罗非鱼的加工技术

2003年,我国罗非鱼年产量近80万吨,占世界总产量的58%以上。我国的罗非鱼产量已多年居世界第一,它是我国最具国际竞争实力的品种,也是最具产业化发展条件的品种。除了鲜食外,我国罗非鱼的加工业近年来也得到了较快的发展,罗非鱼产品出口迅速增长,1998年,罗非鱼产品输美量为471吨;而2000年为13492吨,产值2013万美元。但是,罗非鱼产品主要是冻鱼片和冻全鱼,一方面这些产品的加工水平较低,品种单一,附加值不高;另一方面在生产过程中产生了大量的下脚料,如鱼骨、鱼内脏等。因此,有必要提高罗非鱼的精深加工水平和综合利用能力,开发品种多样的罗…     

低价让中国罗非鱼上位

在美国,中国大陆的冷冻罗非鱼片价格,远低于其他供应市场而被国内从业者所诟病.以2014年出口美国的冷冻鱼片年平均价格来看,前5个主要供应市场中,中国大陆每磅价格为2.19美元,而印尼为3.06美元/磅、中国台湾为3.23美元/磅,泰国为2.86美元/磅,厄瓜多尔为4.93美元/磅.对比之下,中国大陆的确处于最低价位.     

浅述罗非鱼对美国市场的影响

去年,美国市场对罗非鱼的进口提高了35%。这一数字的扩大主要基于来自中国方面进口的增长。然而,年初头几个月严寒的天气使我国罗非鱼的数量有所减少,中国是否将有能力继续扩大和增加对世界市场出口罗非鱼的数量不容乐观。在美国,罗非鱼的进口价格已经上升了20%。     

政策

国家将部分水产品出口退税率调高8% 2008年10月21日,中国财政部和税务总局联合发文,自08年11月1日起,将冻罗非鱼片、冻鱼片、冻鱼肉、熏鱼及鱼片、冻甲壳动物、冻、干、盐制的墨鱼鱿鱼、章鱼等7个税号水产品的增值税出口退税率山5%上     

2010年1月美国罗非鱼市场报告

2009年第四季度,罗非鱼市场开始复苏罗非鱼市场受到艰难的经济形势以及市场上底层鱼低价位的影响。美国仍然是最主要的罗非鱼进口国,中国和埃及则是罗非鱼的主要消费国。美国罗非鱼进口在2008年有所扩大,     

中美鱼类进出口贸易分析

从2003年到2008年，美国的罗非鱼进口呈逐年上升趋势。并且，中国内地与中国台湾省的出口量始终排名第1、2位，且总量远远超过其他国家。与大西洋鲑鱼不同，中国出口至美国的罗非鱼，鲜鱼的数量占据首位。     

罗非鱼加工中废弃物的综合利用

<正>我国南方四省(广东、海南、广西、福建)罗非鱼养殖占到全国总产量的近90%,养殖业发展势头迅猛,带动了种苗、饲料、加工、贸易等相关产业的发展,罗非鱼产业在我国的发展有着较强的竞争优势。罗非鱼除少数鲜品销售外,大多数加工成冷冻罗非鱼片及冻全鱼等形式出口美国、加拿大、欧盟、日本等地。     

NEWS>国际

美国冻罗非鱼片价格逼近5年最高
　　据海外消息,由于供应量减少和海外重置成本上升,美国冷冻罗非鱼片价格一个月以来首次上升,并逼近5年来最高价。     

美国水产养殖展望

1水产养殖产品推动海产市场的繁荣 未来几年，在不断增长的海产品市场上，不管是国内的养殖产品还是进口的水产品（鱼虾、贝类），都将向在产品和价格上具有优势的主力品种发展。在各个市场上销量巨大的罗非鱼和贻贝就是一个例子，不管是国产或进口罗非鱼几乎都是养殖品，而消量日益增多的贻贝也主要靠增养殖来满足。     

加入WTO对我国渔业的影响及其对策^（续）

2.大力发展水产品精深加工:发展淡水产品加工的方法和方向:①保活。推广高新技术的新型活鱼车、活鱼船、集装箱,搞好活鱼运输,以适应市场需要。②保鲜。采用冰鲜、微冻、冷冻等低温技术,对淡水产品进行流通保鲜运销、而且也为淡水产品的深加工提供了可靠的质量保证。③发展冷冻产品加工。目前,我国淡水冷冻产品主要有以下几种:冷冻小包装、冻鱼片、冻鳝片、冻银鱼、冻小杂鱼、冻田螺肉、冻熟虾仁、冻虾仁、冻虾、冻整鱼、冻鳗鱼等,这些产品不仅解决了由于淡水产品季节性特点形成的滞销,丰富了市场,而且能出口创汇,是目前我国大力发展水产品加工的重要途径之一。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 10³ to 3.76 × 10⁵ cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 10⁵ cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.