The immobilization of wild equines with STH 2130 and tiletamine/zolazepam

Successful immobilisation of Przewalski's horses and zebras was obtained by using a combination of STH 2130 (Boehringer) and Tiletamin/Zolazepam.     

唑拉西泮和替来他明对中华草龟的麻醉效果及其药物代谢动力学

为了解龟类临床兽医学的麻醉术问题,根据预实验结果选择动物医学推荐的临床麻醉药物舒泰(唑拉西泮:替来他明=1∶1)对中华草龟进行麻醉实验,比较不同注射剂量的舒泰对中华草龟的麻醉效果,并使用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定舒泰中唑拉西泮和替来他明在中华草龟血浆中的浓度,用药物代谢动力学软件PKsolver 2.0来分析其药物代谢动力学特征。结果发现,肌肉注射舒泰剂量为25 mg/kg时,对中华草龟麻醉的诱导期、麻醉期和苏醒期的时长分别为0.42、4.33和4.14 h,舒泰对中华草龟的麻醉效果较好,符合临床手术的要求。唑拉西泮和替来他明在中华草龟体内的药时曲线均符合一次式二室开放模型,唑拉西泮的药物代谢动力学方程为C=13.462e~(–0.223t)+2.127e~(–0.055t),主要药物代谢动力学参数为达峰浓度C_(max)=11.695μg/mL、达峰时间T_(max)=1.060 h和药时曲线下面积AUC=92.470μg/(mL·h);替来他明的药物代谢动力学方程为C=10.619e–0.203t+0.279e–0.047t,主要药物代谢动力学参数为达峰浓度Cmax=9.654μg/mL、达峰时间Tmax=0.482 h和药时曲线下面积AUC=56.348μg/(mL·h)。结合麻醉效果分析,唑拉西泮和替来他明血药浓度分别达到8.12和8.96μg/mL时,可以使健康的中华草龟进入麻醉期,为维持麻醉状态,唑拉西泮和替来他明的血药浓度应不低于7.18和4.73μg/mL。     

Helminth infections in wild boars kept in enclosures in southern Germany: severity of infections and fecal intensity]

To determine the intensity of helminth infection and egg output with regard to age and sex of wild boar, stomachs and intestines of 124, lungs of 62, and livers of 39 animals from 5 enclosures in Southern Germany were examined. The evaluation of the intensity of infection showed 579.4 worms per animal for Hyostrongylus rubidus, 510.4 for Globocephalus longemucronatus, 476.9 for Oesophagostomum dentatum, 476.9 for O. quadrispinulatum, 254.2 for Metastrongylus pudendotectus, 176.9 for M. salmi, 140 for Physocephalus sexalatus, 56.9 for M. apri, 45.4 for Trichuris suis, and 3.3 for Ascaris suum. 33.6 liver flukes per infected wild boar were also found. Additionally 2 metacestodes of Taenia hydatigena on the serous liver coat of an adult sow were found. The worm burden with respect to age of the animals showed no or only minimal age related differences, whereas a large number of O. dentatum and O. quadrispinulatum was found in adults compared to younger wild boars. The evaluation of the intensity of infection with regard to sex of the animals showed higher values only for H. rubidus, O. dentatum, O. quadrispinulatum and P. sexalatus in males compared to female wild boars. The egg output intensity in the samples taken from the rectum was in average 3300 EpG for A. suum, 450.4 EpG for Oesophagostomum, 445.9 EpG for Globocephalus, 220 EpG for Trichuris, 207.9 EpG for Metastrongylus, 190.8 EpG for Hyostrongylus and 67 EpG for Capillaris. The egg output with respect to age showed higher values in younger wild boars than in adults.     

Practical advice concerning the immobilization of wild and zoo animals

The usage of ketamine, etorphine and carfentanyl, each combined with xylazine, for the immobilization of captive and free living wild animals is reported. The side-effects of these immobilizaion combinations are discussed. The dosage rates of the immobilization combinations for mammmals, birds and reptiles are presented in tabular form.     

Rapeseed poisoning of wild herbivores]

Beginning with the simultaneous occurrence of the first extensive sowing of 00-rape and local increased losses among hares and roe deer in Western Germany and Austria at the end of 1986, the clinical and morphological symptoms of rape poisoning are discussed. They consist of damage to endo- and epithelium, cell membranes, blood, liver and in the so called "rape-blindness". Subsequently, the most important toxic agents of rape including their metabolites are presented. They consist in alkenyl- and indolyl-glucosinolates, leading to isothiocyanates (mustard oils), thiocyanates or thiocyanate ions resp., nitriles and antithyroid agents (e.g. goitrin) as well as S-methylcysteine sulphoxide and its metabolites, particularly dimethyl disulphide. Finally, the activity spectrum of the toxic agents or the metabolites and the clinical picture of the affected wildlife in 1986 are compared with the result that the losses of that period are most likely to be traced back to rape poisoning and that the rape-blindness mentioned is to be interpreted as a thiocyanate-psychosis.     

The immobilization of giraffes

The anatomical and physiological conditions of blood circulation in the giraffe are pointed out. 16 immobilizations in the giraffe of either sex are reported, of which 10 were immobilized according to the following scheme. 1. Premedication: 30 mg Xylazine 150 mg Hyaluronidase 2. 15 minutes later a halter with two long ropes is put on to hold up the animals' heads after they lay down. 3. 20 minutes after premedication the injection of 5.6-6.0 mg Etorphine (2.5-2.7 ml Immobilon) together with 150 I.U. Hyaluronidase follows. 4. We think that the most important fact is to hold the animals head and neck in an upright position during the whole time of immobilization. 5. Within 3 to 5 minutes after the intravenous application of 15 mg Diprenorphine (5.0 ml Revivon) the animals raise without any problems.     

中国野生动物生境适宜性评价和生境破碎化研究

曼氏无针乌贼 (Sepiella maindroni) 具有较高的经济和营养价值,近年因过度捕捞、生境破坏等导致其资源衰退。为了定量评估多元生态因子对曼氏无针乌贼分布的影响,以曼氏无针乌贼的重要产卵地和栖息地—舟山海域为研究区域,基于2017—2021年浙江近海的底拖网调查数据、2021—2022年自主航次的调查数据和全球生物多样性信息机构 (Global Biodiversity Information Facility, GBIF) 数据,利用最大熵 (Maximum Entropy, MaxEnt) 模型分析曼氏无针乌贼的生境适宜性,探索其修复潜力和适生区的空间分布格局。结果表明,海表温度最大值、海表盐度最小值和pH是影响曼氏无针乌贼分布的主要生态因子。曼氏无针乌贼偏向于在海洋表面温度较高、盐度较大的海域活动,且能接受弱碱性环境。当舟山海域内海表温度最大值介于25.5~28.5 ℃、海表盐度最小值介于20‰~30‰、pH介于7.8~8.3时,曼氏无针乌贼存在的概率较大。曼氏无针乌贼在舟山海域的适生区面积分布较广 (30 213.40 km²),占研究区域总面积的75.11%。其中高适生区总体分布在中街山列岛、嵊泗列岛和马鞍列岛,面积为4 600.78 km²。次高适生区、中适生区和低适生区的面积分别为8 205.52、9 723.31和7 683.78 km²。从修复潜力上看,曼氏无针乌贼在舟山海域有较大的恢复潜力。

     

琼枝野生群体与养殖群体的EST-SSR分析

为研究野生琼枝与养殖琼枝的遗传差异,利用EST-SSR技术分析了海南东北部地区9株野生和9株养殖琼枝的遗传差异性。结果显示,用5对EST-SSR引物对18个个体的基因组进行扩增,扩增出的片段大小为250～2 500 bp,琼枝野生群体和养殖群体的多态性比例分别为74.29%和70.00%;野生群体之间的平均遗传距离为0.46,养殖琼枝群体之间的平均遗传距离为0.22。聚类分析图显示,在相似系数0.49处,18株群体按野生与养殖分为2大类,在相似系数0.66附近,野生群体分成3类,养殖琼枝群体分为2类,在相似系数0.73附近,野生琼枝群体分成5类,而养殖群体为3类,相似系数越高,野生群体比养殖群体分类单元越多。研究表明,野生琼枝群体的遗传多样性比养殖琼枝群体高。     

The use of shellfish for eutrophication control

Effects of excess loading of nutrients to the marine environment can be mitigated by mussel cultures, basically through nutrient removal from the marine environment when shellfish are harvested. Shellfish farming also provide other goods and services to the marine environment primarily through the impact on water transparency caused by shellfish filtration. There is an increasing awareness of the mitigation potential in mussel culture in relation to eutrophication, but so far practical examples of culture on full scale devoted to mitigation are few. Further, impact of mussel farming on nutrient cycling, e.g. in the sediments below the culture units, has raised concerns. In this review, we clarify concepts in relation to nutrient mitigation and discuss goods and services delivered by mussel mitigation cultures and their impact on an ecosystem scale based primarily on results from studies in heavily eutrofied estuaries. A multi-criteria approach for site selection is presented based on experiences from Danish waters, and economic aspects of mitigation cultures are analysed in relation to use of the produced mitigation mussels. Future perspectives for extractive cultures are discussed in relation to source of excess nutrients.     

基于微卫星标记的地理群体仿刺参遗传结构判别分析模型的建立

通过主成因判别分析法(discriminant analysis of principal component,DAPC)建立仿刺参个体水平地理亚群体来源的判别模型。实验运用了20个微卫星引物,对俄罗斯海参崴(RS)和中国大连两个亚群(CN1、CN2)3个仿刺参地理群体进行了产物扩增和标记分型,获得3个地理群体分子标记表型数据。开创性地运用主成因分析和判别分析法建立判别模型,以研究不同群体仿刺参个体水平上遗传背景及其群体来源。结果显示,运用20对微卫星引物在仿刺参不同地理群体中稳定扩增的136个等位基因位点数据建立的判别模型可以准确判别刺参个体的群体来源。用75%的原有数据集建立模型,剩余的25%数据对模型的准确度进行验证,3个群体时模型准确率大于80%,2个群体时模型准确性超过90%。传统的遗传多样性和遗传结构分析显示,刺参的3个地理群体间存在中度的遗传分化,且遗传距离较近(D1=0.18,D2=0.159)。传统分析方法和新方法结果良好的一致性表明,利用DAPC和微卫星等位基因信息建立的刺参地理群体判别模型,可以很好地用于未知遗传背景刺参种质的来源鉴别。     

浅议其它行业用海对渔业用海的影响及对策

随着工业的发展和城市扩容,沿海、城郊优良的渔业水域、滩涂被大量占用,传统的养殖区域受到挤占,临港临海工业、旅游、航运等产业的开发与渔业发展的矛盾日益尖锐。这些矛盾如未能得到妥善解决,将直接影响到渔民的生产生活,甚至影响到渔区的和谐稳定。为了减少和缓解用海的矛盾纠纷,必须统筹安排各行业用海;进一步完善和落实养殖用海专项规...     

Impact of stocked Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) on habitat use by the wild population

Laffaille P. Impact of stocked Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) on habitat use by the wild population.
Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2011: 20: 67–73. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S Abstract – We investigated the summer habitat occupied by populations of young‐of‐the‐year wild and stocked (farmed populations released into the native range) Atlantic salmon under allopatric and sympatric conditions. Under allopatric conditions, farmed and wild salmon occupied habitats with the same characteristics. The salmon preferentially occupied the riffle areas. However, under sympatric conditions, the fish occupied meso‐ and micro‐habitats with different characteristics. Wild salmon avoided habitats used by farmed salmon and preferred glide areas with considerable vegetation cover. This study suggests that differences in the pattern of habitats used by young Atlantic salmon were both size‐ and origin‐dependent and may result from intra‐species competition between farmed and wild populations. Given that stocking with farmed Atlantic salmon is carried out intensively to enhance recreational angling or to conserve salmon populations, this study warns that this can have a negative impact on the extant wild Atlantic salmon population.     

黄鳝养殖技术之四:野生黄鳝苗种的筛选方法

人工养殖黄鳝,其苗种主要从市场上购买野生黄鳝苗种,必须严格挑选,最好直接从捕捞者手中选购笼捉或锹刨的黄鳝作为苗种。目前,各地养殖的黄鳝苗种中,深黄大斑鳝体色深黄,身体细长,有褐黑色大斑纹,适应环境能力较强,生长速度较快,个体较大,最适合于人工养殖;浅黄细斑鳝在自然界中数量最多,体色较黄,有细密的褐黑色斑纹,生命力较强,苗种来源广;体色青灰鳝适应环境能力相对较弱,生长速度较慢,个体相对较小,一般不宜选作人工养殖的黄鳝苗种。作为养殖的黄鳝苗种,必须选择规格整齐、体质健壮、色泽光亮、无病无伤、游动活波的鱼体,最好选择当地产…     

Synergetic effects of cell immobilization in polyurethane foam and use of thermotolerant strain on degradation of mixed hydrocarbon substrate by Prototheca zopfii

ABSTRACT:   The synergetic effects of an immobilized cell system in an oleophilic polyurethane foam (PUF) and use of a thermotolerant strain on degradation of hydrocarbons by colorless green microalga Prototheca zopfii are reported. Two strains of P. zopfii , i.e. thermotolerant RND16 and non-thermotolerant ATCC30253, were immobilized in PUF to compare their abilities to biodegrade a mixed hydrocarbon substrate (MHS) containing aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), as a function of temperature. The thermotolerant strain RND16 degraded MHS at 35°C, while ATCC30253 did not degrade hydrocarbons at temperatures higher than 30°C. Immobilization of P. zopfii in PUF resulted in shortened lag for growth-associated biodegradation of n -alkanes in MHS, the effect of which was most significant in cultures of RND16 at 25°C. Nevertheless, the decrease in the amount of degraded PAHs was caused by PUF immobilization and the level of this decrease was marked in the cultures of RND16, in which rate and extent of n -alkane degradation were higher than for ATCC30253.     

The culture of the diatom Chaetoceros gracilis and its use as a food for penaeid protozoeal larvae

The use of the solitary diatom Chaetoceros gracilis as the exclusive food for Penaeus stylirostris and P. vannamei protozoeal larvae produced high survival rates in 40 m³ tanks at a commercial shrimp hatchery. The diatom was maintained in the laboratory at 25–26°C and grew vigorously in the hatchery tanks at 28–30°C.Simple and inexpensive procedures for maintaining stock cultures of C. gracilis and for growth of cultures in the laboratory and hatchery were developed. A problem encountered in the hatchery tanks was the occasional development of a high-density bloom followed by its collapse. This resulted in mass larval mortality. Techniques to maintain the diatoms within desirable concentrations, and to prevent larval mortality if diatom concentrations fell short of or exceeded these limits, are described.     

The use of a geographical information system for land-based aquaculture planning

Site selection for aquaculture planning is a complex task involving the identification of areas that are economically, socially and environmentally suitable, available to aquaculture and commercially practicable. This paper reports upon a study into the use of a geographic information system (GIS) to assist in aquaculture planning. Using a case study in the site selection for land‐based shrimp farming within the Australian coastal zone, we demonstrate that a GIS has potential to assist aquaculture planning. Our analysis is based on a sequential, two‐stage approach. The first stage eliminates the grossly unsuitable portion of the study area through a preselection with low resolution, cheap and easily available data. The second stage then focuses on and ranks the remaining area using high resolution, possibly more expensive data. Finally, we use the GIS to present the results of the analysis in an easily accessible form.     

The use of fenbendazole for controlling helminths in small zoo ruminants

By means of coproscopical examination the anthelmintic efficacy of 5.0 mg fenbendazole/kg body weight and 0.714 mg/kg body weight, administered for seven consecutive days, was determined in three series of trials on small ruminants in the zoological gardens of Munich. Both doses proved to be highly effective against trichostrongylids; the egg output was reduced to an average of 100% and 80-100%, respectively. Despite of a partly lower efficiency after the multiple administration of a low level doses (7 x 0.714 mg fenbendazole/kg body weight) this is a sufficient and economical treatment for the control of the infestation with endoparasites in the - in this respect - difficult housing systems of zoological gardens.     

The use of HUFA-rich algal meals in diets for Litopenaeus vannamei

A 15‐week growth trial was conducted with juvenile, Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei to study the efficacy of using algal meals as a source of highly unsaturated fatty acids in practical diets that are designed to contain no marine protein or oil sources. Based on previous study, a practical diet was designed containing co‐extruded soybean poultry by‐product meal with egg supplement and soybean meal as the primary protein sources for formulations containing 350 g kg^?1 crude protein and 100 g kg^?1 lipid. To further refine the diets, the fish oil in two of the diets was completely substituted with plant oils and oil originating from microbial fermentation products rich in docosahexanoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ArA). A commercial shrimp feed was also included in the trial for comparison. The mean values for shrimp final weight (17.8 g), yield (537.7 g m^?2 or 703.2 g m^?3), survival (98.5%) and feed conversion ratio (1.4 : 1) showed no statistically significant differences between diets. The results suggest that co‐extruded soybean poultry by‐product meal and oil from heterotrophic microalgal fermentation sources can be potential candidates for fish meal and marine oil replacement in shrimp diets.     

The use of alfalfa leaf protein concentrates as a protein source in diets for tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus)

Chloroplastic and cytoplasmic alfalfa (Medicago sativa) leaf protein concentrates were tested as dietary replacements for fish meal in practical diets for tilapia fingerlings. Each concentrate was used to replace 15, 25, 35, 45 and 55% of the fish meal protein in diets containing 40% protein. Diets containing cytoplasmic leaf protein gave the best results, with growth rates higher than those obtained with a fish meal-based diet when the plant protein replaced up to 35% of the fish meal protein in the diet; higher inclusion levels of plant protein depressed growth. No mortalities were recorded during the 9-week test period with any of the experimental diets. It was concluded that the alfalfa leaf protein could be included at levels of up to 35% of the dietary protein in feeds for tilapia.