共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Christos Dordas 《Journal of plant nutrition》2017,40(8):1190-1203
Nitrogen (N) is one of the most important nutrients for barley, and at the same time excessive N fertilization can have a negative impact on the environment. A 2-year field study was conducted with the objective to determine the relationship of N Use Efficiency (NUE) and its components N utilization efficiency (NUtE), and N uptake efficiency (NUpE) with N diagnostic tools N nutrition index (NNI) and chlorophyll meter (CM) readings of barley. CM readings were negatively correlated with NUE and NUpE. NNI varied from 0.79 to 1.00 across years and cultivars. This study provides new information about the effect of N application on NUE and its components and its relationship with CM readings and NNI of barley which can be used for proper N management and protection of the environment. 相似文献
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Agustin Limon-Ortega 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2017,48(8):920-928
Permanent raised-bed is an alternative planting system for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in rain-fed areas. However, this system in monoculture conditions produces lower yields compared with wheat in rotation. Our objective was to estimate these yield differences as affected by nitrogen (N) use efficiency (NUE). Wheat in monoculture and in rotation with maize (Zea mays L.) was evaluated for eight years (2002–2009) with four N rates (0, 40, 80 or 120 kg ha?1). Yield response to N in monoculture was consistently lower than for wheat in rotation. Yield reduction in monoculture at low and high N rate was 81 and 99% attributed to NUE out of which 70 and 82% was due to the uptake efficiency (UPE) and 30 and 19% to the utilization efficiency (UTE), respectively. Total N uptake proved to be the parameter that needs to be improved to enhance wheat yield in monoculture.Abbreviations: NUE: nitrogen use efficiency; UPE: uptake efficiency; UTE: utilization efficiency; Ns: nitrogen supply; NDVI: normalized difference vegetation index 相似文献
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Walter D. Carciochi Guillermo A. Divito Lucrecia A. Fernández Hernán E. Echeverría 《Journal of plant nutrition》2017,40(9):1231-1242
Wheat plants were cultivated in pots with the objective of evaluating the effect of two sulfur (S) rates (+S and ?S) on (i) shoot growth, S and nitrogen (N) uptake and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and (ii) root growth and architecture and its relations with S and N uptake. Plant samplings were at Z39, Z51 and Z92 stages. Shoot mass and NUE were greater in +S treatment at the three stages. ?S treatment increased root growth at Z39 (14% more length and 16% more tips) in comparison with +S, but the opposite occurred at Z51 (31% less area and 42% less mass). S uptake per unit root mass, area and length were greater in +S treatment at Z39 and Z51. A similar pattern was determined for nitrogen uptake (Nu) at Z39, but the opposite occurred at Z51. This indicates that Nu is mainly controlled by shoot growth and not by root growth. 相似文献
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Xinkai Zhu Wenshan Guo Jinfeng Ding Chunyan Li Chaonian Feng Yongxin Peng 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(12):1747-1761
Nitrogen (N) is one of the most important impact factors on development and growth of wheat. In this study the effects of nitrogen use efficiency on quantity and quality of grains were studied by agronomic management of N fertilizers on spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown under field conditions for two years. The experiments were performed at 16 combinations of N application amount and time, including four levels of N at 0, 60, 120 and 180 kg N ha?1 that were used as pre-plant fertilizers, sub-treated with four levels of the same N amount used as top-dress fertilizers. As a result, with an increase in total N fertilizers, grain yield increased in a cubic equitation, but partial factor productivity (PFPN, kg grain yield per kg N applied) decreased exponentially. With total fertilizers, N content and accumulation in vegetative tissues and grains increased linearly, but N uptake efficiency (UtEN, kg nutrient taken up per kg N applied) decreased exponentially. When N was over-applied (>360 kg N ha?1 in this study), grain yield clearly declined, due to decrease in productivity from per unit N. The high N level (240～300 kg N ha?1), the reasonable distribution between pre-plant and top dress from the same amount N fertilizer not only increased grain yield but also enhanced N use efficiency. 相似文献
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Lack of environmentally safe handling of garbage is a growing problem in urban sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA). Composting the garbage for soil‐fertility management presents an opportunity for reducing the risks of environmental pollution. This study aimed at evaluating the agronomic effectiveness and nutrient‐utilization efficiency of urban market crop‐waste compost on a Eutric Ferralsol. The study was conducted in central Uganda with treatments including compost applied at 0, 5, and 10 t ha–1 (d.w. basis); inorganic N fertilizer at rates of 0, 40, and 80 kg ha–1 and inorganic P fertilizer at 0, 9, and 18 kg ha–1. Maize (Zea mays L.), variety Longe 4 was used as the test crop. The nutrient quality of the compost was medium with total N of 0.9% and total P of 0.45%. Compost significantly increased plant height, LAI, stover weight, and grain yield; however, there were no significant differences between the 5 and 10 t ha–1 rates. Nitrogen also had a significant effect on LAI and stover yield, though there was no significant difference between the 40 and 80 kg ha–1 rates. Likewise, P increased plant height with no significant difference between the 9 and 18 kg ha–1 rates. Mineral N at 40 kg ha–1 led to the highest increase in N uptake by plants (76%) above the control. Nitrogen‐ and P‐utilization efficiencies for the 5 t ha–1 compost rate were more than twice that of the 10 t ha–1 rate. The highest P‐utilization efficiency (69%) was obtained where 9 kg ha–1 P was applied with 40 kg ha–1 N, while the highest N‐utilization efficiency (48%) was obtained with the 5 t ha–1 compost applied together with N at 40 kg ha–1. From the above studies, it is clear that effectiveness of the 5 t ha–1 compost rate is the most promising. 相似文献
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Crop productivity relies heavily on nitrogen (N) fertilization. N is an essential macronutrient limiting the growth and development of plants in agriculture. Both organic and inorganic forms of N are metabolized in plants; nitrate and ammonia are common forms of inorganic N that can be metabolized in all plants. In the last 40 years the amount of synthetic N applied to crops has risen dramatically, resulting in significant increases in yield but with considerable impacts on the environment. Production and application of N fertilizers consume huge amounts of energy, and excess is detrimental to the environment. A requirement for crops that require decreased N fertilizer levels has been recognized in the call for a ‘Second Green Revolution’ and research in the field of nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) has continued to grow. Nitrogen-use efficiency is inherently a complex trait, as each step-including N uptake, translocation, assimilation, and remobilization-is governed by multiple interacting genetic and environmental factors. The limiting factors in plant metabolism for maximizing NUE are different at high and low N supplies, indicating great potential for improving the NUE of present cultivars. Decreasing environmental losses and increasing the productivity of crop-acquired N requires the coordination of carbohydrate and N metabolism to give high yields. This has prompted a search to identify genes that improve the NUE of crop plants, with candidate NUE genes existing in pathways relating to N uptake, assimilation, amino acid biosynthesis, carbon (C)/N storage and metabolism, signaling and regulation of N metabolism and translocation, remobilization and senescence. In this review, we present the over view of N metabolism, relation of C/N metabolism and future prospects of improving NUE in crops using various complementary approaches. 相似文献
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Alpha Y. Kamara Sylvester U. Ewansiha Abebe Menkir 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(2):195-207
Maize (Zea mays L.) is an important food crop in the Guinea savannas of Nigeria. Despite its high production potential, drought, Striga hermonthica parasitsim, and poor soil fertility particularly nitrogen deficiency limit maize production in the savannas. Breeders at IITA have developed drought- and Striga-tolerant cultivars for testing, dissemination, and deployment in the region. Information on the response of these cultivars to N fertilization is, however, not available. This study evaluated grain yield, total N uptake (TNU), N uptake (NUPE), N utilization (NUTE), and N use efficiency (NUE) of selected maize cultivars along with a widely grown improved maize cultivar at two locations in the Guinea savannas of northern Nigeria. Maize grain yield increased with N application. The average grain yield of the maize cultivars was 76% higher at 30, 156% higher at 60, and 203% higher at 120 kg N ha?1 than at 0 kg N ha?1. This suggests that N is a limiting nutrient in the Nigerian savannas. Five drought-tolerant cultivars produced consistently higher yields when N was added at all levels. These cultivars had either high NUPE or NUTE confirming earlier reports that high N uptake or NUTE improves maize grain yield. The study also confirms earlier reports that maize cultivars that are selected for tolerance to drought are also efficient in uptake and use of N fertilizer. This means that these cultivars can be grown with application of less N fertilizer thereby reducing investment on fertilizers and reduction in environmental pollution. 相似文献
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Experiments were conducted to study the effect of soil applications of kunai grass (Imperata cylindrica) biochar (0 and 10 t/ha) and laboratory grade urea (0, 200 and 500 kg N/ha) and their co‐application on nitrogen (N) mineralization in an acid soil. The results of an incubation study showed that the biochar only treatment and co‐application with urea at 200 kg N/ha could impede transformation of urea to ammonium‐N (NH4+‐N). Soil application of biochar together with urea at 500 kg N/ha produced the highest nitrate‐N (NO3?‐N) and mineral N concentrations in the soil over 90 days. Co‐application of urea N with biochar improved soil N mineralization parameters such as mineralization potential (NA) and coefficient of mineralization rate (k) compared to biochar alone. In a parallel study performed under greenhouse conditions, Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. chinensis L.) showed significantly greater (P < 0.05) marketable fresh weight, dry matter production and N uptake in soil receiving urea N at 500 kg/ha or co‐application of biochar with urea N compared to the control. Application of biochar only or urea only at 200 kg N/ha did not offer any short‐term agronomic advantages. The N use efficiency of the crop remained unaffected by the fertilizer regimes. Applications of biochar only at 10 t/ha did not offer benefits in this tropical acid soil unless co‐applied with sufficient urea N. 相似文献
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以6个小麦品种(洛麦1、郑麦9023、豫麦18、小偃22、小偃6和小偃107)为材料,设置低氮和高氮两个处理,分别在小麦的4个生育期收获取样,研究了不同小麦品种生育期氮吸收和利用效率差异的变化特征及其与相关生理参数的关系。研究结果表明,氮吸收方面,洛麦1为低氮高效品种,小偃107为高氮高效品种;氮利用方面,豫麦18为低氮高效品种,洛麦1为高氮高效品种;小偃6在两个氮处理中无论是氮吸收还是氮利用均为低效品种。造成小麦氮吸收或利用效率差异的主要时期为灌浆期到成熟期之间的籽粒产量形成阶段。低氮条件下,氮利用高效品种灌浆期的地上部谷氨酰胺合成酶活性也较高,而根系生物量和根系活力与小麦氮吸收效率无明显相关。 相似文献
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To-date, assessments of nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of sugarcane have not included the contribution of its components, nitrogen uptake efficiency (NUpE) and nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUtE). This study determined these values, based on biomass and plant nitrogen (N) content, in two four-month-old pot-grown genotypes. The treatments included six N regimes, with nitrate (NO3—N) or ammonium (NH4+-N) supplied alone, or as NO3?-N for the first 6 weeks and then NH4+-N until harvest, each as 4 or 20 mM. Regardless of the N form, NUE was higher at four than at 20 mM due to significantly higher NUpE at low N supply. The results indicated that there was luxury N uptake and preference for NH4+-N nutrition, which resulted in the highest determined NUE. There were significant differences between genotypes in biomass, morphological growth parameters, N uptake, total plant N and NUE, the latter matching previously established sucrose yield-based NUE field rankings. 相似文献
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采用水培试验,比较分析了氮素对高产玉米杂交种幼苗生长、根系形态及氮素吸收利用效率的影响。结果表明,在一定氮素范围内供氮量的增加能够促进玉米地上部的生长,也促进东单90（DD90）和沈玉21（SY21）根系干重的增加,而高量供氮会抑制根系的生长,导致根冠比下降。郑单958（ZD958）在8.0 mmol/L氮水平下地上部受抑制的程度大于根系,造成根冠比有所增加。在各氮素水平下,东单90具有很好的根系形态,提高了氮素的吸收能力,从而提高氮素积累量。随氮浓度的增加,玉米植株氮素吸收效率增大而氮素生理利用效率减小,无论在低氮还是高氮条件下,郑单958和东单90的氮素吸收效率均显著高于沈玉21和郝育12（HY12）,氮素生理利用效率却显著低于沈玉21和郝育12。不同品种对氮素的响应存在显著差异,东单90和郑单958耐低氮和对氮素吸收的能力强,郑单958耐高氮能力相对较弱,沈玉21和郝育12对氮素需求量大,耐低氮能力弱。适宜的氮素供应能更好地协调根系与地上部的关系,促进根系形态发育,增加根系对氮素的接触面积,促进根系对氮素的高效吸收。 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(1-2):127-141
Abstract Pearl millet is a potential dryland crop for Nebraska. Experiments were conducted in eastern Nebraska in 2000, 2001, and 2002, and in western Nebraska in 2000 and 2001. The objectives were to determine optimum nitrogen (N) rate, N uptake, and N use efficiency (NUE) for pearl millet. The hybrids “68×086R” and “293A×086R” and N rates of 0, 45, 90, and 135 kg N ha?1 were used. Hybrids had similar yield, N uptake and NUE responses. In western Nebraska in 2000, pearl millet yield response to N rate was linear, but the yield increase was only 354 kg ha?1 to application of 135 kg N ha?1. In eastern Nebraska, pearl millet response to N rate was quadratic with maximum grain yields of 4040 in 2001 and 4890 kg ha?1 in 2002 attained with 90 kg N ha?1. The optimum N rate for pearl millet was 90 kg N ha?1 for eastern Nebraska. For western Nebraska, drought may often limit pearl millet's response to N fertilizer. 相似文献
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不同农作物N素利用效率基因型差异主要与N素吸收效率和生理利用效率有关。根系N的吸收动力学、根系形态、吸收时间是影响N素吸收效率的重要因素;N素生理利用效率与N的同化、转运及光合作用、C转运效率等生理过程有关。分析农作物N素利用效率基因型差异机理对提高N肥利用效率,降低N肥损失,充分发挥N肥在农业生产中的作用,降低农业生产成本和保护生态环境,促进农业可持续发展具有重要意义。 相似文献
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缓释氮比例对一次性施肥单季晚稻生长和氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
探明单季晚稻缓释氮肥一次性施用模式中缓释氮占总施氮量的适宜比例,为单季晚稻高效施肥提供理论指导。2019—2020年在浙江省长兴县和平镇开展田间试验。试验共设6个处理：（1）不施氮肥（N0）;（2）常规施肥（U1,基肥：分蘖肥：穗肥为4：3：3）;（3）常规施肥减氮12.5%（U2,比例同U1）;（4）57%缓释氮一次性施用（SRU1）;（5）45%缓释氮一次性施用（SRU2）;（6）34%缓释氮一次性施用（SRU3）。U1的施氮量为240 kg/hm2,U2和SRU的施氮量均为210 kg/hm2。测定水稻产量、养分吸收量、养分利用率、田面水铵态氮含量和氨挥发量等指标。结果表明：N0处理的单季晚稻产量为U处理的73.55%。与U相比,缓释氮肥一次性施用可以维持水稻产量。单季晚稻产量随着缓释氮施用比例升高而增加。SRU处理与U处理之间地上部氮含量及氮素吸收量均无显著差异。2019年SRU2处理和2020年SRU1处理氮肥利用率分别比U处理提高10.49%和8.84%,达到显著差异水平,其他处理与U1、U2处理间差异均不显著。与U相比,SRU处理显著降低了田面水铵态氮含量和稻田累积氨挥发量,但各缓释肥处理间无显著差异。综合相关产量及氮素损失的结果,34%缓释氮施用比例可满足单季晚稻一次性施肥要求,能保证水稻稳产,同时降低氮素径流和挥发损失。 相似文献
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AbstractIdentifying genotypes of high nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUtE) under contrasting N supply is a way of improving N economy of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea Czern &; Coss) under different soil fertility. A field experiment was conducted with 22 Indian mustard genotypes grown under normal and limited N supply conditions to investigate the genotypic variations of NUtE. The genotypes ranking to NUtE was different under normal and limited N supply, however, seven genotypes (RH 1222-28, RH 1301, RH 1117, RH 601, RH 1053, NRCDR 2, RH 1441) were identified as N-responder under normal N supply, and N-efficient under limited N supply. The lowest seed yield reduction (<20%) under limited N supply was recorded in RH 601 (15%), RH 1301 (17%), RH 1215 (17%), and DRMRIJ 31 (18%) compared to normal N supply. Among these genotypes, DRMRIJ 31 and RH 1215 were the highest seed yielder (>3.0 t/ha) under normal N supply and RH 601 (>2 t/ha) under limited N supply. The linear regression analysis showed significant and positive relationship between N uptake and seed yield. Whereas, N uptake and utilization efficiency showed negative trend and decreased with increase in N uptake beyond 120?kg N/ha under normal N supply, and 60?kg N/ha under limited N supply. NUtE was positively correlated with seed yield under both normal as well as limited N supply. These results may be used to identify the key associated traits, and to isolate target genes for developing varieties/hybrids to harness better N economy. 相似文献
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Francesco Montemurro Grazia Convertini Donato Ferri 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(10):1681-1703
ABSTRACT Nitrogen (N) is one of the most growth restricting nutrients in cereal grain and represents one of the highest input costs in agricultural systems; therefore, environmental and economic considerations require the effective use of N fertilizer in plant production. This study was conducted for three years to better understand wheat plant response to optimize N fertilizer and how to reduce the risk of ground water pollution. Two of the most important durum wheat cultivars in Southern Italy and four N fertilization levels (0, 60, 120, and 180 kg N ha? 1, indicated as N0, N60, N120, and N180, respectively) were compared in this experiment. During plant growth, fresh and dry matter, plant nutritional state (SPAD readings and stem nitrate content), and N uptake were determined. At harvest, plant N content, N uptake, grain yield, yield components and quality were determined, allowing the calculation of the pre- and postanthesis N uptake and the N utilization efficiency indices. Furthermore, at the beginning and at the end of each year, soil mineral N was measured to calculate mineral N deficit in the soil. The results indicated that the treatment with 120 kg N ha? 1 of fertilizer ensures a good balance between yield and N utilization. In fact, N180 and N120 showed similar yield (3.01 and 3.07 t ha? 1, respectively) and protein content (13.7 and 13.5 %). Meanwhile, throughout the three-year experiment, N180 presented the highest final mineral N content in the soil at the end of the cropping cycles, increasing the amount of N available for leaching. The N120 treatment showed the same values of N utilization indices as compared to N180, indicating that further doses of N fertilizer did not increase wheat N utilization. Plant N status shows that it is possible to modify the N fertilization to reach its optimum level during plant growth, in accordance with variable weather conditions, and consequently the plants requirements. The mean treatments of the preanthesis N uptake were about 67.5% of the total N uptake, and it was significantly and positively correlated with wheat yield. On the contrary, the postanthesis N uptake showed positive correlation with grain protein content, confirming the importance of late N supply in grains quality. The variation of weather conditions affected winter wheat yield, quality, N utilization and plant N status, but any difference throughout years was found between N180 and N120, confirming that higher N rate did not influence wheat growth, yield, and N uptake. 相似文献
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The oil crop safflower may have a certain production potential under low‐input conditions (organic farming, developing countries), where the putatively low nutrient requirement is highly welcomed. However, current knowledge regarding the nutrient use efficiency of safflower as compared to similar oil crops is limited. It was thus the aim of this study to determine the potassium (K) use efficiency of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) as compared to sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Safflower and sunflower were cultivated with increasing K supply in a mixture of equal volumes of sand, nutrient‐poor limed soil, and perlite in 5 L Mitscherlich pots. Both species responded strongly to increasing K supply with respect to growth and yield. Safflower out‐yielded sunflower at low K supply, while at high K level, the opposite was observed. Both species accumulated similar amounts of K in shoots at low K supply. Only at extremely low K supply, safflower took up more K than sunflower. However, achene yield of sunflower exceeded that of safflower at optimal and high K supply. Safflower utilized absorbed K more efficiently than sunflower to produce achene yield at suboptimal K supply in terms of both efficiency ratio and utilization index. The efficiency of a crop to use supplied or accumulated K for dry‐matter and achene production was interpreted in terms of Michaelis‐Menten kinetics, specifically addressing the shape of the yield response curve. Indeed, the efficiency of safflower to use K for growth and yield, analogue to a low Km in enzyme kinetics, was higher than in sunflower, while the K supply or K accumulation required to initiate yield formation in safflower was significantly lower. Similarly, safflower had a lower external K requirement for achene yield than sunflower at low and optimal K supplies. It can be concluded that safflower represents a low‐input crop and outperforms sunflower on soils low in available K. The data analysis also reveals that using just one efficiency indicator is usually not sufficient to adequately describe the K efficiency of the crop under consideration. 相似文献
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Khadijeh Alijani Mohammad Jafar Bahrani 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(14):1984-1997
ABSTRACTConservation tillage practices have gained interests. A 2-year field study (2014–2015) was conducted to evaluate four N rates (0, 69, 138, and 207 kg N ha?1) effects on irrigated sweet corn (Zea mays L.) grown with or without wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) residue removal and conventional (CT), reduced (RT), or no-tillage (NT) practices near Shiraz, Iran. After 2 years, maximum marketable yield occurred at 156 and 159 kg N ha?1 under CT and NT, respectively, while yield was tended to be increased with increasing N rates under RT. Increasing N rate increased total plant N uptake, shoot, and grain N accumulation. The lowest nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) was obtained under NT, while RT and CT either showed similar effects or RT was superior over CT. Soil total N was greater under CT and residue retention showed 18% and 14% higher N concentration than residue removal in 2014 and 2015, respectively. Soil organic matter was the highest (2.59%) under RT with residue retention and 138 kg N ha?1. Conservation tillage needs more N rather than CT during transition from conventional to conservation agriculture practices, but it is based on the short-term results and evaluation of long-term experiment is highly recommended. 相似文献
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