基于Landsat遥感影像和1∶50 000土壤数据库的福州市耕地有机碳动态变化研究

耕地土壤碳库是全球碳库中最为活跃的部分,其变化对全球气候变化产生重要影响。目前对耕地土壤有机碳估算多采用中、小系列比例尺的土壤数据库,较少结合遥感影像与大比例尺土壤数据库进行估算。基于此,本研究采用Landsat遥感影像和1∶50 000高精度土壤数据库,以福建省福州市为例,基于遥感与碳循环过程模型对1987年和2016年耕地土壤有机碳动态变化进行研究。结果表明,利用Landsat影像反演得到的耕地土壤基础呼吸与土壤有机碳相关性强,建立的1987年和2016年模型R²分别为0.637和0.752。研究期间,全市耕地土壤有机碳密度从东部沿海向西部内陆地区递增,整体发挥着“碳汇”作用,有机碳密度和储量分别增加0.20 kg·m^-2和2.946×10⁵ t。从不同土壤类型比较得出,黄壤、红壤和水稻土是“碳汇”,有机碳密度分别增加0.70 kg·m^-2、0.40 kg·m^-2和0.19 kg·m^-2;其他土类为“碳源”,其中,水稻土碳储量最大,两期在全市总碳储量中占比均超过90%。从不同行政区比较得出,仓山区、长乐区、马尾区和连江县为“碳源区”,其他地区为“碳汇区”,其中,仓山区碳储量一直为全市最低,两期占比均不足0.5%,而福清市则一直居于全市首位,占比均高于20%。总体而言,福州市耕地土壤有机碳30年间空间动态变化显著,在不同土类和行政区间存在差异,今后应根据不同耕地土壤类型和行政区的有机碳情况有针对性进行耕地管理。     

旱作春玉米冠层及叶片瞬态气体交换及水分利用效率日变化特征

旱作作物不同尺度瞬态气体交换和水分利用效率同步观测的研究,对于节水高效农业理论研究和生产实践均具有及其重要的意义。该文采用涡度相关技术和LI-COR6400便携式光合作用测定仪测定旱作春玉米灌浆期冠层、叶片瞬时CO₂和H₂O汽交换速率,并分析其瞬态水分利用效率日变化特征。结果表明,旱作春玉米灌浆期0～100 cm根层土壤相对湿度为40%时,日变化过程中晴日中上部位叶片的光合速率高峰值为1.3 mg·m^-2·s^-1(29.82 μmol·m^-2·s^-1),与同纬度地区灌溉玉米的光合速率高峰值相近;而群体下光合速率高峰值为0.9 mg·m^-2·s^-1(20.65 μmol·m^-2·s^-1),只及同纬度地区灌溉玉米灌浆期光合速率高峰值的54.5%;群体和叶片水分利用效率高峰值分别为0.16 g(CO₂)/g(H₂O)和0.06 g(CO₂)/g(H₂O),正午前后分别维持在0.0055～0.0123 g(CO₂)/g(H₂O)和0.0113～0.0197 g(CO₂)/g(H₂O),叶片尺度的光合速率和水分利用效率在10∶00以后的时段内明显高于群体水平。     

蔗区小流域泥沙有机碳入河负荷的时空变化特征及其影响因素

[目的] 针对广西红壤区典型小流域坡耕地甘蔗土壤有机碳流失问题,探究其流失时空特征和影响因素,解析流域泥沙有机碳在甘蔗不同生长时期入河负荷时空变化,为揭示自然降雨侵蚀下土壤有机碳流失的影响机制提供科学依据。[方法] 试验区位于广西壮族自治区崇左市扶绥县客兰水库水源区那辣小流域,流域分为下游子流域(S₁)和上游子流域(S₂,S₃)。利用无人机技术和径流泥沙自动监测—采样系统对甘蔗4个生长时期(苗期、分蘖期、伸长期和成熟期)入河泥沙有机碳及植被覆盖度等进行监测,并利用皮尔逊相关分析,确定入河泥沙有机碳与降雨径流、植被覆盖度和施肥等影响因素的关系。[结果] ①甘蔗苗期的流域泥沙有机碳入河负荷占整个生长期总流失量的61.1%,显著高于其他生长期,其特征为苗期(5.1 kg/hm²)＞成熟期(1.6 kg/hm²)＞伸长期(1.4 kg/hm²)＞分蘖期(0.3 kg/hm²)。②流域降雨径流和植被覆盖度与泥沙有机碳入河负荷呈极显著相关,分别解释了泥沙有机碳入河负荷生长期变化的45%和54%;而流域施肥和土壤容重与泥沙有机碳入河负荷呈显著相关,分别解释了泥沙有机碳入河负荷生长期变化的79%和36%。[结论] 流域入河泥沙有机碳流失变化主要是由降雨径流、植被覆盖度、施肥和土壤容重所引起。在蔗区小流域,通过增加植被覆盖以减少地表径流的冲刷及调控施肥时间,对降低土壤有机碳流失具有重要作用。     

云南省土壤有机碳储量估算及空间分布

根据云南省第二次土壤普查资料,采用土壤类型法估算了云南省主要土壤类型的有机碳(SOC)密度和储量,并对云南省土壤有机碳密度的空间分布差异和影响土壤有机碳储量的主要因子进行了分析。结果表明,云南省0-20 cm土层平均SOC密度为59.77 t/hm²,SOC储量为2.30×10⁹ t;0-100 cm土层平均SOC密度为159.95 t/hm²,SOC储量为6.15×10⁹ t,占全国储量的7.28%,占全球陆地生态系统SOC储量的0.41%;其中SOC储量占前4位的土壤类型为红壤、黄棕壤、赤红壤、棕壤,不同深度下4者之和约占云南省总储量的60%。在土壤有机碳密度空间分布上,SOC密度分布最高的区域为云南省西北部和东北部地区,其次是西部的横断山脉和东部的云南高原地区,而以紫色土为主的中北部地区SOC密度则最低。由于降雨量、温度、海拔和土地利用类型的共同影响,导致了区域内的SOC密度分布不均,其中降雨量、温度和海拔等自然因素是影响SOC密度分布的主要因子。     

土壤秸秆注孔对土壤含水量及作物生长的影响

[目的] 研究土壤秸秆注孔对土壤含水量及作物生长的影响,为旱作农田增加雨水蓄集能力及提高水分利用效率提供理论依据。[方法] 开展玉米-小麦轮作田间试验,设置常规种植(CK)、土壤秸秆注孔2孔/m²(T₁),4孔/m²(T₂),8孔/m²(T₃)4个处理。[结果] 秸秆注孔所有处理均提高了整个试验期表层土壤含水量。T₂,T₃处理提高了收获期深层土壤含水量,试验结束时两者底层土壤(60-80 cm)含水量较CK分别提高了29.19 %和28.18 %。秸秆注孔处理提高了作物株高、经济产量和生物量,以及降水利用效率和水分利用效率,T₂,T₃处理的提高效果最明显,且彼此差异不显著。[结论] 秸秆注孔具有保水性能和增产能力,根据成本和效果综合考虑,推荐秸秆注孔4孔/m²(T₂)作为优选处理。     

门头沟西侧小流域地表雨水资源量预测

应用传统的径流系数法与SCS-CN模型法预测了北京市门头沟西侧小流域雨水资源利用潜力,并对比了不同方法预测的雨水资源量及其时空分布规律。结果表明,径流系数法预测的丰水年(P=25%)、平水年(P=50%)、枯水年(P=75%)和多年平均年份地表雨水资源量分别为:2.84×10⁷m³,1.98×10⁷m³,1.22×10⁷m³和2.14×10⁷m³。模型法预测的丰水年、平水年、枯水年和多年平均地表雨水资源量分别为:3.21×10⁷m³,2.16×10⁷m³,1.31×10⁷m³和2.50×10⁷m³,经验法预测值小于模型法。夏季的7月,地表的雨水资源利用潜力达到相应特征年份的最大值。     

有机物料投入对中国农田土壤有机碳含量影响的整合分析

土壤有机碳含量是土壤肥力的重要标志,有机物料添加对于提升土壤有机碳含量具有重要作用。但是不同自然条件和农艺措施下有机物料添加对土壤有机碳含量的系统性影响尚不明确。研究搜集了国内外公开发表的相关文献数据,并建立了有机物料投入下农田土壤有机碳变化的数据库。运用整合(Meta)分析方法定量分析有机物料投入对表层土壤有机碳含量影响的综合效应,进而量化分析自然因素和人为因素对表层土壤有机碳含量的影响。研究结果表明,与不施肥相比,施用有机物料可以显著增加表层土壤有机碳41.9%。不同区域、土壤质地、土壤pH、初始有机碳含量、碳投入量、有机物料类型、施用有机物料时间和种植制度条件下,施用有机物料对表层土壤有机碳含量的影响均存在显著差异。在华北地区有机碳的增加率最大(58.3%),且显著高于东北地区(31.5%)和西北地区(32.1%);黏土(48.2%)和壤土(41.7%)有机碳增加率均显著高于砂土(25.0%);碱性土壤(50.9%)有机碳增加率显著高于酸性土壤(29.4%);土壤初始有机碳含量<6 g/kg的土壤有机碳增加率(90.3%)显著高于土壤初始有机碳含量6～12和>12 g/kg的土壤有机碳增加率(37.5%和38.2%);累计碳投入量>100 Mg/hm²时土壤有机碳增加率(87.8%)显著大于累计碳投入量<50和50～100 Mg/hm²(15.6%和36.7%);施用粪肥土壤有机碳增加率(46.5%)显著高于施用秸秆(33.6%);施用有机物料时间<10年的土壤有机碳增加率(16.6%)显著低于施用有机物料10～20和>20年(47.0%和52.2%);种植制度为一年两熟时施用有机物料土壤有机碳增加率(47.8%)显著高于种植制度为一年一熟(32.4%)。综上,施用有机物料对提升土壤有机碳含量具有重要意义。提升土壤有机碳含量需要考虑不同区域特点,加大单季有机物料用量,坚持长期施用有机物料以及秸秆还田和施用粪肥相结合是提升土壤有机碳的最重要措施。     

耕作措施对温带半干旱地区土壤温室气体(CO2、CH4、N2O)通量的影响

通过设置在甘肃省定西市李家堡镇的不同耕作措施试验, 利用CO₂分析仪、静态箱-气相色谱法对双序列轮作次序下春小麦地、豌豆地生育期内CO₂、CH₄和N₂O通量进行了测定。试验结果表明: 4种耕作措施下春小麦地和豌豆地在生育期内均表现为CO₂源、N₂O源和CH₄汇的功能。传统耕作不覆盖、免耕不覆盖、免耕秸秆覆盖和传统耕作结合秸秆还田下, 春小麦生育期内平均土壤CO₂通量(μmol·m^-2·s^-1)分别为0.203 6、0.221 2、0.241 8、0.224 9, CH₄通量(mg·m^-2·h^-1)分别为-0.041 6、-0.078 0、-0.081 8、-0.053 7, N₂O通量(mg·m^-2·h^-1)分别为0.089 1、0.069 2、0.046 1、0.065 6; 豌豆生育期内平均土壤CO₂通量(μmol·m^-2·s^-1)分别为0.273 6、0.261 6、0.218 1、0.236 0, CH₄通量(mg·m^-2·h^-1)分别为-0.055 0、-0.073 7、-0.066 2、-0.054 5, N₂O通量(mg·m^-2·h^-1)分别为0.123 4、0.084 7、0.080 6、0.035 0。少免耕及小麦秸秆覆盖有利于减少土壤CO₂排放通量, 免耕不覆盖、免耕秸秆覆盖及传统耕作结合秸秆还田均能不同程度地增加CH₄吸收通量、减少N₂O排放通量。综合来看, 免耕不覆盖、免耕秸秆覆盖和传统耕作结合秸秆还田3种保护性耕作措施有助于减少土壤温室气体的排放量。春小麦地CO₂通量随着土壤温度、土壤含水量的逐渐升高而增大; CH₄吸收通量随着土壤含水量的逐渐升高而增大, 而随着土壤温度的逐渐升高而减小。豌豆地CO₂通量的变化与土壤含水量存在极显著正相关关系; 而春小麦地N₂O通量则与平均土壤温度呈显著正相关, 豌豆地则为极显著正相关。     

生物炭强化生物滤池处理农村生活污水效果及碳排放

为研究生物炭对生物滤池强化作用及其在“双碳”背景下碳排放量与去除效果相结合的评估方法,以秸秆生物炭强化曝气生物滤池为研究对象,在中温环境（25～30 ℃）下,探究了生物炭强化生物滤池的挂膜启动时间、处理能力、稳定性以及日碳排放量。结果表明,滤池的挂膜时长为14 d;当水力负荷和进水流量分别为0.045m³/(m²·h)和0.9 m³/d时,系统的最佳进水水力停留时间为8 h,化学需氧量、氨氮、总氮和总磷的平均去除率分别为95.0%、79.1%、62.5%、78.4%;当水力停留时间和进水流量分别为8 h和1.2 m³/d,系统最佳的水力负荷为0.030 m³/(m²·h),平均去除率分别为95.3%、87.4%、68.1%、79.0%; 在系统运行过程中,不同时期悬浮球与陶粒上胞外聚合物（extracellular polymeric substances,EPS）含量相比刚驯化污泥上EPS的含量都有所增加,表明了生物滤池在实际运行过程中比较稳定且污泥活性也比较好;在8 h的最佳水力停留时间以及进水流量0.9 m³/d的条件下,曝气生物滤池使污水达标排放的碳排放量为9.08 kg/d,因此采用生物炭强化曝气生物滤池处理农村生活污水具有较高的应用前景。     

青藏高原色季拉山流石滩表层土壤有机碳的空间变化特征及影响因素

[目的] 分析青藏高原不同海拔下表层土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC),易氧化有机碳(ROC)、碳库稳定性及碳储量变化特征研究及土壤有机碳(SOC),DOC的影响因素,为后续复杂地形寒区SOC的稳定性研究提供科学依据。[方法] 以色季拉山流石滩为研究区,以单因素方差分析法分析了4 300～4 700 m之间不同海拔土壤物理性质,DOC,ROC以及SOC的含量特征,结合Pearson相关分析与冗余分析探讨了DOC,ROC与各因子之间的相互关系。[结果] ①土壤容重、密度与海拔呈负相关,其最大值分别为1.56,1.12 g/cm³,土壤含水率和孔隙度与海拔呈正相关,其最大值分别为74.22%,58.70%; ②SOC含量随海拔升高呈现先升高后降低趋势,DOC,ROC随海拔升高而呈现出波动变化趋势; ③海拔4 400 m时DOC/SOC,ROC/SOC达到最大值,可溶性有机碳储量(DOCS)和有机碳储量(SOCS)均值分别为40.779 g/m²,8.105 kg/m²,流石滩土壤碳库稳定性较好; ④DOC与土壤物理性质不相关,但与SOCS有一定相关性;ROC则与物理性质和SOC及其相关因子均有一定的相关性;各因子对色季拉山流石滩土壤DOC和ROC变化的解释贡献率排序大小为：DOCS＞土壤孔隙度＞ROC/SOC＞土壤含水率＞SOC＞SOCS＞DOC/SOC＞土壤密度。[结论] 不同海拔流石滩表层土壤DOC,ROC与海拔有一定相关性,且DOCS、土壤孔隙度与ROC/SOC均是影响DOC,ROC含量的重要因子,同时各因子间存在密切的关系。     

Infiltration and Runoff Generation Under Various Cropping Patterns in the Red Soil Region of China

Soil and surface water runoff are the major causes of cropland degradation in the hilly red soil region of China. Appropriate tillage practices are urgently needed to reduce erosion and protect the soil surface. In this study, five tillage systems [manure fertiliser (PM), straw mulch cover (PC), peanut–orange intercropping (PO), peanut–radish rotation (PR) and traditional farrow peanut (PF)] were compared in terms of soil infiltration and the capacity to generate runoff. Based on field‐plot monitoring and simulated experiments, this study revealed that the organic content of the soil in the PO (19.43 g kg⁻¹), PC (18·63 g kg⁻¹) and PM (18·18 g kg⁻¹) treatments increased compared with those of the PF (15·64 g kg⁻¹) and PR (17.17 g kg⁻¹) treatments. Moreover, the three tillage practices also enhanced the soil's aggregate stability and infiltration capacity. The average annual runoff generation rates of the treatments were as follows: PR (3,141 m³ ha⁻¹ a⁻¹) > PF (2,189 m³ ha⁻¹ a⁻¹) > PC (755 m³ ha⁻¹ a⁻¹) > PM (514 m³ ha⁻¹ a⁻¹) > PO (388 m³ ha⁻¹ a⁻¹). The PO treatment reduced the runoff generation rate by approximately 82·3% compared with that of the PF treatment. Among the treatments, the PO treatment had the highest threshold rainfall depth (22 mm) for runoff generation. Regression analysis revealed that the threshold rainfall depths linearly increased with the infiltration rates. The results of this study could benefit local soil management and cropland conservation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

有机培肥对红壤坡耕地产流产沙的影响

采用侵蚀小区田间监测方法,研究秸秆覆盖、生物质炭和猪粪等有机物料添加对红壤坡耕地产流产沙的影响。结果表明:2015年红壤坡耕地侵蚀量达到36 t/hm~2,78%~86%发生在花生季,达到中度侵蚀。与对照(CK)处理相比,单施化肥(NPK)处理没有降低产流产沙(P0.05)。与NPK处理相比,秸秆覆盖(NPK+Str)处理显著降低了产流产沙(P0.05);生物质炭(NPK+BC)处理显著降低了产流(P0.05),但是减沙效果不明显(P0.05);猪粪(NPK+SM)处理尽管提高了地表径流(P0.05),但是显著降低了产沙(P0.05)。秸秆资源在该区匮乏,秸秆覆盖难以推广。生物质炭的团聚能力弱,颗粒小,质量轻,易随水流失,在坡耕地上改良效果不明显。猪粪在该区资源丰富,不但提高土壤肥力,促进了团聚体形成,而且水土保持效果好,是该区农业生态环境可持续发展的重要措施之一。     

流动沙丘造林对土壤物理组分有机碳分配的影响

(1)根据中国知网(CNKI)的《中国学术期刊影响因子年报(自然科学与工程技术.2010版)计量指标统计表》,《水土保持通报》综合统计源统计的总被引频次为3 446次(2009年版中为1 358次);复合影响因子为0.955;期刊综合影响因子为0.568(2008年为0.493),在所统计     

环青海湖区退化芨芨草群落的土壤碳密度特征

通过对环青海湖区退化芨芨草群落的土壤容重和有机碳含量的测定分析,确定了退化芨芨草群落的土壤碳密度特征。结果显示,重度退化芨芨草群落的土壤容重显著大于中度退化芨芨草群落的土壤容重。重度退化芨芨草群落土壤有机碳含量普遍低于中度退化芨芨草群落,特别是两者表层土壤有机碳含量差异极为显著(p0.001)。在0—100cm剖面上,中度退化芨芨草群落土壤有机碳含量总体呈减少趋势,重度退化的则呈现减少和先增加后减小的两种变化趋势。芨芨草群落土壤有机碳密度跟有机碳含量变化趋势一致;芨芨草群落土壤有机碳主要集中在0—30cm土层,中度和重度退化下该深度土壤有机碳密度分别为7.35和2.92kg/m2,占整个剖面有机碳密度的57.45%和63.06%;环青海湖区中度和重度退化芨芨草群落剖面土壤有机碳密度为12.79和4.63kg/m2。     

Mulching Affects Soil Properties and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Under Long‐Term No‐Till and Plough‐Till Systems in Alfisol of Central Ohio

Agricultural activities emit greenhouse gases (GHGs) and contribute to global warming. Intensive plough tillage (PT), use of agricultural chemicals and the burning of crop residues are major farm activities emitting GHGs. Intensive PT also degrades soil properties by reducing soil organic carbon (SOC) pool. In this scenario, adoption of no‐till (NT) systems offers a pragmatic option to improve soil properties and reduce GHG emission. We evaluated the impacts of tillage systems (NT and PT) and wheat residue mulch on soil properties and GHG emission. This experiment was started in 1989 on a Crosby silt loam soil at Waterman Farm, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA. Mulching reduced soil bulk density and improved total soil porosity. More total carbon (16.16 g kg⁻¹), SOC (8.36 mg L⁻¹) and soil microbial biomass carbon (152 µg g⁻¹) were recorded in soil under NT than PT. Mulch application also decreased soil temperature (0–5 cm) and penetration resistance (0–60 cm). Adoption of long‐term NT reduced the GHG emission. Average fluxes of GHGs under NT were 1.84 g CO₂‐C m⁻² day⁻¹ for carbon dioxide, 0.07 mg CH₄‐C m⁻² day⁻¹ for methane and 0.73 mg N₂O‐N m⁻² day⁻¹ for nitrous oxide compared with 2.05 g CO₂‐C m⁻² day⁻¹, 0.74 mg CH₄‐C m⁻² day⁻¹ and 1.41 mg N₂O‐N m⁻² day⁻¹, respectively, for PT. Emission of nitrous oxide was substantially increased by mulch application. In conclusion, long‐term NT reduced the GHG emission by improving the soil properties. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Simulated Study on Effects of Ground Managements on Soil Water and Available Nutrients in Jujube Orchards

Soil erosion is a key factor affecting sustainable agriculture on Chinese Loess Plateau. A 2‐year study was conducted on jujube trees in a controlled study to compare effects of clean cultivation (CC) with jujube branch mulch (WJBM), strip white clover cover (SWC), strip shallow tillage (ST), jujube branch mulch under tree canopy + strip white clover cover (JBM + SWC) and jujube branch mulch under tree canopy + strip shallow tillage (JMB + ST). The study was on sloping soil (26·7%) in mesocosms (2·0 m × 0·8 m × 0·8 m) using a rainfall simulator. Runoff volume and sediment yield were significantly larger under CC than other treatments (p < 0·05), and were least under WJBM. Water infiltration under CC was significantly less than other treatments (p < 0·05), while it was the largest under WJBM. The available nitrogen (AN) and available phosphorus (AP) runoff loss under CC were significantly larger than others (p < 0·05), and least under WJBM. No differences in soil AN, AP and water‐soluble organic carbon (WSOC) concentrations were detected among all treatments. The soil AN and WSOC concentration under all treatments decreased during the growing season and slightly increased during fallow, while AP concentrations fluctuated but decreased slowly. The WJBM was the best management in this sloping jujube orchard study. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)对三峡库区紫色土坡面片蚀的影响

设置不同PAM施加量(0,0.4,0.8,1.6 g/m²),在不同坡度(15°,20°,25°)条件下开展不同雨强(60,90,120 mm/h)的模拟降雨试验。研究不同PAM施加量紫色土坡面片蚀产流产沙过程及其对产流产沙量的影响程度和主要因素,并分析了PAM对坡面片蚀可蚀性的影响。结果表明：坡面产流过程呈现先持续增加后趋于波动稳定的变化趋势,产沙过程则呈现先迅速减少并趋于稳定的变化趋势,PAM对片蚀的产流产沙过程变化趋势没有影响。和空白对照组相比,PAM施加量为0.4,0.8,1.6 g/m²的产流总量平均分别减小7.71%,35.16%,21.12%,产沙总量平均分别减小35.80%,49.39%,17.85%,PAM施加量为0.8 g/m²时产流总量和产沙总量最小。同种雨强下,不同施加量减流效益的大小顺序为0.8 g/m²>1.6 g/m²>0.4 g/m²,而减沙效益则受到坡度影响,在15°坡面减沙效益大小顺序是0.8 g/m     

库布齐沙漠植被恢复对风沙土壤碳通量与碳储量的影响

为阐明库布齐沙漠植被恢复过程中土壤碳通量的时空动态特征及主控因子，明确土壤有机碳含量和储量的变化趋势，本研究以流动沙地、半固定沙地、藻结皮固定沙地和地衣苔藓混合结皮固定沙地为研究对象，运用静态暗箱–气相色谱法对风沙土壤碳通量及水热因子进行观测，并对土壤有机碳含量和密度进行测定和计算。结果表明，生长季内风沙土壤碳通量变异较大，季节动态与土壤温度基本一致，且随植被恢复碳通量呈递增趋势：混合结皮固定沙地(210.28 mg/(m~2·h))>藻结皮固定沙地(177.45 mg/(m~2·h))>半固定沙地(117.34 mg/(m~2·h))>流动沙地(65.61mg/(m~2·h))；土壤碳通量与各层土壤温度均显著正相关，除流动沙地土壤碳通量与深层土壤含水量显著负相关外，其余样地碳通量均与表层土壤含水量显著负相关；风沙土壤有机碳含量和密度随植被恢复而递增：混合结皮固定沙地(1.32 g/kg,0.94 kg/m~2)>藻结皮固定沙地(1.03 g/kg,0.74 kg/m~2)>半固定沙地(0.45 g/kg,0.36 kg/m~2)>流动沙地(0.27...     

Simulation Study of the Impact of Permanent Groundcover on Soil and Water Changes in Jujube Orchards on Sloping Ground

Land degradation is recognized as a major environmental problem in rainfed fruit orchards on the Chinese Loess Plateau. Six treatments were used to investigate surface runoff and soil moisture by means of simulated rainfall experiments: (i) a control (clean cultivation) (CC); (ii) strip cock's foot (Dactylis glomerata L.) cover (SCF); (iii) strip crown vetch (Coronilla varia L.) cover (SCV); (iv) strip bird's foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) cover (SBF); (v) strip white clover (Trifolium repens L.) cover (SWC); and (vi) complete white clover cover (WCC). The time to runoff was significantly longer under WCC than under other treatments (p < 0·05). The total runoff volume and sediment yield were significantly greater under CC than under the vegetation cover treatments (p < 0·05). The mean infiltration rate under WCC and CC was the largest and lowest and differed significantly from that under other treatments (p < 0·05). The change of soil water storage was the largest under WCC and the least under CC. The soil moisture was significantly greater under SCF than under other treatments (p < 0·05). Treatment SCF seemed to be the best groundcover for rainfed sloping jujube orchards on the Chinese Loess Plateau. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

西班牙东南部旱作橄榄树果园水土保持措施: 植物带对土壤水分的动态影响

Sloping and mountainous olive production systems are widespread, occupying large parts of the Mediterranean landscape prone to water erosion. Soil erosion, runoff, and soil water content patterns over a three-year period were monitored in erosion plots on a mountainside with rainfed olive (Olea europaea cv. Picual) trees under: 1) non-tillage with barley strips of 4 m width (BS); 2) non-tillage with native vegetation strips of 4 m width (NVS); and 3) non-tillage without plant strips (NT). The erosion plots, located in Lanjaron (Granada, south-eastern Spain), on a 30% slope, were 192 m² in area. For assessing soil water dynamics in real-time and near-continuous soil water content measurements, multisensor capacitance probes were installed in the middle of plant strips and beneath the olive tree at five soil depths (10, 20, 30, 50, and 100 cm). The highest erosion and runoff rates were measured under NT, with a mean of 17.3 Mg ha^-1 year^-1 and 140.0 mm year^-1, respectively, over the entire study period. The BS and NVS with respect to the NT reduced erosion by 71% and 59% and runoff by 95% and 94%, respectively. In general, greater available soil water content was found under BS than NVS and NT, especially beneath the olive tree canopies. These results supported the recommendation of non-tillage with barley strips in order to reduce erosion and to preserve soil water for trees in traditional mountainous olive-producing areas, where orchards cover vast tracts of land.