾本科、豆科、菊科、葫芦科、十字花科、锦葵科、百合科、旋花科、藜科种类居多。运用选择系数法和适合性指数法定量测定了30种常见寄主植物对棉铃虫的适合性程度,建立了选择强度与适合性程度估测模型,据此将棉铃虫众多寄主划分为适宜寄主、较适宜寄主与次要寄主三大类。并在上述工作基础上,结合寄主植物种植面积情况,明确了各代次棉铃虫主要栽培寄主种类,以优化棉铃虫测报与防治技术。     

夜蛾黑卵蜂转录组及化学感受相关基因的分析

寄生蜂在寻找寄主、交配和产卵等过程中会受到来自植物和寄主的化学信息物质的影响。夜蛾黑卵蜂Telenomus remus Nixon是鳞翅目夜蛾科多种害虫卵期重要的寄生性天敌。本研究利用Illumina Novaseq 6000高通量测序平台,对夜蛾黑卵蜂雌、雄成虫的头部和腹部转录组进行测序,共获得16 238条unigenes。通过NR、NT、KO、KOG、Swiss-Prot、PFAM和GO 7个公共数据库进行比对注释,从NR数据库中筛选获得62个化学感受相关基因。对其进行同源性分析表明,这些化学感受基因与其他膜翅目昆虫中发现的化学感受基因亲缘关系最近。实时荧光定量PCR检测结果显示,大多数化学感受基因在头部高表达,表明头部器官在昆虫感受化学信息的过程中发挥着关键作用。此外,CSP1和IR1在成虫腹部高表达,可能与成虫交配、产卵和性信息素的识别等行为有关。本研究将为揭示夜蛾黑卵蜂寄主搜寻和觅食行为化学生态调控机制提供基础,为研发夜蛾黑卵蜂天敌引诱剂、增强夜蛾黑卵蜂的田间防效提供参考。     

蔡甸区烟粉虱发生特点与防控对策

烟粉虱[Bemisiatabaci（Gennadius）]属同翅目粉虱科昆虫,是一种世界性重要害虫。其寄主范围广、繁殖速度快、辗转为害能力强、为害持续时间长（周年为害）,大发生可造成毁灭性灾害。2005年烟粉虱传人我区以来,近几年持续大发生,每年造成我地蔬菜、棉花、园林花卉主要寄主植物经济损失在30％以上。为了掌握其发生为害特点,更好地控制该害虫,近几年我们对其发生为害规律进行了系统观察,并对烟粉虱的防治进行了多种试验,取得了一定效果。     

编者按

正实蝇科(Tephritidae)昆虫是双翅目重要的经济类群之一,超过250种危害水果、蔬菜等经济植物,一些种类如地中海实蝇、苹果实蝇、墨西哥实蝇、桔小实蝇、樱桃实蝇、瓜实蝇、南亚果实蝇等对水果、瓜果类蔬菜为害尤为严重,成为热带、亚热带地区重要经济害虫。2009年9月,"果树实蝇类害虫监测与防控技术研究"公益性行业(农业)科研专项经费项目(200903047)获得农业部立项,由曾玲教授、陈家骅教授联合主持,华南农业大学、福建农林大学、华中农业大学、西南大学、中国农业科学院植物保护研究所、云南农业     

美国植物检疫中截获的长蠹科常见属种检索

长蠹科昆虫为破坏性最大的一类钻蛀性甲虫,为害贮粮、干根、树木、砍伐的木材、粗加工的木材,板条,家俱和竹制品。许多种类可以在美国定居下来。对该科昆虫的辨别极其重要。本检索表包括在植物检疫检验中截获的主要属和种以及有助于检索的轮廓图,简要的分布和寄主资料。     

Distribution and tephritid hosts (Diptera) of braconid parasitoids (hymenoptera) in Brazil

Tephritid parasitoids reared from 26 different host fruit species showed remarkably little diversity across 21 Brazilian counties. The majority of the parasitoids (81.4%) belonged to the braconid subfamily Opiinae, with Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti) the most commonly encountered species. Four other opiines, namely D. brasiliensis (Szépligeti), Opius bellus Gahan, Optus sp. and Utetes (Bracanastrepha) anastrephae (Viereck) were also reared, but in much smaller numbers. Asobara anastrephae (Muesebeck), an alysiine braconid parasitoid of tephritids, accounted for an additional 18–6% of the individuals reared from tephritids. The hosts and distribution patterns of the braconid parasitoids of Brazilian fruit‐infesting Tephritidae are summarized.     

Molecular basis of specificity in host/fungus interactions

Fungal phytopathogens have evolved efficient mechanisms that enable them to exploit the plant nutrient reservoir for the purpose of growth and propagation. These are counteracted by the plants to arrest fungal development. Two general principles control the specificity of host/fungus interactions. In several cases, the interplay between fungus-produced toxins and either plant toxin targets or detoxification mechanisms determine the outcome of the interaction. An analogous principle appears to be operative in the opposite direction; deposition by plants of fungitoxic compounds that can be detoxified by pathogenic fungi. Presumably of more general importance is the recognition-based plant defense system. The ensuing resistance is frequently controlled by single genes in both interacting organisms. Originally observed in many crop plants at the sub-species level, it has recently also been described in wild plants and at the species level. The structures of disease resistance genes cloned to date from different plants allow the conclusion that the plant protective system against pathogens is based on a general principle that appears to be as effective as the animal disease protection system.     

蚜虫唾液主要成分及其在寄主和害虫互作中的作用

刺吸式害虫唾液里的某些成分通常是植物诱导反应中一些共有的或特异性诱导信号物质。本文综述了蚜虫取食、唾液的主要成分和取食诱发的植物防御信号传导途径,例如水杨酸途径、茉莉酸/乙烯途径,以及唾液诱导使植物防御因子上调效应的分子检测方法;同时还展望了蚜虫唾液研究的应用前景。     

Effect of rotation of canola (Brassica napus) cultivars with different complements of blackleg resistance genes on disease severity

Blackleg disease (phoma stem canker) caused by the fungus Leptosphaeria maculans is a major disease of canola (oilseed rape, Brassica napus) worldwide. Canola plants in pots were exposed to blackleg‐infested stubble of canola with different complements of resistance genes and then assessed for disease. Plant mortality was reduced when plants were exposed to stubble from a cultivar with a different complement of resistance genes compared to stubble of a cultivar with the same resistance gene. These findings were consistent with 7 years of field surveys, which showed that changes in selection pressure as a result of extensive sowing of cultivars with major‐gene resistance, termed ‘sylvestris resistance’, dramatically influenced the frequency of virulent isolates in the population towards particular resistance genes, and therefore disease severity. All these data were supported by PCR‐genotyping surveys of fungal populations whereby the frequency of virulence alleles of avirulence genes AvrLm1 and AvrLm4 changed significantly depending on the resistance gene present in the cultivar from which the isolates were cultured. This is the first example of a study showing that sowing of canola cultivars with different complements of resistance genes in subsequent years, i.e. rotation of resistance genes, minimizes disease pressure by manipulating fungal populations. This approach provides a valuable disease management strategy for canola growers and is likely to be applicable to other plant diseases.     

Research on plant-parasitic nematode biology conducted by the United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service

The recent de-registration of several chemical nematicides and the impending loss of methyl bromide from the pest-control market necessitate the development of new methods for controlling nematode-induced crop damage. One approach for developing novel target-specific controls is by exploiting fundamental differences between the biological processes of nematodes and their host plants. Researchers of the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) of the US Department of Agriculture are actively exploring these differences. Research accomplishments include the discovery of heat shock protein genes possibly involved in developmental arrest of the soybean cyst nematode, the identification of neuropeptides and female-specific proteins in the soybean cyst nematode, the disruption of nematode reproduction with inhibitors of nematode sterol metabolism, the development of novel morphological and molecular (heat shock protein genes and the D3 segment of large subunit ribosomal DNA) features useful for nematode identification and classification, and the elucidation of the population genetics of potato cyst nematode pathotypes. In addition, several ARS researchers are investigating biological determinants of nematode response to management strategies utilized in agricultural fields. These collective efforts should lead to new chemical and non-chemical alternatives to conventional nematode control strategies.     

Genetically engineered viral insecticides: New insecticides with improved phenotypes

Baculoviruses are natural pathogens of insects which have been used as biopesticides. In contrast to many chemical agents, baculoviruses affect only a limited number of insects and so can be used to target particular insect species. Unfortunately, unless the host receives a very high virus dose, the insect continues to feed and causes damage to crops, because the virus takes several days to kill it. This lag is unacceptable in the protection of many crops, especially where cosmetic damage seriously reduces the value of a crop (e.g. fruit). Strategies have been devised recently to circumvent this problem. The baculovirus genome has been modified, using genetic engineering techniques, to incorporate foreign genes encoding insect-specific toxins, or hormones or enzymes. Expression of some of these genes in the virus-infected host insect has been shown to reduce both the feeding damage to crop plants and the time taken to kill the insect pest. The current status of this developing field is described, together with an assessment of the possible risks involved in using such genetically modified agents in the environment.     

高邮地区烟粉虱的发生及防治

对高邮地区烟粉虱寄主植物进行了调查，共查到烟粉虱寄主21科、48种（变种）；烟粉虱在不同寄主上的危害程度有一定差异；通过棉田烟粉虱的系统调查，初步探明其发生特点及主要生物学特性，并提出了烟粉虱的综合防治技术措施。     

Expression of molecular markers associated to defense signaling pathways and strigolactone biosynthesis during the early interaction tomato-Phelipanche ramosa

Root parasitic plants of the family Orobanchaceae cause severe damage to important agricultural crops worldwide. These parasitic weeds are difficult to control since most of their lifecycle occurs belowground. This hinders the diagnosis of infection and normally when irreversible damage has been caused to the crop. Therefore, new and more effective control strategies against these parasitic weeds should be focused on the initial stages of the interaction. Using tomato-Phelipanche ramosa as model system, we have explored the host response during the initial phase of parasitic infection by monitoring the expression of marker genes of different defense-related hormonal pathways. Two different colonization stages were selected and analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. The data suggest that the three principal defense regulating hormonal pathways - salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA) and abscisic acid (ABA) - are induced after infection, being therefore, likely involved in the defense response against these root parasites. In addition, an induction of the strigolactone (SL) biosynthesis genes SlD27 and SlCCD8 was observed. Our results suggest a complex regulation of plant defenses during the early stages of plant-parasite interaction involving the classical defense hormones, and suggest an additional role of the parasite germination stimulants SLs at this post-attachment stage.     

大麦白粉病菌遗传学研究进展

大麦白粉病是由布氏白粉菌属大麦专化型活体寄生菌Blumeria graminis f.sp.hordei（Bgh）引起的真菌病害,在全球大麦种植区普遍发生,危害日趋严重。大麦白粉病菌与寄主之间存在着“基因对基因”的关系,分化为不同的生理小种或致病型。由于病原菌基因突变、重组和流动以及寄主的选择作用,大麦Bgh种群毒性、致病型频率和分布不断发生变化。随着分子生物学技术飞速发展,应用分子标记已对30多个Bgh无毒基因位点进行了连锁作图分析,已克隆了Bgh无毒基因AVRk1和AVRa10,Bgh全基因组测序现已完成。文章综述了大麦白粉病菌的侵染循环、遗传分化及其无毒基因的定位、克隆和致病机制研究进展,并探讨了基于病原菌毒性进化和基因组解码信息获得持久控制大麦白粉病的有效手段。     

Apoptosis, programmed cell death and the hypersensitive response

Apoptosis is typically a morphologically identifiable form of programmed cell death in mammals that is regulated by genes with homologues in other animal Phyla. Although both plants and fungal plant pathogens exhibit forms of developmental programmed cell death, demonstrated morphological or genetic homologies with mammalian apoptosis are still generally lacking. Because of its ubiquity and the involvement of signal transduction pathways in its induction, a strong case is developing that the hypersensitive response is a specific form of plant programmed cell death evolved as a defense against microbial parasites. Data suggest that separate signalling pathways may lead to the cell death and the defense gene activation that characterize this response and that parasite-specific resistance genes represent only one of many types of genes involved in response regulation. However, despite some biochemical similarities between the hypersensitive response, forms of developmental programmed cell death in plants, and animal apoptosis, no unique and consistent markers for the hypersensitive response (or plant programmed cell death in general) have yet been found. Whether any of these forms of plant cell death should be called apoptosis depends on how the term is defined. Assuming the hypersensitive response is a form of programmed cell death and is the default state upon pathogen entry into a cell, it seems likely that intracellular biotrophic plant pathogens resemble some animal viruses in being able to suppress this response in susceptible hosts.