外源钾对三种不同土壤钾转化影响的研究

采用盆栽试验,在黄棕壤,砖红壤,黑土三种土壤上种植烟草,研究了外源钾对土壤中钾转化的影响,结果表明:在黄棕壤,黑土上,0.0-0.8 g kg-1施肥范围内,随着施钾量的增加,土壤中速效钾和缓效钾的总增量、作物的含钾量均在增加,尤其是在0.8 g kg-1施肥水平时,二者超出了施肥的增加量,说明施钾促进了其它钾的释放;三种土壤中粘土矿物含量为:黑土>黄棕壤>砖红壤。     

吉林省主要耕作土壤中钾的固定与释放

通过X—射线衍射、室内模拟实验及常规分析研究了吉林省主要耕作土壤中钾的固定与释放。结果表明,土壤对钾的固定与释放与土壤的矿物组成有关,3种土壤的固钾量均随钾加入量的增加而增大,而固钾率则随施钾量的增加而逐渐下降。随钾加入量的增加,固钾量和固钾率均有黑土>白浆土>黑钙土的趋势。土壤释钾量有黑钙土>黑土>白浆土的趋势。相关分析表明,蒙脱石、蛭石为主要的固钾矿物,而伊利石为主要的释钾矿物。     

连续施钾对黑土钾素动态变化的影响

采用定位方法研究黑土连续施用钾肥对土壤钾素动态变化及产量的影响。结果表明 ,连续 7年施钾肥玉米仍表现明显的增产效果 ,不施钾肥耕层土壤速效钾含量逐年降低 ,导致掠夺式生产 ;不施钾肥耕层土壤缓效钾含量明显下降 ,施钾肥土壤缓效钾略有下降 ,起到一定的缓解作用。施K2 O 1 1 2 .5kg/hm2 ,钾的平衡系数为 0 .96,说明钾的投入和消耗基本平衡 ;施K2 O2 2 5kg/hm2 ,钾的平系数为 1 .3 4,说明钾肥投入大于作物携走的钾 ,外源钾在土壤中有较大的剩余。     

长期施肥下潮土速效钾含量与钾素投入水平关系

以郑州潮土肥力与肥料效益长期试验为基础,分析了长期施肥条件下土壤速效钾含量演变特征及其与钾素投入量的关系。结果表明,在不施钾肥条件下,土壤速效钾含量先逐年下降,810年后稳定在60 mg/kg左右; 施用钾肥和有机肥均可以显著提高土壤速效钾含量; 土壤速效钾含量与钾素投入量之间具有显著的正相关关系。单施化肥的NPK处理每投入钾1 kg/hm2,土壤速效钾含量增加0.007 mg/kg; 而化肥配施有机肥或玉米秸秆处理每投入钾1 kg/hm2,土壤速效钾含量分别增加0.025和0.014 mg/kg。从提升土壤钾素供应能力的角度而言,化肥配合施用有机肥或秸秆还田是值得推广的培肥措施。     

施肥方式对砂姜黑土钾素利用及盈亏的影响

以砂姜黑土长期施肥试验为平台,研究砂姜黑土冬小麦—夏大豆轮作系统下作物钾素吸收量、钾素回收率、土壤钾素盈亏量和速效钾含量的演变特征,探明土壤速效钾与外源钾投入、土壤累积钾盈亏的响应关系,分析不施肥(CK)、常规化肥(CF)、化肥+麦秆(SCF)、化肥+猪粪(PCF)、化肥+牛粪(CCF)等施肥方式对土壤钾素利用及盈亏的影响,以期探寻砂姜黑土地区高产高效的施钾方式。结果表明:29 a作物钾素平均回收率在55.1%~66.1%,高低顺序为CCFPCFSCFCF。土壤累积钾盈亏与土壤速效钾增量呈显著线性关系(p0.05),土壤中钾素每盈余100 kg hm-2,CF、SCF、PCF和CCF处理土壤速效钾含量分别增加1.4、1.8、2.3和15.8 mg kg-1;土壤钾素投入量与速效钾含量呈显著线性关系(p0.05),CF处理每投入钾100 kg hm-2,土壤速效钾含量增加0.4 mg kg-1,而SCF、PCF和CCF处理每投入钾100 kg hm-2,土壤速效钾含量分别增加0.5、0.6和4.3 mg kg-1,这说明适当增施有机肥可提升土壤钾素的供应能力。综上所述,投入有机物料是影响土壤钾素利用的重要调控措施,长期增施有机肥可提高作物钾素回收率以及土壤中盈余的钾素向速效钾的转化能力,本试验条件下以增施牛粪效果最好,猪粪和秸秆次之。因此,砂姜黑土小麦—大豆轮作系统下秸秆养畜过腹还田是实现作物高产高效的一种推荐施钾方式。     

连续施钾对黑土钾素动态变化的影响

采用定位方法研究黑土连续施用钾肥对土壤钾素动态变化及产量的影响。结果表明，连续7年施钾肥玉米仍表现明显的增产效果，不施钾肥耕层土壤速效钾含量逐年降低，导致掠夺式生产；不施钾肥耕层土壤缓效钾含量明显下降，施钾肥土壤缓效钾略有下降，起到一定的缓解作用，施K2O112.5kg/hm^2，钾的平衡系数为0.96，说明钾的投入和消耗基本平衡；施K2O225kg/hm^2，钾的平系数为1.34。说明钾肥投入大于作物携走的钾，外源钾在土壤中有较大的剩余。     

腐殖酸对钾在褐土中迁移和转化的影响

采用室内土柱实验研究了腐殖酸与钾共施时腐殖酸对钾在褐土施肥点附件微域中迁移和形态转化的影响。研究结果表明,与单施KCl处理相比,共施腐殖酸没有明显改变肥料钾在褐土中的迁移距离,在培养7天时增加了肥际微域中的水溶性钾含量,而在培养28天时则降低了其含量;共施腐殖酸明显增加了交换性钾含量以及在土壤中的迁移量,但减少了非交换性钾的含量和迁移量。说明共施腐殖酸减少了土壤晶格对钾离子的固定,提高了外源钾在褐土中的有效性。     

钾素营养对水稻根系生长和养分吸收的影响

本文研究了大田和盆栽试验中钾素营养对水稻根系形态、活力及其对养分吸收的影响。试验结果表明：（１）在氮磷肥的基础上施钾能促进稻根的生长；（２）土壤供钾潜力、钾肥种类和水稻品种的吸Ｋ特性均影响根系的生长；（３）在缺钾的酸性土壤上，吸钾强的品种，施钾的促根效应最为明显；（４）施钾能增加小于０．２ｍｍ的细根量，提高稻根的再生能力，影响Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ等营养元素的吸收及其在地上和地下部分间的分配；（５     

我国北方一些土壤对外源钾的固定

本文研究了我国北方农区主要土壤的固钾能力。结果表明,在施K量0-4000mg/kg范围内,土壤固钾量与施钾量的关系符合方程y=ax3/2/(x3/2+b)。不同土壤固钾量相差很大,其固钾量与土壤矿物学性质和理化性质(粘粒含量、CEC、非交换性钾和速效钾含量)有关,与原始土壤非交换性钾含量呈显著负相关(不同施钾水平下土壤固钾量与非交换性钾含量之间的相关系数均在-0.6769* *以上)。供试土壤固钾能力表现出一定的地带性分布规律。施K1200mg/kg以下时土壤固钾能力的一般趋势是取自西北的土壤取自东北的土壤取自华北的土壤;而施K1200mg/kg以上时土壤固钾能力,从西向东呈逐渐增加的趋势。取自西北地区的土壤,固钾量(施K量为400～4000mg/kg,下同)平均为133～348mg/kg,最大同钾量平均是372mg/kg;取自华北地区的土壤,其固钾量平均为235～1001mg/kg,最大固钾量平均是1121mg/kg;取自东北地区的土壤,其固钾量平均为199～1254mg/kg,最大固钾量平均是1519mg/kg。     

20年持续施钾对烤烟/油菜轮作土壤钾素Q/I关系的影响

研究长期施钾下烤烟/油菜轮作土壤钾素供应能力变化特征及其机制,为农田合理施用钾肥和农业土壤发生发育的研究提供科学依据。烤烟/油菜轮作下选取连续20 a烤烟季施钾量0、187.5和375 kg·hm~(-2)处理,测算其土壤钾素表观平衡(K_(ab))以及土壤钾素容量和强度关系曲线(Q/I曲线)的土壤钾素平衡活度比(AR_e)、土壤活性钾(K_L)、非专性活性钾(-ΔK_0)、专性活性钾(K_X)、土壤钾位缓冲容量(PBC)、K~+与Ca~(2+)+Mg~(2+)交换自由能(-ΔG)等参数,以及速效钾(K_(av))、缓效钾(K_(nex))、K~+饱和度(K_S)、黏土矿物组分等土壤性质,分析Q/I曲线参数变化及其与土壤理化性质变化之间的关系。结果表明,经过20 a定位试验后,AR_e在0.38×10~(-3)～8.91×10~(-3)(mol·L~(-1))~(0.5)之间,-ΔK_0在0.02～0.55 cmol·kg~(-1)之间,K_L在1.61～2.16 cmol·kg~(-1)之间,K_X在1.06～2.14 cmol·kg~(-1)之间,PBC在6.20～7.76 cmol·kg~(-1)(mol·L~(-1))~(0.5)之间,-ΔG在11.70～19.72 kJ·mol~(-1)之间。持续施钾土壤的AR_e、-ΔK_0较不施钾土壤显著增大,K_L、K_X、PBC、-ΔG较不施钾土壤显著减小。AR_e、-ΔK_0与K_(av)、K_(nex)、K_S、K_(ab)呈极显著正相关,K_L、K_X、PBC、-ΔG与K_(av)、K_(nex)、K_S、K_(ab)呈极显著负相关。土壤钾素Q/I曲线参数彼此之间显著相关。上述指标可被整合成一个主成分指标,不施钾肥土壤的主成分指标值显著大于施钾肥土壤。施钾肥土壤的活性钾主要保持在黏土矿物晶体的契形边缘点位,植物有效性较高,不施钾肥土壤的活性钾主要保持在黏土矿物晶体的层间点位,植物有效性降低。不施钾肥土壤的蛭石含量高于施钾土壤,而伊利石含量小于施钾土壤。综上,土壤钾素Q/I参数AR_e、-ΔK_0、K_L、K_x、PBC和-ΔG可作为土壤供钾能力指标,土壤钾素表观平衡驱动了土壤钾素Q/I曲线形状与参数分异、土壤供钾能力分异及土壤黏土矿物变化,施钾肥量越大、土壤钾素盈余越大,土壤供钾能力越强。长期钾素亏缺下,矿物钾转化为专性活性钾的速率大于专性活性钾释放成非专性活性钾的速率。长期钾素亏缺导致伊利石向蛭石转化。     

Potassium,Calcium, and Magnesium Distribution in an Oxisol under Long‐Term Potassium‐Fertilized Apple Orchard

Abstract

Most Brazilian soils do not possess sufficient concentrations of available potassium (K) to produce maximum apple yield. Potassium distribution was evaluated with a depth profile of a Humic Xanthic Hapludox receiving K fertilization in an apple orchard, cv. Gala/MM106, at Vacaria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Treatments consisted of four rates of annual maintenance K fertilization. After 12 years of cultivation, soil was sampled in eight depth increments. Potassium, calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) contents were extracted by Mehlich I, ion‐exchange resin, and ammonium acetate pH 7.0. Long‐term application of K fertilizer resulted in K accumulation mainly in the 0‐ to 30‐cm surface layer, with low K mobilization to deeper layers. Increasing rates of K fertilizer did not affect soil Mg concentration but induced a lower Ca concentration extracted by Mehlich I, especially in the 0‐ to 20‐cm layer. The estimated K₂O rate for maximum apple yield was 86.5 kg/ha/year.     

Potassium Dynamics in US Coastal Plain Soils

ABSTRACT

Potassium (K) deficiency in crops in southern US Coastal Plain soils has been documented since the l880s. Long-term soil fertility studies such as Alabama’s “Cullars Rotation” experiment (circa 1911) have been conducted with K since 1911. Other Alabama long-term experiments on several Coastal Plain and related Hapludults, Paleudults, and Kandiudults also contain K variable treatments which have been monitored since 1929. Soil test data from these long-term experiments have allowed us to answer some practical questions regarding K dynamics in Coastal Plain soils. Potassium movement through the soil profile is dependent on the soil’s cation exchange capacity (CEC) but relative accumulation is greater in the plow layer regardless of soil CEC. While subsoil K testing may be useful for identifying situations where subsoil K has been depleted, this extra effort and expense is not necessary for most cropping situations. A crop will remove most of its K from the plow layer if it is present in sufficient quantity based on soil test. Crop depletion of plow-layer K to the point where yield may be reduced is gradual and may take 10–15 years or more depending upon soil CEC and initial soil K concentration. Depletion is most rapid in low CEC soils as would be expected. However, soil test K can vary considerably during the course of a crop season with the lowest soil test K concentrations occurring immediately after harvest.     

农田土壤速效钾含量的空间变异研究

论文以高产潮土区2007年104个土壤采样点耕层速效钾含量为基础,基于地统计学原理,结合GIS空间分析技术,探讨了土壤速效钾含量的空间变异特征,建立了土壤速效钾含量的空间变异模型,形成了土壤速效钾含量的空间分布图,阐明了影响高产农田土壤速效钾含量分布不均衡的原因。研究结果表明,高产潮土区土壤速效钾含量平均为287．476gkg^-1,最高为483．433gkg^-1,最低为119．435gkg^-1,球状模型是土壤速效钾连续性空间分布的最佳模型,其块金值,基台值为0．399,说明土壤速效钾在变程为57．691米的范围内具有中等强度的空间变异性,含量高低的区域分布比较明显,在地块东南部和中部为其含量较高的区域,含量较低的两个突出区域呈典型的圈层分布,由内向外含量递增,具有较强的渐变性分布规律。总的来看,土壤速效钾约有60．1％的空间变异来自于土壤母质、地形地貌、气候等非人为的结构性因素,39．9％的变异来自于随机性因素如施肥、灌溉、管理水平等因素的影响。     

土壤钾素运移的影响因素研究进展

钾是植物必需的营养元素,土壤中钾素是作物所需钾素的主要来源。土壤中钾素通过质流、扩散和根系截获的方式到达根表被植物吸收。这些运移方式受一定因素的影响。本文简要综述了土壤钾素运移的影响因素,包括物理因素、化学因素和生物因素,归纳了土壤水分、质地、体积质量、温度、pH值、陪伴离子、钾离子的浓度和植物特性等因素对土壤钾素运移的影响,并展望了未来土壤钾素运移的重点研究方向。     

Estimation of microbial biomass potassium in paddy field soil

Abstract

Potassium (K) in microbial cells, microbial biomass K, in soil has been recently recognized as a K pool for plant growth. We determined soil microbial biomass K in paddy fields to reveal its importance as a K pool in paddy field soil for the first time. Microbial biomass K ranged from 5 to 21 mg K kg^?1 in the soil samples periodically collected from a paddy field and the value corresponded to 41% of the exchangeable K on average. Both microbial biomass K and exchangeable K increased conspicuously due to the long-term application of livestock manure compost or rice straw compost. Biomass K was higher than exchangeable K under K-deficient conditions in the long-term experimental plots without K application. The present study revealed that the microbial biomass contained considerable amounts of K in paddy field soil, indicating the need for evaluation of the microbial biomass K as a source and a stock of K in soil that has been overlooked.     

Potassium Availability as Related to Clay Mineralogy and Rates of Potassium Application

Availability of applied potassium (K) as a fertilizer to plants is influenced by soil mineralogy, environmental factors, and rates of K application. The objective of this research was to study the effects of clay minerals and K application on K supply characteristics of calcareous soils in Iran. Surface and subsurface horizons of six sites with different ranges of clay content and exchangeable K were selected. The soils were treated with potassium chloride (KCl) solution with different K concentrations. Four wet–dry cycles were sequentially applied. Illites, vermiculites, and chlorites were present in all soils. Smectites were present in larger amounts in one soil. The increase in soluble and exchangeable K was expressed by linear equations in which the slops influenced by the dominant clay minerals. Potassium fixation was much higher in soils with more illites and vermiculites. Results revealed that different forms of K were affected by the dominant clay minerals but were independent from the rate of applied K.     

在施钾条件下灌溉水稻的养分吸收和利用效率研究

Potassium is one of the most important nutrients for rice production in many areas of Asia, especially in southeast China where potassium deficiency in soil is a widespread problem. Field experiments were conducted for four consecutive years in Jinhua City, Zhejiang Province, to determine utilization of nutrients (N, P and K) by inbred and hybrid rice and rice grain yields as affected by application of potassium fertilizer under irrigated conditions. Grain yield and nutrient harvest index showed a significant response to the NPK treatment as compared to the NP treatment. This suggested that potassium improved transfer of nitrogen and phosphorus from stems and leaves to panicles in rice plants. N and P use efficiencies of rice were not strongly responsive to potassium, but K use efficiency decreased significantly despite the fact that the amount of total K uptake increased. A significant difference between varieties was also observed with respect to nutrient uptake and use efficiency. Hybrid rice exhibited physiological advantage in N and P uptake and use efficiency over inbred rice. Analysis of annual dynamic change of exchangeable K and non-exchangeable K in the test soil indicated that non-exchangeable K was an important K source for rice. Potassium application caused an annual decrease in the concentration of available K in the soil tested, whereas an increase was observed in non-exchangeable K. It could be concluded that K fertilizer application at the rate of 100 kg ha^-1 per season was not high enough to match K output, and efficient K management for rice must be based on the K input/output balance.     

水旱轮作下根区与非根区黄褐土钾素动态研究

采用分室根箱试验,研究了油菜–水稻轮作条件下黄褐土根区与非根区土壤钾素动态变化特征,以期为土壤供钾机制研究及合理的根际养分调控提供依据。结果表明,轮作前季（油菜季）前期,根区土壤水溶性钾和交换性钾首先出现相对亏缺;随着油菜生长和吸钾强度的增大,根区非交换性钾含量也显著降低,非根区内、中、外区土壤水溶性钾向根区迁移,交换钾和非交换钾向水溶钾转化,含量均逐渐降低,且距根区越近,降低幅度越大。轮作后季（水稻季）前期,淹水促进了水溶性钾向根区的扩散,非根区外区水溶钾和交换性钾含量明显降低;随着水稻生长和吸钾强度增大,根区与非根区土壤水溶钾和交换性钾含量降低至一定程度时就不再减少,而非交换性钾显著降低。说明作物吸收的钾主要来自于根区,并由非根区钾逐渐向根区迁移,距根区越近,对作物吸钾量的贡献越大。在一个轮作期内,非交换性钾是黄褐土主要供钾形态,其次是交换性钾和水溶性钾。     

富钾植物籽粒苋(Amaranthus spp.)对土壤矿物钾的吸收利用研究

运用土培、石英砂培、有机酸释钾实验及矿物X衍射分析研究了不同基因型籽粒苋(Amaranthusspp.)对土壤矿物钾的吸收利用及其机制。结果表明,籽粒苋能有效地利用土壤和云母(黑云母和金云母)中的钾;籽粒苋品种R104、CX4对钾的吸收量高于一般型品种(CX77);籽粒苋根系能引起云母矿物向蛭石转化;籽粒苋根系分泌物中的草酸比一般有机酸具有更高的释放矿物中钾素的能力。