Visualization of chitin-protein layer formation in Ascaris lumbricoides egg-shells

The formation of chitin-protein layer in Ascaris lumbricoides egg-shells was studied using the method of chitin structures visualization by means of derivatives of stilbene-disulfonic acid (Blankophor, Bayer, FRG). Intensive formation of chitin structures in A. lumbricoides egg-shell occurred only in fertilized females in a very short portion of uterus from the site of connection of the oviduct with the uterus up to 25-30 mm distally, i.e. in the section forming about one fifth or less than one sixth of length of adult female uterus. Already 3 mm from the beginning of uterus there was a thin layer on the surface of the fertilized eggs which contained chitin detectable by Blankophor visualization, whereas the chitin-protein layer on the shells could not be demonstrated histologically. The thickness of this chitin-protein complex increased distally. At 25 mm from the beginning of uterus the chitin layer was already complete and its thickness did not increase any more.     

Colonization of Ascaris lumbricoides eggs by the fungus Verticillium chlamydosporium Goddard.

The process of colonization of Ascaris lumbricoides eggs by the fungus Verticillium chlamydosporium was studied by scanning electron microscopy. The preparations were made by fractionation of egg suspension exposed to the fungus for four days and frozen in liquid nitrogen according to St?rba and Milácek (1986). Ovicidal fungus forms an abundant ramifying mycelial network in the area between the eggs. However, egg-shells are penetrated only by some hyphae without any penetration organs produced (simple hyphal penetration). In a liquid medium, after penetration, hyphae inside the eggs rapidly grow among inner structures of egg-shells and on the surface of developing larvae. In the next phase, hyphae colonize the developing larva. The eggs attacked by this fungus remain morphologically unchanged for a long time except the sites of penetration. Verticillium chlamydosporium is a fungus with unique ovicidal properties. It colonizes the eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides at all stages of embryo development and also attacks larvae inside the eggs.     

Autoradiographic study of kinetics of spermatogenesis in Ascaris lumbricoides

The kinetics of meiosis and spermiogenesis in Ascaris lumbricoides in vitro was studied by keeping 12 mature males in nutrient medium. The spermatocytes were made radioactive by supplementing the medium with 3H-thymidine for 2 h, following which they were transferred to fresh medium without 3H-TdR. The nematodes were then killed for preparing histological and squash preparations of the testis. An analysis of the migration of "hot" spermatocytes till the formation of mature spermatozoa, in Kodak AR-10 autoradiograms, suggested that the duration of meiosis and spermiogenesis was a little more than 5.5 and 7.6 days, respectively. The total duration of these two events was about 13.1 days when radioactive spermatozoa were detected for the first time.     

Ultrastructure of eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides Linnaeus, 1758. I. Egg-shells

Under the light microscope the chitin-protein layer of egg-shells in ascarids appears to be a regular, hyaline and nonstructural layer of 1.5 to 2.00 microns in thickness. The outer uterine layer is usually removed during the preparation. The lipid (ascaroside) layer covers the inner surface of the chitinous layer and seems to be irregularly undulated and regularly thick over the whole surface, with the thickness up to 1 micron. In electron micrographs the fibrous structure of the lipid layer is not evident as a rule. This is probably due to washing the lipids away from this layer during the dehydration of deeper layers of egg-shells that are imperfectly fixed with glutaraldehyde. A very low permeability of the egg-shells is typical of geohelminth eggs. The layer lipid shows a distinct lamellate structure only after a prolonged fixation with osmium at higher temperature. This is supported by the studies using the method of freeze-fracturing.     

Penetration of ovicidal fungus Verticillium chlamydosporium through the Ascaris lumbricoides egg-shells

The course of penetration of the ovicidal fungus Verticillium chlamydosporium Goddard through the Ascaris lumbricoides egg-shells was studied in electron miorographs. The contact area between the egg and the fungus is smooth at the stage of the contact of the ovicidal fungus with the egg surface, as well as at the stage of adhesion. No special attaching organs are formed which indicates that no mechanical penetration of the fungal hypha through the egg-shells is involved. Traces of enzymatical activity of the fungus penetrating upright through the egg-shells can be observed during the penetration stage proper. At the consumption stage, the branching of the ovicidal fungus becomes more dense and some hyphae grow through the egg envelopes parallelly under the egg surface. The fungus grows through all parts of the infected egg, even through its contents.     

Morphology and formation mechanism of sand shadow dunes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The formation and development of dunes depend on wind-blown sand movement which is affected by the characteristics of sand material, topography, wind regimes and other factors. In this paper, we investigated two sand shadow dune groups in Shigatse and Za’gya Zangbo of Tibet and an individual dune in Da Qaidam of Qinghai, and analyzed their topographies and morphologies, and the physical characteristics of the sand, wind regime and sand transport. Formed under harsh conditions behind hills, these mature sand shadow dunes are hundreds of meters long, have significant ridges and crescent dunes downwind, and have a hill pass on one or both sides. Wind tunnel experiments revealed that the hill gap and wind velocity are important factors in the formation of these dunes. Sand shadow dunes formed only when the gap spacing is two-thirds of the hill height. When wind velocities are 20 m/s, the sand body is divided into two parts. The hill pass allows the transport of sand by wind, creating a "narrow-pipe effect", which causes the transported material to gradually accumulate in the center of the shadow zone. We observed that the following are needed for sand shadow dunes to form:(1) strong winds, sufficient sand, suitable obstacles and a dry climate;(2) one or both sides of the obstacle forming the shadow zone must have a hill pass; and(3) the windward side of the obstacle must have a wide, flat area, providing adequate spacing for wind flow and transport of material and the leeward side must have a sufficiently broad, flat area to allow the release of the transported material. Research results on these newly discovered dunes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau could contribute to the understanding of dune geomorphology.     

黄土旱塬区农田施肥、产量与土壤深层干燥化的关系研究

施肥作为稳定作物高产的关键措施之一,同时也会加强对土壤水分的耗损。于2007年小麦播种前测定了长期施肥的试验田0~300 cm土壤剖面水分含量。结果表明,不同施肥处理播前小麦地土壤在1 m深度范围内含水量变化很小,贮水量的极差值为14.7 mm;土壤水分的变化主要集中在100~300 cm土层,贮水量极差值为130.1 mm,且土层深度100~260 cm处出现土壤深层干燥化现象,并随肥料用量增加干燥化程度趋于严重;260 cm以下土壤含水量逐渐上升。氮磷肥配施土壤干层含水量显著高于单施氮肥,单施氮肥显著高于单施磷肥和不施肥,而不施肥和单施磷肥土壤干层含水量差异不显著。从产量角度看,小麦产量与干层水分含量呈线形显著负相关。当产量小于1 354 kg/hm2,土壤无干层;当产量在1 355~2 406 kg/hm2之间,土壤干层属于轻度干燥化;当产量在2 407~3 458 kg/hm2范围内,土壤干层属于中度干燥化。     

Influence of different fertilization regimes on plant-parasitic nematodes in the black soil region of Northeast China

Plant-parasitic nematodes can cause serious plant diseases and adversely affect crop production. We investigated the temporal and vertical dynamics of plant-parasitic nematodes in northeast China to determine if long-term fertilizer application suppresses the population of plant-parasitic nematodes and influences their vertical distribution in the black soil region. The long-term fertilizer application lasted for 14 years, and included three treatments: pig manure combined with chemical fertilizer (MCF), chemical fertilizer (urea and ammonium phosphate, CF), and no fertilizer (NF). A 3-year corn-wheat-soybean rotation was grown on the field site, soil samples were obtained in the corn phase and nematodes were extracted, identified and counted. Six plant-parasitic nematode genera with relative abundance over 0.1% were found in this study. Heterodera was the dominant genus in all three fertilizer treatments, and its relative abundance was highest in NF (45.4%) and lowest in MCF (32.8%). Fertilizer application had a significant effect on abundance of total soil nematodes but not on either plant-parasitic nematodes or Heterodera. Significant differences in the abundance of total soil nematodes, plant-parasitic nematodes and Heterodera were observed among soil depths and interaction of fertilizer × soil depth. Total soil nematodes were mainly distributed in the 0–20 cm soil layer, and plant-parasitic nematodes and Heterodera were mostly distributed in the 10–30 cm soil layer. Fertilizer application did not show a significant effect on plant-parasitic nematodes or Heterodera at any of the sampling depths from 0 to 80 cm. The results indicated that fertilizer has no effective control on plant-parasitic nematodes when dominant genera and their respective plant hosts exist in relatively high abundance.     

半干旱区玉米根域集雨种植模式下的施肥效应研究

为集成完善旱作农田根域集雨种植技术,实现水肥耦合叠加效应,本研究设置了4种化肥施用量梯度,即高(H:1 279 kg·hm~(-2))、中(M:919 kg·hm~(-2))、低(L:460 kg·hm~(-2))和不施肥(CK),对不同处理条件下的春玉米产量、养分利用效率及化肥偏生产力进行了研究。结果表明,随着施肥量的增加,春玉米产量显著提高,提高幅度4.70%~39.48%。与不施肥CK处理相比,施肥处理增加了玉米植株对氮素和磷素的吸收量,最高增幅可达101.51%。养分利用率随着施肥量的增加呈抛物线型变化。土壤养分贡献率和化肥偏生产力随着施肥量的增加均呈降低趋势,综合经济产量和化肥投入成本分析,在试验区域根域集雨种植模式下中量施肥较适,即每公顷纯N施用300 kg、P2O5施用150 kg左右。     

长期定位施肥对黄绵土区作物产量及养分回收率的影响

通过近30年(1981—2010年)的长期定位试验,系统研究长期施肥对黄绵土区作物产量及养分累积利用率的影响。结果表明:长期施用化肥和有机肥在显著增加小麦、油菜和胡麻3种作物产量的同时小麦产量年际间的稳定性也显著提高,化肥配施和有机肥与化肥配施的增产和稳产效果更佳;施用有机肥处理和不施用有机肥处理,氮磷配施(NP)及氮磷钾配施(NPK)的增产效应都随试验年限延长而逐渐增加,且与试验年限间呈极显著正相关关系;施用氮肥(N)、氮磷配施(NP)及氮磷钾配施(NPK)的平均增产效应分别为745、1 413 kg·hm-2和1474 kg·hm-2,有机肥的平均增产效应为983 kg·hm-2;不同施肥处理中,氮磷(NP)配合施用及氮磷钾(NPK)配施处理氮和磷的累积回收率最高,分别为44.35%、44.55%和15.11%、15.35%;施用有机肥降低了氮和磷的累积回收率,有机肥与氮磷(MNP)及有机肥与氮磷钾(MNP)配施处理氮和磷的累积回收率分别为30.41%、32.07%和9.95%、9.70%;氮磷钾(NPK)处理钾的累积回收率最高,为14.25%,同样施用有机肥显著降低了钾的累积回收率。     

甘肃中部半干旱雨养生态区甜荞麦施肥优化数学模型研究

采用二次通用旋转组合设计,研究了甜荞麦产量、纯收益与N、P、K施用量之间的关系,建立了以产量和纯收益为目标的函数模型,解析了各因子对产量和纯收益的主效应及互作效应,通过寻优计算,提出产量高于3 000 kg/hm2的优化施肥方案为施氮量152.5~180.8 kg/hm2,施磷量139.1~172.0 kg/hm2,施钾量91.6~133.4kg/hm2;纯收益大于2 250元/hm2的优化施肥方案为施氮量156.5~191.5 kg/hm2,施磷量76.3~148.7 kg/hm2,施钾量2.9~20.2 kg/hm2。     

黄土区旱地长期施用微肥对冬小麦农艺性状及产量的影响

以长达20年的微量元素肥料定位实验数据为基础,分析长期施用微肥对冬小麦农艺性状及产量的影响。结果表明:长期施用微肥对冬小麦有明显的增产效果,小麦施B增产481.8 kg/hm2,增产率30.3%;施Zn增产610.8 kg/hm2,增产率38.4%;施Mn肥籽粒增产368 kg/hm2,增产率23.1%;施Cu籽粒产量无明显变化。施用微肥小麦,籽粒、秸秆中微量元素含量增加,籽粒中含锌量增加10.47 mg/kg,增加率为49.79%;秸秆中含锌量增加3.84 mg/kg,增加率为47.5%;与施KH2PO4肥相比,籽粒中含锌量增加8.03 mg/kg,增加率为33.0%;秸秆中含锌量增加4.78 mg/kg,增加率为66.8%。     

黄土丘陵区免耕条件下两种土壤酶活性变化

为了确定合理环保的耕作制度,2007～2008安塞田间定位试验黄土丘陵旱作农区大豆(Glycine max L)、玉米(Zea mays L)、红小豆(Semen Phaseoli)、马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum Linn.)在翻耕化肥(CF)、翻耕有机肥(CM)、翻耕无肥(CN)、免耕化肥(NF)、免耕有机肥(NM)、免耕无肥(NN)等水平下的农田土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶活性.结果表明:在作物花期,大豆、玉米土壤脲酶活性较高,蔗糖酶活性较低,而红小豆、马铃薯则与之相反,差异极显著.到作物收获后,玉米土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶活性增高,增幅在83%以上,而马铃薯、红小豆、大豆三种作物土壤脲酶活性降低,降幅在10%以上,蔗糖酶活性增强,增幅在40%以上.从花期到收获后,免耕降低了土壤脲酶活性,提高了土壤蔗糖酶活性,在黄土丘陵沟壑旱作农区两种土壤酶活性表现较优的作物为大豆、玉米,较优的处理为NM玉米、NF大豆,其田间环保效应为:作物生长期间两种酶活性比较高,收获后两种酶活性则降低,有利于提高作物生长期土壤肥效利用率,减少作物收获后温室气体的排放.     

黄土丘陵区旱作山地红枣氮磷钾施肥效应研究

采用N、P、K三因素D饱和最优设计,在黄土高原丘陵区秸秆覆盖条件下进行了矮化密植枣树N、P、K肥效及优化施肥模式田间试验。结果表明:氮磷钾施肥对红枣产量的综合效应表现为K肥N肥P肥。试验建立了黄土高原丘陵区秸秆覆盖条件下矮化密植枣树优化施肥模式,根据优化施肥模式,提出了在18 000~25 000kg·hm-2范围内红枣高目标产量的N、P、K优化施肥方案:施N用量为267.8~518.6 kg·hm-2,施P2O5用量为83.7~360.04 kg·hm-2,施K2O用量为438.0~491.0 kg·hm-2。氮磷钾施肥处理比不施肥处理提高红枣可滴定酸、总糖、还原糖、可溶性固形物的含量,依次为32.5%、0.82%、1.8%、1.01%,而氮磷钾施肥处理与不施肥处理相比红枣黄酮含量相对降低,其降低百分比为40.4%,表明红枣施氮磷钾肥比不施肥品质好。     

长期不同施肥方式对旱地轮作土壤养分和作物产量的影响

为明确黄土高原半干旱区不同施肥方式下旱地土壤养分和作物产量及其相互关系,筛选出农田最佳施肥管理措施,于2015—2018年进行田间试验,研究了9种不同施肥设置[有机肥配施磷肥(MP)、有机肥配施氮肥(MN)、磷钾肥配施(PK)、氮磷肥配施(NP)、种植作物不施肥(CK)、氮磷钾肥配施(NPK)、氮钾肥配施(NK)、有机...     

高寒半干旱区马铃薯聚垄集肥覆膜技术效应

在河北张北小二台旱农试区研究表明，高寒半干旱区马铃薯聚垄集肥覆膜技术效应显著，生育前期具有明显的保水增温效果，且显著地促进了地上部和地下部生长发育和块茎与地上部比值的提高，但同聚垄覆膜处理相比，施肥在一定程度上又抑制了块茎与地上部比值的提高。同平种处理相比，聚垄集肥覆膜干薯产量提高185.3%～230．3％，作物水分利用效率提高10.9kg/(mm     

沧州地区深层地下水位降落漏斗演变特征与形成机理探讨

沧州地区深层地下水降落漏斗已经成为了制约当地经济发展的主要因素。通过对沧州地区第III含水层组地下水水位降落漏斗的形成和发展演化分析,将其划分为4个阶段,分别为直线发展阶段、稳定发展阶段、急剧扩张阶段和逐渐恢复阶段,并对不同阶段内漏斗的形态和演化特征进行了阐述,提出各阶段影响漏斗演变特征的主导因素。同时指出了地下水位降落漏斗的环境响应,提出了应对水危机的合理化建议。     

Crop yields and soil organic carbon dynamics in a long-term fertilization experiment in an extremely arid region of northern Xinjiang,China

A long-term fertilization experiment was set up in northern Xinjiang, China to evaluate the dynamics of crop production and soil organic carbon(SOC) from 1990 to 2012 with seven fertilization treatments. The seven treatments included an unfertilized control(CK) and six different combinations of phosphorus(P), potassium(K), nitrogen(N), straw(S) and animal manure(M). The balanced fertilization treatments had significantly(P0.05) higher average yields than the unbalanced ones. The treatment with 2/3 N from potassium sulfate(NPK) and 1/3 N from farmyard manure(NPKM) had a higher average yield than the other treatments. The average yields(over the 23 years) in the treatments of NPK, and urea, calcium superphosphate(NP) did not differ significantly(P0.05) but were higher than that in the treatment with urea and potassium sulfate(NK; P0.05). The results also show that the highest increases in SOC(P0.05) occurred in NPKM with a potential increase of 1.2 t C/(hm~2·a). The increase in SOC was only 0.31, 0.30 and 0.12 t C/(hm~2·a) for NPKS(9/10 N from NPK and 1/10 N from straw), NPK and NP, respectively; and the SOC in the NP, NK and CK treatments were approaching equilibrium and so did not rise or fall significantly over the 23-year experiment. A complete NPK plus manure fertilization program is recommended for this extremely arid region to maximize both yields and carbon sequestration.