光合细菌在奶牛、肉牛饲养中应用的试验

光合细菌 (ｐｈｏｔｏｓｙｎｔｈｅｔｉｃｂｅｃｔｅｒｉａ)是一类有益微生物 ,含有丰富的优质蛋白质 ,生物素、类胡罗卜素等多种维生素 ,钙、磷及多种微量元素 ,特别富含多种生理活性物质 ,如促生长因子、免疫调节因子、辅酶Ｑ1 0 等 ,是近年来开始发展起来的新型饲料添加剂。为进一步发展光合细菌应用于反刍动物 ,为农业现代化服务 ,我们进行了光合细菌在奶牛、肉牛饲养中的应用试验。1　材料和方法1 1　光合细菌制剂　深泽光合生物实验厂生产的“红精灵”饲宝 ,按农业部颁发质量暂行标准生产 ,每ｍＬ菌液含 30亿个以上总菌数 ,所含主要…     

光合细菌在奶牛、肉牛饲养中应用的试验

光合细菌（photosynthetic becteria）是一类有益微生物，含有丰富的优质蛋白质、多种维生素、生物素、类胡萝卜素、钙、磷及多种微量元素，特别富含多种生理活性物质，如：促生长因子，免疫调节因子，辅酶Q10等，是近年开始发展的新型优质饲料添加剂，在各种水产养殖及鸡猪等禽畜养殖中有很多成功的应用试验，并得到一定的推广、。为进一步发展光合细菌应用于大牲畜，为农业现代化服务，我们进行了光合细菌在奶牛、肉牛饲养中的应用试验，取得了良好的效果。一、材料和方法⒈ 光合细菌制剂为深泽光合生物实验厂生产的“红精灵”饲宝，该产…     

新一代饲料添加剂——光合细菌

中国科学院研究生院生物系主持研制的光合细菌产品，早在１９９８年就作为新一代微生物饲料添加剂得到农业部的审批。２０００年以来，中科院又在石家庄市深泽县对该产品进行了饲喂畜禽、水产养殖等诸多功能的应用试验。实验表明，使用光合细菌饲料添加剂对动物养殖可起到增强免疫力、克服药物残留超标、提高产量等效果，对促进我国农产品标准化、改善环境有着广阔前景。光合细菌饲料添加剂富含辅酶Q１０、类胡萝卜素、VB１２等多种生化功能的物质，尤其是辅酶Q１０具有保护心肌、提高心脏细胞活性、改善细胞能量供应等功能，可全面改善动…     

光合细菌在水产养殖业中应用现状及作用机理探讨

光合细菌是一种水生微生物，作为饲料添加剂应用于水产养殖业日益受到人们重视。其应用不仅具有明显的增产作用和防病效果，而且可改善水质，降低氨氮和有机质，防止水体富营养化。本文就光合细菌在水产养殖业的应用现状作一简单介绍，并对其作用机理进行了初步探讨。1光合细菌的性质及营养组成1.1光合细菌的性质光合细菌是一种能够利用光能进行生长繁殖的水生微生物，主要分布在水沟、沼泽、河川、海、活性污泥和土壤中，在富含有机质的污水中生物量一般可达10~5─10~7个菌体／ml。光合细菌中以紫色非硫菌研究和应用的最多，它能较好地利用…     

光合细菌对仔猪黄白痢的防治及增重试验

光合细菌(Photosynthetic becteria)是一类能进行光合作用的原核生物,广泛分布于湖泊、海洋和土壤中,在自然界物质循环中起着十分重要的作用。 光合细菌不仅含有丰富的蛋白质、维生素、多种微量元素,还富含许多生理活性物质,如辅酶Q_(10)、促生长因子等,其中辅酶Q_(10)含量比一般单细胞藻类及酵母菌等高100倍以上。近年已发现辅酶Q_(10)具有增强心肌、抗休克、提高免疫功能、改善细胞内呼吸等多种生理功能。在国外,在水产养殖改良水质,做养殖业饲料添加剂,污水处理,辅酶Q_(10)及色素提取等方面的应用已在逐     

日粮中添加光合细菌饲喂蛋鸡试验

光合细菌是一种以光作为能源，以二氧化碳或有机物作为碳源而营养繁殖的微生物。光合细菌含粗蛋白质58％、脂肪8％，另外还含有大量胡萝卜素，B族维生素，生物素，活性促生长抗病因子等，是一种营养型细菌。近年来，光合细菌作为新型饲料添加剂已在水产养殖中被推广应用。本试验旨在通过蛋鸡日粮中添加一定量的光合细菌菌液，观察对蛋鸡产蛋性能的影响。为在养鸡生产中全面推广应用光合细菌提供科学依据。l材料与方法1.l光合细菌菌液由章丘市白云湖乡郑码饲料酵母厂提供。1.2试鸡与饲粮从明水镇养鸡专业户饲养的京白904商品代40周龄产蛋鸡…     

抗生素饲料添加剂研究概况

抗生素即抗菌素 ,是微生物经培养而得到的某些产物和化学半合成法制造的结构相同或类似的物质 ,在低浓度下对特异性微生物有抑制或杀灭作用 ,现在已作为非营养性饲料添加剂 ,广泛应用于养殖业中。随着应用和认识的加深 ,人们对其作用机理、副作用、药理、毒理等提出了不同的看法 ,如何正确看待抗生素在饲料添加剂中的发展和作用及其与新兴饲料添加剂的相互关系 ,对我国养殖业的发展有着非常重要的意义。1　发展历史及应用现状自从 50年代首次报道金霉素对猪有促生长作用以来 〔1〕,国外把抗生素广泛作为抗菌、助生长剂添加到饲料中 ,其在家…     

高效鱼生物饲料的生产方法

在水产养殖中,饲料费用占养殖成本的60%以上,降低饲料成本是增加养鱼效益的关键.应用光合细菌把农作物秸秆(如麦秆、稻草、玉米秆、花生壳等)生产成鱼生物饲料,不但养殖效果明显提高,而且饲料成本大幅度降低,光合细菌能产生多种促生长因子,促免疫因子、辅酶Q等,促进幼体生长发育,在水产养殖上有如下作用:     

微生态制剂在家禽生产中的应用

微生态制剂是由乳酸菌群、酵母菌、芽孢杆菌、黑曲霉苗、光合菌群等多种有益微生物及其促生长物质经特殊工艺制成的制剂，具有防病治病，提高饲料利用率，提高畜禽的生产性能等作用，是一类安全、高效、无毒、无副作用、无残留的绿色饲料添加剂，可以减少以至逐步替代抗生素。１微生态制剂的作用机理微生态制剂是利用微生物平衡理论和微生物失调理论开发出的一类新型饲料添加剂。它的作用机理比较复杂，可概括以下几个方面：１．１平衡调节作用微生态制剂能有效补充肠道内正常菌群的数量，使有益菌形成优势菌群，抑制病原菌的生长，从而调节…     

新型畜禽添加剂——光合细菌

<正>光合细菌饲料属营养保健类饲料添加剂,光合细菌菌体营养丰富,含蛋白质(60%以上)、维生素B12、叶酸、核黄素、类胡罗卜素、辅酶Q10等促长因子和生理活性物质,是优良的饲料添加剂。光合细菌在动物肠道内,将有机和无机营养物质转化成易吸收的小分子物质。河南省郑州市克迈     

不同品种受体对绵羊胚胎移植效果及羔羊早期生长性能的影响

旨在探讨以小尾寒羊和蒙古羊作为受体时,二者的胚胎移植效果及所产羔羊的早期生长性能之间的差异。选用南非肉用美利奴羊(n=11)和澳洲白绵羊(n=110)作为供体,以小尾寒羊(n=196)和蒙古羊(n=504)作为受体;对供体母羊进行超数排卵以及人工授精处理,记录供体母羊的收集胚胎总数和可用胚胎数,计算平均每只羊收集的可用胚胎数以及胚胎合格率;对小尾寒羊和蒙古羊进行同期发情及胚胎移植处理,记录受体母羊的产羔数,计算繁殖率;计算并比较不同受体母羊所产羔羊的平均初生重、成活率以及70日龄断奶羔羊数、70日龄断奶重、平均日增重、平均每只母羊提供的断奶羔羊数。结果表明,从供体母羊中共获得可用胚胎549枚,平均每只羊收集可用胚胎4.54枚,胚胎合格率为82.56%;利用胚胎移植技术,移植受体母羊529只,所产羔羊240只,平均繁殖率为45.37%;小尾寒羊的发情率和繁殖率明显高于蒙古羊;共获得70日龄断奶羔羊211只,羔羊成活率为87.92%,平均日增重为280.00g;小尾寒羊和蒙古羊所产的羔羊初生重没有显著差异(P>0.05),小尾寒羊所产羔羊的70日龄断奶重和平均日增重分别极显著(P<0.01)和显著(P<0.05)高于蒙古羊,而蒙古羊所产羔羊的成活率显著高于小尾寒羊(P<0.05);平均每只小尾寒羊母羊可提供的断奶羔羊数(0.42只)略高于蒙古羊(0.39只),小尾寒羊作为胚胎移植受体略具有优势。综合分析表明,在内蒙古兴安盟地区小尾寒羊和蒙古羊均可以作为胚胎移植的受体来使用。     

杜泊羊与巴彦淖尔多胎羊杂交F1代生产性能的研究

旨在研究杜泊羊与巴彦淖尔多胎羊杂交F₁代的生产性能,为新疆库尔勒地区引进巴彦淖尔多胎羊进行肥羔生产和肉羊杂交利用提供依据。试验比较了2017年与2018年同一饲养管理水平下杜泊羊（父本）与巴彦淖尔多胎羊（母本）杂交后代（杜×巴F₁代）和新疆库尔勒地区本地绵羊自然交配所生产的羔羊（对照组羔羊）之间在生长性能、屠宰性能等方面的差异,同时对巴彦淖尔多胎母羊和当地母羊的繁殖性能进行了对比分析。结果表明,2017年与2018年,杜×巴F₁代羔羊的3月龄及6月龄体重极显著（P<0.01）高于对照组羔羊,日增重显著（P<0.05）高于对照组羔羊;除2018年6月龄杜×巴F₁代羔羊体长、胸宽极显著（P<0.01）高于对照组羔羊外,2017年与2018年6月龄屠宰时杜×巴F₁代羔羊的体高、胸深、胸围、管围等体尺指标均显著（P<0.05）高于对照组羔羊;2017年和2018年,杜×巴F₁代羔羊的胴体重分别比对照组羔羊提高了21.07%和22.90%,差异均极显著（P<0.01）;2017年与2018年,杜×巴F₁代羔羊的净肉重、净肉率极显著（P<0.01）大于对照组羔羊;巴彦淖尔多胎母羊的难产率极显著（P<0.01）高于本地绵羊,羔羊成活率极显著（P<0.01）低于本地绵羊,但其受胎率显著（P<0.05）高于本地绵羊,产羔率、双羔率分别比本地绵羊提高了24.72%和3.41倍,差异均极显著（P<0.01）。综合以上结果可以得出,杜×巴F₁代羔羊的生长性能、屠宰性能均优于对照组羔羊,继承了父本杜泊羊优良的生长发育性能;母本巴彦淖尔多胎羊保持了对环境的良好适应性和多胎性。在该地区引入巴彦淖尔多胎母羊,并与杜泊公羊进行杂交,充分利用杜×巴F₁代羔羊的杂种优势,将明显提高该地区肉羊养殖的经济效益。     

萨福克羔羊0~65日龄生长发育规律研究

试验对萨福克羔羊0~65日龄生长发育规律进行了分析,旨在完善肉羊的生长发育规律研究,为萨福克羔羊0~65日龄的饲养管理及营养水平提供理论依据。试验于新疆华兴牧场惠康畜牧种羊繁育基地进行,供体母羊为纯种萨福克羊,受体母羊为哈萨克羊,并对出生的萨福克羔羊进行体尺、体重测量和记录,将数据输入Excel表格进行整理,并通过SPSS 16.0软件分析各性状平均值和各个体尺指标与体重平均值的相关性。结果表明,0~30日龄萨福克羊生长发育速度相对较快,公羔臀宽与体重的相关系数为0.989;管围与体重的相关系数为0.638;母羔臀宽与体重的相关系数为0.981,管围与体重的相关系数为0.654。0~30日龄萨福克羊公羔各性状的生长发育比母羔快,45~65日龄生长速度一致。羔羊0~15日龄体高、体长、胸围和体重等生长速度最快,而30~65日龄体高、体长、体重等部位生长速度较平稳;由体尺、体重相关性分析可知,臀宽与体重相关系数最大,管围和体重相关系数最小。由研究可知,0~30日龄营养要求关键,公羔与母羔的生长发育无明显差异,欲提高羔羊的生长发育速度则要注意羔羊各年龄阶段的生长发育规律,合理提供营养并提高饲料质量与管理水平。今后对萨福克羔羊的饲料管理中应该注重不同时期的饲养配方,合理改善饲养环境,使其发挥最大生长潜能。     

Postweaning growth, feed efficiency and chemical composition of sheep as affected by prenatal and postnatal testosterone

Data were collected from intact males, castrated males and ewe lambs to investigate the effect of presence or absence of testosterone prenatally and during the postweaning period on postweaning growth, feed intake and carcass chemical composition. Half the lambs from each sex were the progeny of dams that had received five injections of testosterone cyprionate from d 32 through d 87 of gestation. Linear contrasts were used to detect differences. Postweaning daily gain of intact males was greater (P less than .01) than that of male castrates. Ewe lambs from treated dams had approximately 12% greater rate of growth (P less than .04) than ewe lambs from control dams. Ewe lambs from dams that had been treated were 28% more efficient (P less than .01) in the conversion of food to weight than those from untreated dams. Ewe lambs from treated dams had heavier livers (P less than .07). Carcass protein for intact males was greater (P less than .11) than for castrates, and extractable fat was less (P less than .05). Masculinization of growth characteristics of ewe lambs affected the quantity of carcass fat relative to control ewes (7.59 vs 8.92 kg). These ewe lambs also had more water in the carcass than did the control ewes (13.93 vs 12.29 kg). Administration of exogenous testosterone to pregnant ewes over an interval of time approximating time of sexual differentiation in the fetus enhances postweaning growth rate, feed conversion efficiency and chemical composition of genetic females.     

The effect of mixed or sequential grazing of cattle and sheep on the faecal egg counts and growth rates of weaned lambs when treated with anthelmintics

An experiment was conducted over two successive years (2002 and 2003) to investigate the effects of grazing improved permanent pasture (mainly perennial ryegrass/white clover) by cattle or sheep, either sequentially or mixed, on the faecal egg counts and growth rates of weaned lambs when treated with anthelmintics. The grazing season was divided into two parts, May-July then July-October, relating to the pre- and post-weaning of the lambs. Four grazing regimes, replicated three times, were compared: (1) sheep only from May to October (SS); (2) cattle May to July followed by lambs until October (C/S); (3) cattle and sheep May to July followed by lambs until October (C+S/S); and (4) cattle and sheep May to July followed by cattle and lambs until October (C+S/C+S). Sward height was maintained at 6 cm using a "put and take" stocking system. At weaning, lambs were weighed and treated with an anthelmintic (0.08% ivermectin drench, Oramec) before being allocated to plots. They were then weighed and drenched every 28 days until the end of the experiment (Day 84). Faecal egg counts (FEC) were measured in all lambs immediately prior to each anthelmintic treatment. In 2002 and 2003, there were differences between the groups in FEC, with the SS lambs having the highest values and C/S lambs the lowest (P<0.01). There were also differences in the rate of liveweight gain of the lambs in each of the study years: for this parameter SS lambs had the lowest growth rate but the fastest growth was in C+S/C+S lambs not C/S lambs (P<0.01), indicating that these differences were due to factors other than parasite infection. Overall, sequential grazing of pastures with cattle then sheep reduced the faecal egg counts in lambs regularly treated with anthelmintics when compared with lambs grazing in mixed systems with cattle and sheep or with sheep only systems, however, the highest growth rates were observed in lambs in the mixed cattle/sheep grazing system throughout.     

Effect of Energy Levels During Late Gestation on the Ewe Health and Growth Performance of Lambs

The late pregnancy is a critical period of fetal growth and development. As approximately 80% of fetal body weight is obtained during late gestation, so that the amount of energy needed for the ewes at this period is much greater than the other periods. Now ewes with multiple fetuses are mutton sheep breeding cultivation objectives, however,under the grazing or confined feeding conditions where nutrient requirement can't satisfy the nutrient requirement of sheep, especially for pregnant ewes with twins or more lambs.The body glycogen and protein as well as body fat will be mobilized for energy needed for the fetal growth and reproduction, which would lead to bad influence on ewes (metabolic disorders, liver function damage, pregnancy toxemia, embryonic development and health) and also on lamb (weak lamb, dead lamb and health). Therefore, investigating the effects of dietary energy levels during late gestation on the ewe's health and growth performance of lambs are essential for the sustainability of livestock production systems. This review summarized the effect of different energy levels on the ewes' health, reproductive performance of the ewes, lactation performance, embryo development and the growth of lambs, then expounded the roles of energy in later gestation. When the dietary energy of ewes in late gestation are restricted, the weight, breast development, lactation capacity, pregnancy rate will all be decreased, and the growth rate and organ development of embryos and lamb will also be restricted.     

能量对妊娠后期母羊健康及其羔羊的影响

妊娠后期是胎儿生长发育的关键时期,胎儿体重增长的80%在此阶段完成,因此该阶段母羊的能量需要量大于其他生理阶段。高产多胎是肉用种母羊的重要培育目标,当母羊处于营养水平较低的草场或舍饲条件下,怀双羔或多羔母羊的日粮能量水平不能满足其营养需要时,母羊会动用体内的糖原、体蛋白和体脂以弥补能量不足,致使母羊的代谢紊乱,肝机能受损,产生羊妊娠毒血症,影响母羊的健康和胚胎的健康生长,产出弱羔、病羔,并可能影响产后羔羊的健康生长。因此,研究妊娠后期能量水平对母羊健康、胚胎发育、羔羊生长及肉羊养殖业的发展都有重要的指导意义。作者对不同能量水平对妊娠母羊的健康、繁殖性能、泌乳性能、胚胎与羔羊生长的影响展开讨论,阐明妊娠后期能量的作用。当母羊妊娠后期能量受到限制时,母羊的体重降低,乳腺发育受阻,泌乳能力下降,受胎率下降;同时胚胎的生长速度降低,影响胚胎与产后羔羊组织器官发育和正常生长。     

SELENIUM - RESPONSIVE UNTHRIFTINESS OF YOUNG MERINO SHEEP IN CENTRAL VICTORIA

A trial was carried out to determine whether selenium responsive unthriftiness existed on a property in the Strathbogie ranges of Central Victoria where unthriftiness of young sheep has been a problem for 10 to 20 years. White muscle disease had been diagnosed on the property in the previous year and on other properties in the area. Eighty Merino ewes and lambs were allotted to one of 4 groups in a 2 x 2 factorial designed trial in which sodium selenite (0.1 mg/kg) was given orally to ewes and/or lambs at marking time and to treated lambs at 3 monthly intervals thereafter. Selenium treatment of the ewes had no significant effect on subsequent lamb performance. Selenium treatment of the lambs produced significant responses: mortality in treated groups was 0% compared with 17.5% in untreated groups; body weight gains were 1.9 kg higher at both weaning and one year of age in treated than in untreated lambs; mean fleece weight was 14.4% higher in treated lambs and they produced 39% more wool than the surviving untreated lambs.     

Relationships between growth and productivity of range ewes

The relationships between various measures of growth and productivity of range sheep were investigated, utilizing records of 1,109 range ewes sired by 269 rams. Body weights and degree of maturity of body weight at birth, weaning, 12 mo, 18 mo, 30 mo and absolute growth rate, absolute maturing rate and relative growth rate over various age intervals were studied relative to their relationship with productivity characters. Measures of ewe productivity were average annual production for the 4-yr period, 2 through 5 yr of age, for grease fleece weight, number of lambs born, number of lambs weaned and weight of lambs weaned. Heritability estimates were .31 +/- .11 for grease fleece weight, .42 +/- .12 for number of lambs born, .08 +/- .10 for number of lambs weaned and .03 +/- .10 for weight of lambs weaned. All production characters had positive phenotypic correlations (.04 to .22) with body weight at all ages. Both number of lambs born and weight of lambs weaned had small positive phenotypic correlations with growth rates over the 12- to 18-mo age interval. The genetic correlations between ewe productivity and weights at different ages were variable, ranging from -.71 between weaning weight and grease fleece weight to values greater than 1.00 for correlations between weight of lambs weaned and weights at birth, weaning and 18-mo. Degree of maturity at 12 mo had positive genetic correlations with all production characters. Estimated genetic correlations between number of lambs born and absolute growth rate, relative growth rate and absolute maturing rate over the 12- to 18-mo age interval were positive.     

Effects of birth weight and postnatal nutrition on neonatal sheep: II. Skeletal muscle growth and development

This study investigated effects of birth weight and postnatal nutrition on growth and development of skeletal muscles in neonatal lambs. Low (L; mean +/- SD 2.289 +/- .341 kg, n = 28) and high (H; 4.840 +/- .446 kg, n = 20) birth weight male Suffolk x (Finnsheep x Dorset) lambs were individually reared on a liquid diet to grow rapidly (ad libitum fed, ADG 337 g, n = 20) or slowly (ADG 150 g, n = 20) from birth to live weights (LW) up to approximately 20 kg. At birth, weight of semitendinosus (ST) muscle in L lambs was 43% that in H lambs; aggregate weights of ST and seven other dissected muscles were similarly reduced. In ST muscle of L lambs, mass of DNA, RNA, and protein were also significantly reduced to levels 67, 60, and 34%, respectively, of those in H lambs. However, myofiber numbers of ST, tibialis caudalis, or soleus muscles did not differ between the L and H birth weight lambs and did not change during postnatal growth. During postnatal rearing, daily accretion rate of dissected muscle was lower in L than in H lambs. Accretion of muscle per kilogram of gain in empty body weight (EBW) was reduced in the slowly grown L lambs compared with their H counterparts, although the difference was less pronounced between the rapidly grown L and H lambs. Throughout the postnatal growth period, ST muscle of L lambs contained less DNA with a higher protein:DNA ratio at any given muscle weight than that of H lambs. Slowly grown lambs had heavier muscles at any given EBW than rapidly grown lambs. Content of DNA and protein:DNA ratio in ST muscle were unaffected by postnatal nutrition, but RNA content and RNA:DNA were greater and protein:RNA was lower at any given muscle weight in rapidly grown lambs. Results suggest that myofiber number in fetal sheep muscles is established before the presumed, negative effects of inadequate fetal nutrient supply on skeletal muscle growth and development become apparent. However, proliferation of myonuclei may be influenced by fetal nutrition in late pregnancy. Reduced myonuclei number in severely growth-retarded newborn lambs may limit the capacity for postnatal growth of skeletal muscles.