向日葵花蚤生物学特性及防治研究初报

该研究明确了向日葵花蚤在我国北方，特别是冀西北地区的发生与危害情况，记载了其发生规律及主要生物学特性。提出以消灭越冬寄主，控制虫源基数为主，适时化学防治为辅的防治策略和具体防治方法．     

全寄生杂草向日葵列当研究现状与展望

向日葵列当是根部全寄生杂草,从寄主体内获取生存繁殖所需的全部营养物质,轻者造成寄主减产,重者导致寄主死亡。通过农业栽培措施、化感作用、化学药剂防治、生物防治、选育抗列当品种等措施可在一定程度上减轻向日葵列当的危害。结合生产实际,总结了向日葵列当的危害、生物学特性、特殊生活史、防除策略等内容,并对当前向日葵列当急需研究的问题进行了展望,以期为尽快解决向日葵列当防除这一世界难题提供思路和参考。     

定边县向日葵菌核病发病规律及防治措施

介绍了定边县向日葵菌核病发病症状、病原、发病规律,并提出防治措施,以期为该地区向日葵病害的防治提供参考。     

新疆向日葵花蚤的发生与为害

新疆油葵受向日葵花蚤为害。本文描述了向日葵花蚤各虫态的主要特征、发生规律,并测定了受其为害后油葵的产量损失。向日葵花蚤在新疆一年发生一代,以老龄幼虫在油葵茎杆内越冬,五月下旬羽化成虫迁入油葵幼苗田内,产卵于幼茎皮下,幼虫在茎内髓部蛀食为害,造成曲窄的虫道。90%油葵受到为害,减产6.97%,这是向日葵花蚤在我国的首次报道。     

向日葵列当防治措施研究进展

列当是一种寄生型杂草，严重危害向日葵的产量和品质。本文分析了向日葵列当生理小种及其在我国的分布情况，并对影响向日葵列当的主要环境因素、抗列当基因挖掘及品种抗性鉴定以及向日葵列当主要防治措施研究进展进行综述。在此基础上，提出通过提高品种抗性、建立合理的轮作制度、节肥减药、加大生物防治力度以及提升农技培训水平等措施提高向日葵列当综合防治水平。     

向日葵菌核病的发生与防治

根据向日葵菌核病在晋西北地区的发生状况和为害特点,探索出该病在该地区的三种类型以及侵染条件和流行规律,有针对性地提出向日葵菌核病在晋西北地区的十种综合防治措施。     

山西杂谷螟虫分布区划及综合治理技术研究

山西省不同生态区亚洲玉米螟和粟灰螟的地理分布规律受寄主作物、海拔高度和无霜期的影响。海拔１５００ｍ，无霜期１００天以下的内长城以北的高寒山区，为不发生区；海拔１０００～１５００ｍ以上，无霜期１２０天左右的地区，为１代发生区；地处北纬３８．５°～３６°的平川盆地，无霜期１５０天左右，为１～２代和２代发生区；北纬３６°以南的大部分地区，海拔较低，无霜期较长，一年两作区，为２～３代发生为害区；３代发生区极少，一般在北纬３６°以南地区。防治对策是：抓好大同、晋中、晋南盆地玉米螟的防治和忻定、吕梁山区、上党盆地粟灰螟的防治。防治措施以化学防治为主，辅之以农业和生物防治。     

天水市向日葵空秕的发生原因及防治措施

通过多年的调查研究，分析了天水地区向日葵空秕形成的主要原因，笋提出相应的防治措施。     

向日葵病虫害防治技术规程

向日葵病虫害防治技术防治对象应以向日葵螟和向日葵菌核病、黄萎病为重点,兼顾区域性发生的锈病、田间常规除草。文章对综合防治技术措施总结几点,以供参考。     

向日葵病虫害防治技术规程

向日葵病虫害防治技术防治对象应以向日葵螟和向日葵菌核病、黄萎病为重点,兼顾区域性发生的锈病、田间常规除草.丈章对综合防治技术措施总结几点,以供参考.     

Population life tables for the invasive fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda fed on major oil crops planted in China

The fall armyworm(FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is a newly invasive, widespread agricultural pest in China. Understanding the suitability of the main field crops in Chinese agricultural system as host for this polyphagous herbivore is especially important for making control strategy. Here, after FAWs were fed three important oil-bearing crops(oilseed rape, soybean and sunflower) planted in China and resultant population parameters were compared using the age-stage, two-sex life table method, survival of larvae on soybean was significantly lower than that on oilseed rape and sunflower. Developmental duration of larvae on soybean was also the longest(23.3 days). The highest pupation rate was recorded on sunflower. The highest pupal mass(0.19 g) was attained on oilseed rape, significantly higher than on the other host plants; the lowest mass was on soybean(0.15 g). On soybean, oilseed rape and sunflower, respectively, the average generation period was 42.21, 39.10 and 40.44 d; the intrinsic rate of increase(r) was 0.0844, 0.1041 and 0.1134; the finite rate of increase(λ) was 1.0881, 1.1098 and 1.1202. While the most suitable host plant overall was sunflower, S. frugiperda completed development and increased its population on all three host plants. Thus, soybean, oilseed rape and sunflower were all suitable for FAW, and population monitoring and management of FAW in these crops should be increased.     

寡糖诱导向日葵抗锈病超微结构

 【目的】利用电子显微镜技术研究寡糖处理向日葵植株后对锈菌侵染的抑制作用,以揭示寡糖诱发子在细胞学水平的作用机理。【方法】通过寡糖喷雾处理向日葵叶片,2 d后接种锈菌,利用扫描和透射电镜对寄主及病原菌超微结构进行了研究。【结果】诱导处理后有部分夏胞子向内凹陷,萌发受到抑制。寄主细胞对于病原菌的侵入产生了防卫反应结构和物质。表现为寄主细胞壁加厚,染色加深,寄主细胞壁下产生黑色物质沉积;吸器壁加厚,吸器外间质变宽,部分吸器畸形坏死;细胞器变形、空泡化,最终寄主细胞解体、坏死。【结论】寡糖处理对病原菌有一定的抑制作用并可诱导向日葵产生对锈病的抗病性。     

生防菌对向日葵列当的防除作用的初步研究

通过室内穴盘和连续两年遮雨棚盆栽试验,研究放线菌淡紫褐链霉菌(Streptomyces enissocaesilis,509),真菌灰黄青霉(Penicillium griseofulvum,CF3)和放线菌密旋链霉菌(Streptomyces pactum,Act12)3种生防菌对寄主植物向日葵的促生作用和对向日葵列当种子萌发的抑制作用。结果表明:1)CF3和Act12处理条件下,列当的出土数和寄生总数量显著降低,在新葵6号中CF3抑制列当寄生率高达74.4%,Act12抑制列当寄生率为68.7%,509抑制列当寄生率为53.0%;2)在列当寄生胁迫下,生防菌处理向日葵相比对照生物量有显著的增高,根冠比显著增大,含水量显著升高,生防菌处理的向日葵地上部和根的含水量≥70%。本研究表明CF3和Act12具有作为防除向日葵列当优良生防菌种的可能性。     

盾壳霉发酵物对向日葵的促生作用及PAL活性的变化

将盾壳霉固体发酵物分别稀释10倍、50倍和100倍对向日葵浸种,研究了其对种子萌发、根长、株高、干重和鲜重的影响;并采用紫外分光光度法测定了盾壳霉固体发酵物拌种向日葵后,苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性的变化。结果表明:稀释10倍的发酵液对种子萌发和幼苗生长表现出一定的抑制作用,都明显低于对照;稀释50倍和100倍的发酵液可明显促进植株和根茎生长,增加干重和鲜重,其中以50倍液的效果最好;实验还表明稀释10倍的盾壳霉固体发酵物拌种向日葵后茎内PAL活性显著高于对照水平;叶和根内PAL活性与对照无显著差异。     

Root distributions in tillage layers and yields of pumpkin and oil sunflower in an intercropping system

Studies on the distribution of roots of pumpkin and oil sunflower in tillage layers and their relations with their above-ground biomass in an intercropping system were conducted by digging roots by layers, combined with DT-Scan and the WinRHIZO root analysis system, during harvest in the plateau of the northwest part of Hebei Province, China. The results of analyzing roots and ratio of root to shoot showed that oil sunflower had an advantage over pumpkin in the intercropping system. Root dry weight of oil sunflower in treatments of pumpkin intercropped with one row (J1) and two rows of oil sunflower (J2) was, respectively, 2.5 and 1.83 times that of sole oil sunflower cropping (YD); the root length was 1.25 and 1.27 times, the root surface area was 1.20 and 1.14 times, and the root volume was 1.53 and 1.44 times that of sole oil sunflower cropping, respectively. As oil sunflower was dominant in absorbing nutrition and water in the intercropping system, the growth and development of pumpkin were restricted. Root dry weight of pumpkin in sole cropping (ND) was 1.5 and 1.9 times as much as that in treatments of J1 and J2 in a 0- to 40-cm soil layer, with the root length, surface area, and volume being 1.02 and 1.13, 1.04 and 1.26, 1.22 and 1.22 times that of treatments of J1 and J2, respectively. The root and the above-ground biomass of intercropped pumpkin with oil sunflower were lower than those in sole pumpkin cropping, while those of oil sunflower were the opposite. Root density of pumpkin decreased in power function with the soil layers, while it decreased by exponential function in oil sunflower. It was concluded that sole pumpkin cropping rather than pumpkin-oil sunflower intercropping is the suitable planting regimen in this area.     

食用向日葵氮磷钾肥肥效试验初报

固原市原州区清水河流域是食用向日葵的主栽区。近几年食用向日葵种植面积逐年扩大,现已发展到近1.33万hm^2。通过对食用向日葵施氮、磷、钾肥肥效试验。得出食用向日葵一生中对养分需求最大的还是氮肥,氮、磷、钾配合施用效果更好;氮、磷配合施用优于氮、钾配合;氮、钾配合施用优于磷、钾配合;在原州区北部川水地食用向日葵生产中,在中等肥力土壤,生育期阅最少有两次以上灌水条件的地块．氮、磷、钾都施的处理与施氮、钾的处理选到显著水平．产量达246．04kg／667m^2;与施磷、钾和不施肥处理达到极显著水平。     

山西省向日葵列当初报

阐述了山西省向日葵列当发生的一些情况及向日葵列当的一般形态特征、传播方式、寄生规律,简要介绍了向日葵列当的防治措施。     

除草剂在向日葵田除草效果及安全性试验

为了明确6种土壤处理除草剂对向日葵田杂草的防除效果和对向日葵的安全性,筛选适于向日葵田使用的除草剂,本文采用田间小区试验的方法,调查研究施药后的除草效果及对向日葵苗期和产量的影响。结果表明,960 g/L精异丙甲草胺乳油、900 g/L乙草胺乳油对一年生禾本科杂草有良好防效,对向日葵安全。330 g/L二甲戊灵乳油对禾本科杂草和阔叶杂草均有较好防效,对向日葵安全。75%噻吩磺隆水分散粒剂、50%丙炔氟草胺可湿性粉剂对阔叶杂草有良好防效,对向日葵安全。80%丙炔噁草酮对向日葵苗期鲜重和最终产量有影响。结论显示, 960 g/L精异丙甲草胺乳油、900 g/L乙草胺乳油、330 g/L二甲戊灵乳油、75%噻吩磺隆水分散粒剂和50%丙炔氟草胺可湿性粉剂可以用于向日葵田,80%丙炔噁草酮不适合在向日葵田使用。     

向日葵锈菌单核和双核吸器的超微结构比较研究

观察发现,向日葵锈菌单核吸器和双核吸器存在一系列的差异:(1)单核吸器母细胞隔膜不产生隔膜突,入侵口四周的吸器母细胞壁不局部增厚;(2)单核吸器母细胞在入侵寄主细胞壁时不形成入侵栓;(3)双核吸器由管状的颈部和膨大的吸器体组成,单核吸器呈菌丝状;(4)在双核吸器形成过程中,寄主细胞可分泌胼胝质和产生与侵染有关的管状结构。结果表明向日葵锈菌单核的吸器母细胞和吸器的特异性明显低于双核的吸器母细胞和吸器。     

农田化学除草技术

本篇文章主要论述了玛纳斯县农田化学除草的技术原则、小麦杂草防治措施、向日葵杂 草防治措施、瓜类杂草防治措施、玉米杂草防治措施其它杂草防治等技术的要求。