生物炭-蚯蚓原位对设施番茄根际微生物和果实代谢的影响

为改善设施番茄过量施用化肥、品质和产量下降等问题,采用不同土壤改良措施,以‘粉宴1号’番茄为试验材料,设置空白对照（CK）、生物炭（B）、蚯蚓原位（V）、生物炭+蚯蚓原位（BV）4个处理,研究番茄生长发育过程中根区土壤理化性质和土壤根际微生物的变化以及番茄盛果期果实产量和品质的差异,解析不同处理果实代谢物组成的差异。结果表明：BV处理显著提高了土壤速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量,与CK相比分别提高174.00%、7.44%和45.00%;BV处理显著提高了蔗糖酶活性比CK提高62.02%,V处理显著提高脲酶活性,较CK提高39.72%。BV处理显著提高了土壤细菌Simpson指数,V处理显著提高了土壤真菌Ace、Chao1指数;B处理明显改变了土壤细菌相对丰富占比,其中变形菌门增加最多（45.48%）,酸杆菌门和芽单孢菌门降低幅度最大,分别为14.90%和25.70%;对于土壤真菌,B处理中子囊菌门相对丰度最高,提升了15.90%,V处理油壶菌门提升最高,为7.24%,罗兹菌门提升次之,为3.11%。同时,各处理可以显著提高果实产量和品质,BV处理的番茄产量最高、品质最好,表现为其生物量、果实产量、可溶性固形物含量、Vc含量、有机酸含量最高;V处理的番茄果实差异代谢物种类最多,与对照相比差异最大,所得的差异物代谢通路最多。     

轮作休耕模式对土壤细菌群落的影响

以黄土高原半干旱区9种轮作休耕模式土壤为研究对象,分别设残膜覆盖（T₂1）、伏天深耕（T₂2）、施牛羊粪（7 500 kg·hm^-2）+深翻耕（30 cm）+连续休耕3 a（T₂3）、施牛羊粪（7 500 kg·hm^-2）+深翻耕（30 cm）+连续种植豌豆3 a并在盛花期翻压还田（T₂4）、施牛羊粪（7 500 kg·hm^-2）+深翻耕（30 cm）+连续3 a种植豌豆（每kg豌豆种子拌根瘤菌粉8.5 g）并在盛花期翻压还田（T₂5）、玉米秸秆粉碎（还田量7 500 kg·hm^-2）+施牛羊粪（7 500 kg·hm^-2）+深翻耕（30 cm）+连续休耕3 a（T₂6）、玉米秸秆粉碎（还田量7 500 kg·hm^-2）+施牛羊粪（7 500 kg·hm^-2）+深翻耕（30 cm）+连续3 a种植毛苕子并在盛花期翻压还田（T₂7）、玉米秸秆粉碎（还田量7 500 kg·hm^-2）+施牛羊粪（7 500 kg·hm^-2）+深翻耕（30 cm）+连续3 a种植毛苕子并在盛花期翻压还田（T₂8）等8个处理,以连续休耕3 a为对照（CK）,采用16S rRNA扩增子测序技术对土壤细菌群落组成、丰度和多样性等特征进行研究,分析了土壤养分与细菌种群多样性的相关关系。结果表明,9种休耕轮作模式下,土壤细菌群落中相对丰度较高的前5位菌门依次为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）（26.33%～37.33%）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）（17.93%～21.43%）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）（12.42%～19.41%）、芽单胞菌门（Gemmatimonadetes）（6.98%～10.99%）和绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）（6.48%～10.50%）。其中T₂1、T₂5处理显著升高了硝化螺旋菌门的相对丰度（分别为50.04%和42.44%）,T₂2处理显著提高了变形菌门和拟杆菌门的相对丰度（分别为31.51%和159.96%）,T₂6、T₂7处理显著增加了芽单胞菌门的相对丰度（分别为28.36%和28.33%）,T₂8处理显著增高了奇古菌门的相对丰度（519.79%）。不同轮作休耕模式的土壤全氮含量均高于CK。细菌群落丰富度指数除T₂7处理外,其余处理均高于CK。冗余分析和Monte Carlo置换检验结果显示,土壤全氮、全钾、速效氮含量对土壤细菌群落结构影响显著（P＜0.05）。     

生长年限对甘肃贝母根际土壤细菌群落结构的影响

采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术对撂荒地（CK）、生长1 a（BM-1Y）、3 a（BM-3Y）和5 a（BM-5Y）的甘肃贝母根际土壤细菌16S rRNA基因V3-V4可变区进行测序分析,探究不同生长年限甘肃贝母对根际土壤细菌群落结构的影响。结果表明：生长年限对甘肃贝母土壤理化因子和细菌菌群均有影响,其中BM-5Y处理显著降低了土壤有机质（OM）、水解氮（HN）和速效磷（AP）的含量（P＜0.05）,较CK处理分别降低了22.76%、9.28%、51.25%;BM-5Y处理显著降低根际土壤细菌多样性（P＜0.05）,其中OUT数、PD值及Chao I指数较CK处理分别降低了7.23%、6.79%、6.47%。生长年限改变了细菌群落在门和属水平的群落组成,但各生长年限中的优势菌门（相对丰度＞5%）相对稳定,均为放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）和绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）,其在CK、BM-1Y、BM-3Y和BM-5Y处理中的相对丰度总和分别为82.28%、84.16%、83.12%和82.30%。土壤pH、OM、HN、AP及AK含量是驱动根际土细菌群落的主要环境因子,其程度大小为：pH＞AK＞HN＞AP＞OM。土壤理化因子与各优势细菌门的相关性不同,pH与放线菌门（Actinobacteria）和芽单胞菌门（Gemmatimonadetes）呈显著负相关（P＜0.05）,OM、HN和AP均与厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）呈显著负相关（P＜0.05）。综上,甘肃贝母生长年限延长（BM-5Y）会显著降低土壤的养分含量和细菌群落的多样性。     

不同连作年限马铃薯根际土壤细菌群落特征研究

采用长期定位试验,设马铃薯连作1~7 a（CP1~CP7）和轮作（RT）8个处理,通过高通量测序探究不同连作年限对马铃薯根际土壤细菌群落多样性的影响。结果表明：供试土壤中,放线菌门、变形菌门、厚壁菌门为主要的优势菌门。随连作年限的增加,土壤细菌数量表现出波动变化趋势,连作年限影响细菌群落结构。RT、CP1、CP2、CP3处理土壤细菌相似度较高,CP4、CP5、CP6、CP7处理土壤细菌相似度较高。马铃薯连作7 a土壤中的放线菌门相对丰度降幅最大,较RT降低10.47%;厚壁菌门相对丰度在连作6 a土壤中显著降低,较RT减少22.07%;类诺卡氏属相对丰度在连作7 a显著减少,较RT减少2.34%;芽孢杆菌属相对丰度在连作6 a时最低,较RT减少9.18%;连作7 a较RT减少5.14%;芽单胞菌属相对丰度在连作7 a土壤中达到最高（16.54%）,较RT增加5.26%。长期连作改变了马铃薯土壤细菌群落结构,连作4 a土壤细菌群落种类开始变化,土壤细菌群落结构也随之改变。土壤中预防病害的菌类减少,增加了马铃薯染病风险。     

冬灌制度对膜下滴灌棉田土壤理化性质、酶活性和微生物群落的影响

为明确不同冬灌制度的应用效果，以南疆膜下滴灌棉田为研究对象，选取每年冬灌处理（CK）、不冬灌处理（H1）及隔年冬灌处理（H2）3种冬灌制度，结合高通量测序技术对冬灌后土壤的理化性质、生物学性质以及微生物群落组成进行测定与分析。结果表明：（1）各处理间0~20 cm土层土壤总盐含量无显著差异，与CK相比，H1和H2处理显著降低了脲酶（0.96%~1.35%）和转化酶活性（1.17%）以及微生物量氮含量（4.21%~7.03%），但H2处理显著提高了土壤有机质（14.30%）、全氮（14.29%）、全磷（4.55%）和全钾（7.40%）含量；H1处理显著降低了土壤有机质（6.03%）、全磷（12.5%）和水分（23.08%）含量，提高了微生物量碳氮比（7.37%）。（2）不同处理下细菌群落的丰度和多样性以及真菌群落的丰度无显著差异，但与CK相比，H1和H2处理显著提高了真菌的辛普森指数（4.12%~ 4.55%）。此外，H1较CK处理提高了细菌放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）和真菌担子菌门（Basidiomycota）的相对丰度，H2较CK处理提高了细菌变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、芽单胞菌门（Gemmatimonadetes）和真菌被孢霉门（Mortierellomycota）的相对丰度。（3）相关性分析结果表明细菌的群落结构主要受微生物量碳含量的影响，真菌的群落结构和多样性分别受转化酶和脲酶活性的影响。在无法保证每年冬灌用水的情况下，隔年冬灌更有利于保障膜下滴灌棉田的土壤耕地质量。     

生物炭对甜瓜幼苗质量与根系生理特性的影响

于2021年4—7月，采用盆栽方法，在育苗营养土中设置了不同的生物炭添加量（分别为0、10、20、40、80 g·kg^-1），研究生物炭对土壤物理性状、甜瓜幼苗根表面积、根系生理指标以及幼苗质量的影响。结果显示：生物炭不同添加量均能改善土壤物理性状，以80 g·kg^-1应用效果最好，提高了土壤pH和含水量，分别比CK提高了1.86%和3.16%；且降低了土壤容重，比CK降低5.93%。与CK相比，生物炭不同添加量均能提高甜瓜根系生理活性，以40 g·kg^-1应用效果最好，在甜瓜出苗后25 d，根系活力、根系中硝态氮含量、NR、CAT、POD、SOD、APX、PPO活性分别比CK提高了20.88%、5.70%、126.67%、10.47%、23.42%、31.58%、54.21%、62.88%。生物炭不同添加量均能提高甜瓜根表面积，以40 g·kg^-1应用效果最好，在甜瓜出苗后25 d，根体积、根系总吸收面积、活跃吸收面积、活跃吸收面积百分比、根比表面分别比CK提高了21.07%、40.19%、71.82%、22.56%和15.76%。生物炭不同添加量均能提高甜瓜幼苗质量，以40 g·kg^-1应用效果最好，在甜瓜出苗后25 d，株高、茎粗、叶面积、全株鲜质量、全株干质量、根冠比、壮苗指数分别比CK提高了34.87%、31.71%、33.91%、31.92%、45.10%、64.94%、43.33%。研究表明添加生物炭能够促进甜瓜幼苗形态建成，通过调节根系生理活性和改善根际土壤环境来提高幼苗质量。     

生物有机肥对核桃园土壤细菌群落结构的影响

为了探究生物有机肥对核桃园土壤细菌群落的影响,采用16s rRNA高通量测序技术,研究了不施肥(CK)、常规施肥(TN)和施生物有机肥(TB)3个处理土壤细菌群落多样性和结构组成。结果表明,TB处理中土壤有机质、全氮、全磷比CK处理分别提高了46.3%、30.6%和50.8%。TB处理α-多样性指数均为最高,而TN处理中香浓指数和ACE指数较CK处理分别降低了0.5%和1.2%。在门水平上,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)为优势类群,共占细菌总量的85.2%～90.6%。鞘脂单细胞菌属(Sphingomonas)和节杆菌属(Arthrobacter)为主要属,其相对丰度在TB处理较CK处理分别增加了17.6%和56.6%,较TN处理分别增加了51.5%和104.3%。冗余分析结果表明,环境因子解释了细菌群落变化的94.6%,土壤有机质、碱解氮和速效钾含量是造成核桃园土壤细菌群落结构差异的主要原因。     

施用蚯蚓粪对西瓜品质及根际土壤理化性状的影响

以‘黑彤K-8’西瓜为试材,通过大田试验研究了CK（不施肥）、CF（习惯施肥）、VC（蚯蚓粪）和VC＋CF（蚯蚓粪和化肥各提供50%的氮）等处理对西瓜品质及根际土壤理化性状的影响。结果表明：同CF处理相比,VC＋CF处理明显降低了根际土壤pH值,显著提高了根际土壤速效N、P、K含量以及EC值;明显增强了脲酶、过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶和蔗糖酶活性,其中脲酶活性分别比CK、CF和VC处理提高51.13%、17.19%和12.84%。此外,VC＋CF处理还显著提高了西瓜产量,且明显改善了西瓜品质。与VC＋CF处理相比,VC处理对西瓜根际土壤理化性状及产量、品质的影响较小。因此,蚯蚓粪与化肥配施对西瓜的作用效果更佳,是比较理想的施肥措施。     

桑树青枯病与根际土壤肥力及微生物群落结构特征的研究

本文比较分析了桑树青枯病发病和健康植株根际土壤肥力以及微生物（细菌和真菌）群落结构特征差异，旨在挖掘和利用丰富微生物资源的有益功能，为构建桑树青枯病生物防治技术体系奠定基础。结果表明，桑树青枯病发病植株根际土壤中指示土壤肥力与健康状况的生物学性状指标β-葡糖苷酶和磷酸酶的活性显著降低，微生物生物量碳、磷显著下降；细菌门分类水平上，发病植株根际土壤中酸杆菌门、放线菌门和疣微菌门等优势细菌相对丰度降低，变形菌门、绿弯菌门、粘球菌门、厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门等优势细菌相对丰度增加；细菌属分类水平上，发病植株根际土壤富集了硝化螺菌属和放线菌属等特有细菌属，缺失了诸如链霉菌属等具有分泌抗生素功能的优势细菌属。真菌门分类水平上，发病植株根际土壤中子囊菌门和担子菌门真菌相对丰度增加，unclassified_k_Fungi和霉菌门真菌相对丰度降低；真菌属分类水平上，发病植株根际土壤富集了地霉菌属、腐质霉属和丝孢菌属等腐生真菌，缺失了被孢霉属、枝顶孢属和曲霉属等具有产抑菌化合物功能的优势真菌。研究表明，桑树青枯病与根际土壤β-葡糖苷酶、磷酸酶活性，微生物生物量碳、磷以及微生物群落结构都具有一定的相关性。链霉菌属细菌以及被孢霉属、枝顶孢属和曲霉属真菌有望作为生物防控青枯病的有效备选菌属。     

荒漠草原植物骆驼蓬根际土壤细菌群落分析北大核心CSCD

骆驼蓬（Peganum harmala L.）具有较强耐旱抗寒特性,在维护生态环境中发挥着重要作用。为了解其生态适应及与环境相互作用机制,采用高通量测序和纯培养方法研究了甘肃白银荒漠草原区骆驼蓬根际土壤细菌群落特征,并与周边土壤进行了对比。结果表明：骆驼蓬根际土壤主要优势细菌群为放线菌门（Actinobacteria）30.01%、变形菌门（Proteobacteria）23.98%、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）11.53%、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）10.19%。周边荒漠草原土壤主要优势细菌群为放线菌门55.05%、变形菌门21.11%、酸杆菌门6.07%。可培养细菌类群包括厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）、变形菌门、放线菌门,其中根际土壤分离的优势菌为短杆菌属（Brevibacterium）23.53%、芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）23.53%、假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）17.65%,周边土壤可培养细菌的优势种群为节杆菌属（Arthrobacter）37.50%、芽孢杆菌属18.75%、假单胞菌属12.50%。骆驼蓬根际微生物群落组成和结构与周边土壤有显著差异,根际土壤微生物数量及多样性指数明显高于非根际土壤。研究结果对了解荒漠植物与根际微生物之间相互作用,揭示土壤微生物促进植物根际土壤物质循环转化作用,筛选促生长有益微生物,为加强荒漠草原生态保护提供科学依据。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.