香菇饼干的研制及工艺优化

研究香菇粉、黄油、绵白糖、小苏打的添加量对香菇饼干的口感、色泽及状态的影响,利用正交试验优化确定香菇饼干的加工工艺及配方。香菇饼干制作的各因素最佳配比为面粉(普面∶低筋=3∶1),再以面粉为基准,香菇粉添加量4%,黄油添加量50%,绵白糖添加量20%,蛋液添加量25%,小苏打添加量0.7%,食盐添加量0.5%。此方案切实可行,所制产品口感酥脆、色泽优良、甜度适宜,具有独特的风味和营养保健功能。     

五谷饼干配方的研究

五谷饼干是一款将中国传统文化和五谷杂粮有机融合而制成的营养功能型饼干,配方中添加了大麦、荞麦、燕麦、玉米、小米、黑米、薏米、黑豆、红豆、绿豆、山药、芋头等12种谷物杂粮食材。通过单因素试验确定出五谷饼干感官评分及酥松度的影响,通过正交试验确定了原辅料的添加量。结果表明,五谷饼干的最佳配方为以低筋粉用量100 g计100%,谷物添加量4%,白砂糖添加量37%,黄油添加量23%,全蛋液添加量15.5%,蛋清液添加量12.5%,食盐添加量1.25%时,五谷饼干的感官评分最高。     

响应面法在麦麸膳食纤维饼干研制中的应用

采用炒制法对麦麸进行脂肪酶钝化处理,通过正交试验确定最佳处理条件。采用Box-Behnken设计试验,以黄油、白砂糖、麦麸、鸡蛋添加量为自变量,以麦麸膳食纤维饼干感官评价得分为因变量,考察各因素交互作用对响应值的影响,通过响应面分析法优化麦麸膳食纤维饼干配方,研制富含膳食纤维的保健功能饼干。结果表明,麦麸脂肪酶钝化处理最佳条件为5 min,320℃,6 kg;麦麸膳食纤维饼干最佳配方为面粉100 g,黄油34.97 g,白砂糖30.12 g,麦麸19.71 g,鸡蛋8.17 g,淀粉8 g,奶粉1 g,碳酸氢钠0.9 g,碳酸氢铵0.5 g,食盐0.5 g,卵磷脂0.2 g;烘焙参数为面火230℃,底火180℃,烘焙6 min。     

高粱无糖饼干的配方与工艺优化研究

为研发一种高粱无糖饼干,以高粱全粉与小麦粉为主要原料,以植物油、混合蛋奶、膨松剂、食盐、水等为辅料,以感官评价为主要指标,在单因素试验的基础上,通过BOX-Behnken设计(BBD)优化高粱饼干的最佳配方,结果为:主料高粱全粉与小麦粉质量比为41∶59,辅料添加量相对主料的比例为:植物油14%,混合蛋奶57%,膨松剂2%,食用盐0.8%。在单因素试验的基础上,通过中心组合设计(CCD)优化高粱无糖饼干的最佳烘焙工艺,结果为:烘烤时间16 min,烘烤温度151℃。验证试验证实,按此配方与工艺制作的高粱无糖饼干感官评分达到90.2,与理论值89.6相近,表明利用响应面分析法得到的配方与工艺参数可靠,具有实用价值。该饼干的抗性淀粉含量达14.9%。高粱无糖饼干的研发,不仅提高了无糖饼干的感官品质,且丰富了糖尿病人的食谱。     

燕麦麸皮桃酥的加工工艺及货架期预测

以燕麦麸皮粉和低筋粉为主要原料,以麦芽糖醇为甜味剂制作燕麦麸皮桃酥,考察燕麦麸皮、麦芽糖醇、色拉油添加量以及焙烤条件对桃酥感官品质的影响,通过单因素和正交试验确定最佳工艺参数。结果表明,燕麦麸皮桃酥的最佳工艺参数为:低筋粉100 g,燕麦麸皮20 g,色拉油50 g,麦芽糖醇40 g,小苏打1 g,碳酸氢铵1.5 g,蛋液20 g,食盐1 g,焙烤温度上火180℃、下火160℃,焙烤时间20 min,此条件下制得的桃酥色泽均匀,口感酥脆,甜度适中,具有燕麦麸皮特有的风味;同时应用加速货架期测试法(ASLT)预测燕麦麸皮桃酥在常温条件下(20℃)的货架期为100 d。     

大枣荞麦饼干的研制

为研究大枣荞麦饼干的制备工艺,以小麦面粉、荞麦粉、大枣浸膏为主要原料,以绵白糖、鸡蛋、玉米油为辅料,通过单因素试验和L9(34)正交试验对大枣荞麦饼干的配方进行优化。结果表明,大枣荞麦饼干的最佳配方为：小麦面粉50 g,荞麦粉5 g,大枣浸膏5 g,绵白糖4 g,全蛋液6 g,玉米油10 g,牛奶15 g,小苏打0.5 g,酵母0.5 g;焙烤温度为：面火180℃,底火160℃,烘焙5 min后翻面,继续烘焙5 min。利用该配方工艺制得的饼干呈棕黄色,酥脆适口,有浓郁的大枣香味。该研究结果可为保健饼干的制备提供参考。     

低卡休闲蛋黄派配方的优化

通过研究低卡休闲蛋黄派的配方,考察了蛋黄派皮中麦芽糖醇添加量、低筋面粉添加量、鸡蛋添加量,以及蛋黄派夹心料中麦芽糖醇添加量、单硬脂酸甘油酯添加量、脂肪模拟物添加量和瓜尔豆胶添加量对低卡休闲蛋黄派品质的影响。以感官评定为指标,采用响应面分析法对蛋黄派皮配方进行优化,采用正交分析法对夹心料配方进行优化。最终确定了低卡休闲蛋黄派皮的配方为麦芽糖醇22.6%,低筋面粉25%,鸡蛋42%;夹心料的配方为麦芽糖醇35%,单硬脂酸甘油酯1.5%,脂肪模拟物60%,瓜尔豆胶0.2%。在该条件下制作的蛋黄派品质较好。     

藕粉红枣酥性饼干的工艺研究

将藕粉取代部分低筋粉并加入保健食材红枣,研制出更为营养美味的藕粉红枣酥性饼干。设置影响饼干品质较大的因素:藕粉添加量、枣浆添加量、糖粉添加量作为试验因子,通过单因素试验和正交试验,得出产品的最佳配方(以低筋粉和藕粉总质量为基准100%)为低筋粉添加量60%,藕粉添加量40%,糖粉添加量30%,枣浆添加量40%,黄油添加量43%,色拉油添加量24%,纯牛奶添加量5%;焙烤条件为上火180℃,下火120℃,烘烤时间10 min。在此条件下制作出的藕粉红枣酥性饼干色泽深红、口感酥脆、口味香甜、后味浓郁、枣香四溢。     

不同配料对威化饼干品质的影响

研究了不同配料对威化饼干感官品质和血糖生成指数的影响,通过单因素试验和正交试验优化了威化饼干最佳配方及生产工艺参数。结果表明,当小麦粉添加量30%,荞麦粉添加量20%,红枣粉添加量5%,银杏粉添加量4%,黄油添加量10%,小苏打粉添加量0.4%,碳酸氢铵添加量0.4%,水添加量200%时,威化饼干的感官评分最高。不同配料对威化饼干的血糖生成指数影响不同,荞麦粉可以降低血糖生成指数,银杏粉不会改变饼干的血糖生成指数,而红枣粉导致威化饼干的血糖生成指数上升。     

山药曲奇的工艺研制

以山药粉、低筋小麦粉为主要原料生产山药曲奇饼干,通过单因素试验和正交试验确定最优配方。结果表明,以12%的山药粉添加量添加到面粉中,再以山药低筋粉用量200 g,鸡蛋液用量45 g,黄油用量140 g,绵白糖用量60 g,奶粉用量25 g,于180℃/160℃下烘烤15 min,得到的山药曲奇饼干口感酥脆、品质优良。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.