大豆主要农艺性状的遗传解析

利用亲本冀豆12(高蛋白)和冀nf58(高油)及其175份F_(9∶11)重组自交系(RIL)材料,对大豆12个主要农艺性状进行了相关性和遗传分析,以期初步解析影响产量的主要因素。结果显示:亲本在株高、主茎节数、分枝数、百粒重、油分含量、蛋白含量和单株粒重7个性状上具有显著差异。在RIL群体中,12个农艺性状均表现为典型的数量性状特征,且具有相对较高的遗传率。其中,株高的遗传率最高(0.98),茎干重最低(0.63)。除3个性状(油分、蛋白含量和百粒重)外,其它9个性状之间呈现极显著的正相关,相关系数为0.30~0.90;蛋白含量与6个性状显著负相关,但与百粒重显著正相关。各性状与单株粒重相关性依次为:单株粒数单株荚数叶干重株高分枝数叶片数茎干重、主茎节数百粒重蛋白含量油分含量。选取19个单产最高的家系材料进一步分析表明,所测试的9个农艺性状主要遗传于母本冀豆12,而株高和主茎节数受到父本冀nf58的改良,说明通过聚合不同品种优异性状仍有提高品种产量的潜力。本研究结果可为培育高产优质大豆品种提供理论基础。     

大豆胞囊线虫非小种特异性抗性品种的抗性评价与农艺性状相关分析

以东北农业大学大豆研究所选育的抗大豆胞囊线虫非小种特异性品种L-10为父本、黑农37为母本杂交所衍生的141个F2:8大豆重组自交系群体作为材料,采用塑料钵柱法在温室病圃对大豆重组自交系抗性进行鉴定,并对抗病性和主要农艺性状进行相关性分析.结果表明:大豆重组自交系寄生指数与株高、单株荚数、百粒重呈负相关;与花色存在相关,与种皮、种脐色存在显著相关.高抗品系呈现椭圆的粒形、黑色种皮、黑色脐、棕色茸毛为主,这些质量性状可为高抗大豆胞囊线虫品种的选育提供参考依据.     

大豆异黄酮含量与主要农艺性状相关性及通径分析

利用高效液相色谱法检测了中豆27(♀)×九农20(♂)重组自交系的异黄酮含量.结果显示重组自交系间异黄酮含量差异显著.分析了异黄酮含量同主要农艺性状和化学品质性状的相关性,结果表明:总异黄酮含量与蛋白含量、脂肪含量、蛋白脂肪总合量、分枝数、单株产量、总荚数、主茎荚数和分枝荚数呈现负相关,其中与蛋白含量和蛋白脂肪总合量相关都分别达到显著和极显著水平;同株高、主茎节数和百粒重呈正相关趋势,并进一步估算了各异黄酮的含量与主要农艺性状的通径系数.     

不同类型大豆杂交后代主要农艺性状相关分析

本文研究了不同类型大豆杂交后代主要农艺性状间及产量性状与主要发育阶段的关系。结果表明，不同类型大豆杂交后代主要农艺性状存在明显差异。含有秣食豆血缘的组合较栽培大豆品种间杂交组合，在植株形态性状上表现为植株高大繁茂、粒茎比小的特点，在产量性状上表现为单株荚数和单株粒数多及百粒重小的特点。由于秣食豆种质的导入，植株高大繁茂与小的粒茎比存在相关遗传。大豆主要产量因子，在主要发育阶段存在相互制约现象。大豆各生育阶段与蛋白质含量的相关，与各生育阶段与油分含量的相关方向始终相反。单株荚数、单株粒数等产量性状与蛋白质含量与各生育阶段的相关方向相同。     

一个玉米F2：3群体主要性状的变异及相关分析

用自交系201与698-3杂交,创建了一个玉米F2:3群体,共233个家系.分析了该群体的穗长、秃尖长、穗粗、穗行数、行粒数、粒深、百粒重、出籽率和单株生产力等9个性状的变异及其相关性.结果表明.这些性状的变异度均很大,在不同家系间存在极显著的差异;除秃尖长外,频率分布均呈正态分布.各性状与单株生产力之间都存在极显著的相关关系,其中行粒数、百粒重、穗行数、粒深和出籽率对单株生产力的贡献最大.利用该群体中的变异性状,结合性状之间的相关性进行选择.可选育出新的高产玉米自交系.     

黑龙江省东部垦区1980～2008年主栽大豆品种农艺性状演化趋势

为了探究黑龙江省东部垦区主栽大豆品种的农艺性状的演化趋势,选用了1980～2004年黑龙江省审定推广的12个大豆品种为材料,分析其农艺性状的差异,并计算各性状的遗传参数.结果表明:高产型品种的产量增幅最大,近期比中期增产17.2%,比早期增产23%;高蛋白品种次之,增产7.2%.高产、高蛋白品种近期的单株荚数、单株粒数比中期均有显著增加,同时高产品种的单株粒重也有显著增加;在高油品种中只有单株荚数近期比中期有显著增加.近期育成的大豆品种的株高比中期降低,主茎节数显著增加.高油型品种近期比早期脂肪含量显著提高0.82%,蛋白质含量显著降低1%;高蛋白品种近期比中期脂肪含量显著降低0.71%.从各性状的遗传变异系数和改良潜力看,单株粒重、单株荚数、单株粒数、主茎节数改良潜力较大,而株高、百粒重、蛋白质、脂肪的改良潜力较小.     

密度对大豆农艺性状及产量构成因素空间分布特征的影响

以3个大豆品种(系)为材料,在田间条件下研究了不同种植密度对大豆农艺性状和单株产量构成因素空间分布特征的影响.结果表明:随密度增加,大豆株高逐渐升高,而主茎节数、基部茎粗及单株茎干重则相对减少.密度对大豆单株产量、荚数和粒数有显著的影响,与中密度相比,低密度分别增加海339、黑农35和垦农18单株产量80.3%、55.4%和12.6%,而高密度则降低海339、黑农35和垦农18单株产量57.4%、24.7%和53.6%.密度对节间每荚粒数和单粒重也有一定影响,但品种间存在差异.3个品种大豆的节间荚数、粒数和粒重的空间分布由上至下呈"微弧型"分布,即中部多,上下部少;而节间每荚粒数和单粒重近似呈现"|"直线型分布,随着密度的下降,3个品种大豆主茎全部节位的荚数、粒数和粒重均表现出增加趋势,但这种增加在各品种间的上、中和下部节位上存在一些差异.垦农18大豆节间的每荚粒数和单粒重具有很高的稳定性,黑农35稳定性次之,而海339稳定性最弱.因密度的增加而增加的产量与因密度增加而个体受抑导致的减产的数学表达式为:Yn+1=Yn+YD-YG.此表达式存在平衡点,此平衡点可作为评价大豆高产群体适宜密度的指标.     

高油大豆杂交F_2代品质性状与农艺性状的通径分析

选择5个高油大豆品种(系)作为亲本,配成4个杂交组合.对杂交F2代进行品质性状与主要农艺性状的相关分析和通径分析.结果表明:脂肪含量与蛋白质含量、主茎节数、单株产量、百粒重呈极显著负相关;蛋白质含量与主茎节数、分枝数、单株荚数和单株粒数的相关性达到显著或极显著水平.单株产量与主茎节数、分枝数、单株荚数、单株粒数和百粒重达极显著正相关.单株产量对脂肪含量的直接负效应最大,单株粒数对蛋白质含量的直接负效应最大,单株荚数对蛋脂总量的间接负效应最大,单株粒数对单株产量的直接正效应最大.     

绿豆主要农艺性状的灰色关联度分析

应用灰色关联度分析法对26个绿豆品种（系）的主要农艺性状和单株粒重进行了分析。结果表明农艺性状对单株粒重的关联度从高到低依次为单株荚数〉百粒重〉单荚粒数〉荚长〉节数〉株高。对单株粒重影响最大的是单株荚数和百粒重。因此,在绿豆高产育种中,应注重对单株荚数和百粒重的选择。     

一个玉米F2:3群体主要性状的变异及相关分析

用自交系201与698-3杂交,创建了一个玉米F_2:3群体,共233个家系。分析了该群体的穗长、秃尖长、穗粗、穗行数、行粒数、粒深、百粒重、出籽率和单株生产力等9个性状的变异及其相关性。结果表明,这些性状的变异度均很大,在不同家系间存在极显著的差异;除秃尖长外,频率分布均呈正态分布。各性状与单株生产力之间都存在极显著的相关关系,其中行粒数、百粒重、穗行数、粒深和出籽率对单株生产力的贡献最大。利用该群体中的变异性状,结合性状之间的相关性进行选择,可选育出新的高产玉米自交系。     

稻麦双晚对病虫草发生的影响及解决措施

随着早熟晚粳、中熟晚粳广泛种植,水稻轻型省力栽培方式旱直播的推广,病虫也发生了变化,成熟期显著推迟,下茬无法在适宜播期种植,影响粮食丰产稳产。提出筛选早熟当家品种、大力推广机插秧、加大粮食烘干设备的投入、合理施肥、精准植保等对策。     

加强闽台科技合作交流发展我省甘蔗业

概述了海峡两岸农业交流与合作的现状,提出了应该共同呼吁尽快实现两岸“三通”,开放农业生物技术图书期刊资料交流以及开放生物学科方面网络的思路,以便为农业交流与合作的顺畅开展打好基础,并寄希望能够就糖蔗、果蔗以及甘蔗笋等方面的研究与开发到台湾学习取经,开展学术交流或与台湾同行共同开展研究,为我省甘蔗业的发展作出贡献。     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

大豆几种常见病虫草害的诊断与防治

1大豆花叶病毒病 大豆病毒病（Soybean Mosaic Virus,SMV）是世界性病害之一。我国东北地区已鉴定的有5种,即大豆花叶病、顶枯病、蚕豆萎蔫病、南方菜豆花叶病、花生条纹病毒。其中大豆花叶病在全国大豆主要产区都有发生,十分常见。     

大豆根潜蝇及根腐病的发生与防治

近年来，随着大豆播种面积的增长，受病虫危害日趋严重。特别是大豆根潜蝇（又名根明）与根腐病共同发生危害，严重影响大豆的生产。综合防治技术主要手段是三年以上轮作，适时播种及种衣剂拌种等措施。     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

Yield and quality of winter and spring triticales for forage and grain

In field experiments conducted over 2 years in Mediterranean conditions, five winter and five spring triticales were evaluated for forage and grain production in the same cropping season. The experiments had two treatments, namely harvesting for grain only, and dual-purpose forage and grain production. In the latter treatment, forage was cut when the first node was detectable (Zadoks' stage 31), without removing the apical meristems. Grain was harvested when ripe (Zadoks' stage 92) in both cut and uncut plots.
Environmental conditions affected grain production and protein content more than forage yield and quality. Winter triticales yielded about 43% more forage than spring types, but after forage removal the spring types yielded about 36% more grain than winter triticales.
Reductions in grain yield after clipping were more pronounced in winter (32%) than in spring (19%) types. Forage crude protein content was significantly higher in the spring types studied (24.6%) than in the winter types (23.5%), the opposite being true for fibre content (20.7 and 21.6% respectively). Grain crude protein content did not differ between grain and dual-purpose treatments, but was higher in the spring triticales (12.8%) than in the winter types (11.9%). There was more variability for the measured traits within the winter triticales studied than within the spring types.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.