盐化潮土中硫酸钾对夏玉米产量及氮钾交互作用的影响

通过田间试验探讨了轻度盐渍化潮中施用硫酸钾对夏玉米干物质产量及氮钾养分吸收和再利用的影响。在速效钾含量较高的供试土壤中，施钾对高产夏玉米具有明显的效果和促进植物对氮钾的吸收，但明显降低了生长后期植物体中的钾和氮的再循环率。     

长期定位施肥对夏玉米钾素吸收及土壤钾素动态变化的影响

以长期定位试验为平台,夏玉米品种郑单136为材料,设置CK（不施肥）,NP（施氮、 磷肥）,NPK（施氮、 磷、 钾肥）和1.5MNPK（小麦季施高量氮、 磷、 钾肥+有机肥,玉米季仅施用化肥）4个处理,研究夏玉米钾素吸收规律及生育期内土壤钾素动态变化。结果表明,生育期内施钾与不施钾处理夏玉米干物质积累量均一直增加,在成熟期达到最大值; 在施用氮、 磷肥的基础上增施钾肥不但可以提高夏玉米地上部干物质积累量,同时也可以提高叶片及茎秆中的钾素含量,进而提高夏玉米整个地上部吸钾量;而在氮、 磷、 钾肥基础上增施有机肥,对夏玉米干物质积累无显著影响,但可显著提高茎秆及叶片的钾素含量和地上部钾素吸收总量。夏玉米钾素吸收主要集中在灌浆期之前,在灌浆期达到最大值,之后钾素出现回流现象。夏玉米收获后与播种前相比,土壤水溶性钾和交换性钾含量无明显下降或者略有增加,而非交换性钾明显下降,非交换性钾是夏玉米钾素吸收的主要形式。夏玉米吸钾量与播种前土壤3种形态的钾素含量呈显著正相关。因此,增施钾肥对于改善夏玉米生产,维持土壤钾素平衡及实现农业可持续发展具有深远意义。     

超高产夏玉米养分限制因子及养分吸收积累规律研究

2007年和2008年通过大田试验研究了超高产夏玉米养分限制因子和植株养分吸收积累规律。结果表明:用ASI法推荐的氮、磷、钾平衡施肥产量最高,分别达到12051.2 kg/hm2和13246.3 kg/hm2,施用氮肥平均增产8.92%,钾肥平均增产7.14%,增产效果显著,氮和钾为超高产夏玉米养分主要限制因子。超高产夏玉米植株体内氮、磷、钾的积累量均随生育期的延长而增加,到成熟期达到最大值,养分积累量的大小顺序为氮钾磷,每生产100 kg经济产量吸收养分比例N∶P2O5∶K2O为2.40∶1∶2.73。拔节期至吐丝期是养分吸收的关键时期,养分吸收速率大,积累量高,吐丝后植株仍能吸收较多的氮、磷。从出苗到吐丝期,叶片是氮、磷的分配中心,生育后期茎叶中氮、磷的转运率较高,而钾转移比例较小。超高产夏玉米整个生育期能持续吸收养分,吐丝后适当追肥保证灌浆期养分充足供应对夏玉米超高产至关重要。     

我国北方不同地区玉米养分吸收及累积动态研究

通过在东北地区的黑龙江、吉林和华北地区的河北、河南等省进行的田间试验,研究了同一玉米品种（郑单958）在我国北方不同地区玉米养分吸收及累积规律。结果表明,郑单958在东北地区作为春玉米栽培时的总生物量及氮、磷吸收量要高于在华北地区作为夏玉米栽培时的相应值,钾吸收量则相反。在华北地区作为夏玉米栽培时,营养体中氮、磷、钾百分含量最大值要高于在东北地区作为春玉米栽培时的相应值;而在东北地区作为春玉米栽培时营养体中氮、磷养分向籽粒中的转运量显著高于在华北地区作为夏玉米栽培时的转运量,钾素的转运量正好相反。在东北地区作为春玉米栽培时,其生物量最大增长速率和养分最大吸收速率出现的时间都要晚于在华北地区作为夏玉米栽培时的。因此,在东北地区种植的春玉米可以适当的推迟追肥的时间,增加玉米对养分的吸收,从而提高玉米的产量。     

超高产夏玉米干物质与氮、磷、钾养分积累与分配特点

探讨超高产夏玉米品种整株干物质与氮、磷、钾养分积累分配特点,为制定高产栽培管理措施提供依据.本文在大田条件下,以登海661(DH661)和郑单958(ZD958)为试验材料,比较研究了超高产夏玉米干物质与氮、磷、钾养分积累分配特点.结果表明,超高产夏玉米DH661在成熟期内整株干物质及氮、磷、钾积累量分别为33475.53 kg/hm2、369.76 kg/hm2、117.85 kg/hm2、285.78 kg/hm2,均显著高于ZD958,较ZD958分别高15.82％、23.72％、32.17％、21.89％.超高产夏玉米DH661的干物质和氮、磷、钾养分在叶片和茎秆中的分配比例均低于ZD958,而籽粒和根系中的分配比例高于ZD958,因而具有较高的养分收获指数与偏生产力.整个生育期内,DH661各器官的养分吸收速率均显著高于ZD958,具有较高的养分吸收效率;茎、叶及根系的氮、磷、钾养分吸收速率在灌浆期前保持较高水平,之后下降较快,而籽粒的氮、磷、钾养分吸收速率于灌浆期后增加较快.吐丝期后,DH661仍能吸收积累较多的养分,因此吐丝后适当追肥对于超高产夏玉米灌浆期养分充足供应至关重要.     

水钾互作对高产夏玉米产量和钾素利用的影响

为探讨水钾互作对高产夏玉米产量和钾素利用的影响。以郑单958(ZD958)为试验材料,采用干旱棚池栽试验,设置2个施钾量,4个灌水量,共8个处理,分析夏玉米产量、钾素吸收和转运的变化。结果表明,随灌水量增加,不同施钾水平夏玉米产量和钾素吸收转运均得到不同程度提高。在同一水分条件下,施钾可提高夏玉米产量和钾素的吸收转运,在最大灌水量时,施钾显著地提高了夏玉米产量、钾素总积累量、营养器官的钾素转运量、籽粒吸钾量和钾素农学利用率,且显著高于其他水分处理。在最大灌水量时施钾较不施钾的产量和钾素积累量分别提高22.1%~33.0%和22.2%~25.1%,施钾且供水充足较供水不足产量和钾素积累量分别提高54.5%~121.5%和103.3%~103.8%。钾素的吸收和积累主要是在吐丝前,前期干旱显著降低钾素积累速率,花期和花后灌水提高了籽粒对钾素的吸收。水钾互作能够显著提高夏玉米产量和钾素的吸收利用。本试验条件下,施K_2O 180kg/hm~2,增加灌水量可获得较高产量和钾素利用率。     

氮磷钾平衡施肥对夏玉米产量及养分吸收和累积的影响

结合目前夏玉米施肥存在的种种弊端,探讨平衡施肥对夏玉米产量及养分吸收的影响,为实现夏玉米超高产和合理施肥提供理论依据。通过设置大田试验,研究了不同施肥模式对夏玉米产量、氮肥利用率及养分吸收、累积的影响。氮磷钾平衡施肥(NPK)对夏玉米籽粒产量有显著的增产作用,产量达6426 kg/hm2,分别比PK、NK、NP、FP、CK处理增产13.2%、12.9%、19.3%、12.0%、22.9%。夏玉米生物量累积曲线与N、P、K养分累积曲线基本一致,都呈"S"型,养分累积量的次序为N>K>P,生物量和养分累积主要集中在喇叭口期以后。氮、磷、钾平衡施用可提高夏玉米产量、氮肥利用率以及养分的吸收,在喇叭口期追施肥料值得推广。     

施氮与间作对玉米和马铃薯钾吸收与分配的影响

【目的】探讨不同氮水平下间作对作物钾吸收、分配与利用的影响,为高效施肥提供依据。【方法】采用两年田间小区试验,以常规玉米施氮量N 250 kg/hm2为基础,设:不施氮（N0）、1/2常规量（N1）、常规量（N2）、3/2常规量（N3）四个处理,调查了间作玉米和马铃薯对钾素的吸收、分配及利用效率。【结果】随施氮量增加,单作玉米、间作玉米和单作马铃薯产量逐渐增加,以N2、N3产量最高,而间作马铃薯产量在N1水平达到最高,氮肥用量增加到N2反而下降;玉米马铃薯有间作增产优势,土地当量比（LER）随着施氮水平增加逐渐降低。单作和间作玉米吸钾量随着施氮水平提高先增加后减少,在N1或N2水平钾吸收达到最大,单作马铃薯吸钾量随施氮量增加逐渐增加,间作马铃薯则先增加后减少,分别在N3和N1水平达到最大。不同施氮水平下,间作玉米较单作玉米提高钾吸收量15.7~20.0 kg/hm2（2013年）和22.6~78.3 kg/hm2（2014年）,在低氮（N0、N1）水平下增加显著;玉米钾吸收量主要集中在秸秆,占钾吸收总量的64.5%~75%（2013年）和61.6%~74.5%（2014年）,间作增加的钾主要分配到了籽粒中,钾吸收量的分配在马铃薯中没有明显差异。间作提高了玉米钾利用效率,对马铃薯没有显著影响,随着施氮量增加,钾吸收土地当量比逐渐降低。【结论】施氮水平和种植模式对玉米马铃薯钾吸收有极显著交互作用;在施氮肥为常规水平的一半,即N 62.5 kg/hm2时,间作增产和促进钾吸收潜力达最大,随着施氮量的增加,交互作用对钾的吸收优势逐渐减弱。因此,适当施氮可充分发挥间作促进钾吸收的优势。     

施用氮磷钾肥对夏玉米产量和品质的影响

研究表明,夏玉米施用氮、磷、钾肥显著提高了产量,增加了玉米籽粒的矿质养分和有机养分。氮、磷、钾配合施用仍是玉米夺取高产、优质的有效措施。氮、磷、钾化肥对玉米产量和经济性状的影响程度为:N>P>K。     

供磷水平对不同磷效率玉米氮、钾素吸收和分配的影响

在砂培条件下,以磷高效利用型玉米(KH5)和磷低效利用型玉米(西502)为材料,研究了低磷(Pi25μmol/L,LP)和正常供磷(Pi2mmol/L,NP)2个供磷水平对其氮、钾素吸收和分配的影响。结果表明,磷高效利用型玉米氮钾素吸收和干物质积累受低磷处理的影响较小,表现出对氮、钾的高效吸收。正常供磷水平下,磷低效利用型玉米氮、钾素吸收量和干物质积累量显著高于磷高效利用型,但其氮、钾吸收和干物质生产能力远低于后者。低磷处理使玉米干物质和氮钾营养向根系分配的比例增加,磷低效利用型玉米这种趋势更为明显,反映其耐低磷能力较弱。     

Potassium uptake by soybean as affected by exchangeable potassium in soil

Abstract

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) has been shown to have a great capacity to take K from soil, suggesting that it might absorb K from non‐exchangeable forms. In this paper, the effect of level of K fertilization on soil exchangeable K content and K uptake by soybean are discussed. The experiment was conducted on a Typic Haplortox (sandy loam), fertilized with 0, 40, 80, 160 and 240 kg K₂O/ha as KC1 or K₂SO₄. During five years before the experiment, half of the plots received those K rates annually and the other half only in the first three years, providing an opportunity to study the residual effect of applied K. Plant samples were taken at pod filling and at harvest. Soil cores were collected in 20 cm increments down to 80 cm deep at plant emergence, pod filling and after harvest. There was a residual effect of K, and 240 kg K₂O/ha applied in a 3‐year term led to the same yield and K uptake as 80 kg ICO/ha applied annually for 3 years. Fertilized plants absorbed 160% more K than unfertilized ones, but soil exchangeable K accounted for less than 50% of plant uptake; therefore the exchangeable pool must have been replaced in time for soybean uptake. On the other hand, the K recycled from the plant to the soil was not found in the exchangeable form. There was evidence of K leaching deeper than 80 cm, and in addition, the K recycled from the plants may have turned into non‐exchangeable forms in the soil.     

山西褐土长期施钾和秸秆还田对冬小麦产量和钾素平衡的影响

在山西石灰性褐土一年一作条件下,通过16年的田间定位试验,研究了长期施钾和秸秆还田对小麦产量和土壤钾素平衡的影响。结果表明,只施用氮、磷肥,冬小麦年平均产量5.5 t/hm2,土壤钾素养分严重亏缺,年平均亏缺104.3 kg/hm2,与试验前的初始值比较,土壤速效钾和缓效钾含量分别下降23.6%和14.3%。在施用氮、磷肥的基础上每年施用钾肥(K2O 150 kg/hm2),平均增产10.2%以上;小麦秸秆还田平均增产6.6%以上,二者配合平均增产17.6%,年平均吸钾量提高32.0 kg/hm2。与试验初始值比较,土壤速效钾、缓效钾分别提高38.6%和11.0%。在施用氮、磷肥的基础上,长期施用钾肥和秸秆还田在显著增加冬小麦的经济产量、生物产量和吸钾量的同时,也减少年度间因气候因素等影响引起的产量变异,提高年度间产量和植物吸钾量的稳定性。     

Q/I relations and electroultrafiltration of soils as measures of potassium availability to plants

The equilibrium activity ratio (AR_o) of soil potassium and the K extracted by electroultrafiltration (EUF) within a desorption time of 10 min (EUF₁₀) were compared as measures of K availability indicated by K uptake and dry matter yield of barley plants grown in four soils receiving different rates of K fertilization in a glasshouse experiment. As could be expected, both methods indicated that K intensity in soils increased with higher amounts of K dressings and decreased with progressive crop growth. With EUF₁₀, 56–77% of the variation in plant response in dry matter yield and K uptake could be explained, where as with AR_o, it was only 36–65%. There was good linear correlation between AR_o, and EUF₁₀ for a particular soil; but there was differential variation in the two parameters for the different soils. When compared on the basis of plant response, EUF₁₀ was found to better describe K availability to plants and differentiate better between soils of different K selectivity.     

Cycling of nitrogen and potassium between shoot and roots in maize as affected by shoot and root growth

In nitrate-fed plants cycling of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) may serve several functions including supply of the roots with nutrients needed for growth, signalling of the growth-related shoot demand for nutrients to the roots, and removal of excess K from the shoot. In the present study, cycling and recycling of N and K were estimated in plants showing different rates of shoot and root growth. To induce these variations in growth, the plants were cultured with the same optimal nutrient supply but with the root zone temperature (RZT) at 12°C or 24°C. Additionally at both RZT, the plants were grown with their shoot base including apical shoot meristem at high or low temperature (SBT). Decreasing the RZT to 12°C drastically diminished root growth and accumulation of N and K in the roots. Cycling of N and K were less reduced by low RZT. At both RZT, N and K cycling were markedly reduced at low in comparison to high SBT although root growth was not affected by the SBT. Obviously, N and K cycling from shoot to roots were more affected by shoot growth than by the growth related demand of the roots for nutrients. At both RZT, N and K cycling exceeded accumulation in the roots. It was estimated that at least 20—33% of the N, and 24—51% of the K translocated from the roots to the shoot in the xylem is not directly derived from root uptake but from cycling. Plant culture at low shoot base temperature (SBT) drastically diminished shoot growth, and the accumulation of N and K in the shoot to less than 50% of the values measured in plants grown at high SBT. The low SBT-induced decrease of N accumulation in the shoot, at both RZT was associated with a reduction of K circulation and recirculation rates to less than 50% of those found in plants grown at high SBT. These findings are in accordance with the suggested role of K⁺ for charge balance facilitating the transport of NO₃^— in the xylem and disposal of the negatively charged products of NO₃^— assimilation from shoot to roots in the phloem. In plants cultured at low SBT, net uptake and translocation rates of N and K were diminished to less than 50% of those measured in plants grown at high SBT. This repression was associated with reduced rates of N and K cycling from the shoot to the roots. Obviously, low rates of N and K cycling from the shoot to the roots are not necessarily signals to increase uptake in the roots. It is suggested that for plants adequately supplied with N, high rates of N cycling and recycling might be the consequence of an apparent lack in control of phloem loading of amino acids in the leaves.     

Calcium,magnesium, and potassium uptake by crested wheatgrass grown on calcareous soils

Abstract

Forage intake with potassium/(calcium + magnesium) [K/(Mg + Ca)] values in excess of 2.2 are associated with grass tetany and Mg deficiencies in ruminants. This study was conducted to determine the degree to which forage K and Mg concentrations and K/(Ca + Mg) ratios could be predicted from soil bicarbonate (HCO₃) extractable phosphate‐phosphorus (PO₄‐P), and saturation extract Ca, Mg, K, sodium (Na), and nitrate‐nitrogen (NO₃‐N) concentrations. Crested wheatgrass (Agropyron spp) strains and cultivars representing four ploidy levels were grown in the greenhouse on eight calcareous soils with different saturation extract Ca, Mg, K and K/Mg ratios. The plants were harvested three times. Soil solution K/(Ca + Mg) and K/Mg ratios were the only measured soil parameters that showed a consistent correlation with plant K/(Ca + Mg) ratios. Bicarbonate extractable soil P was positively related to plant P and K uptake in the first harvest, but was not related in the second and third harvests nor was soil P related to plant Ca or Mg content. There was a tendency for the higher ploidy level entries to have higher plant K/(Ca + Mg) ratios. It was concluded that soil K/(Ca + Mg) ratios can be used to predict relative forage K/(Ca + Mg) ratios for grasses grown under similar conditions.     

CO2浓度升高、氮和水分对春小麦养分吸收和土壤养分的效应

研究了 2种CO2浓度水平 ,2种土壤水分处理和 5种N肥施用水平对春小麦 (TriticumaestivumL cv DingxiNo. 8654)养分吸收和土壤速效养分的影响。结果表明 ,高CO2浓度 (700 molmol-1)明显降低春小麦对氮(N)的吸收 ,低N时降低更为明显 ,但对磷 (P)、钾 (K)吸收的影响不明显。小麦对N、P、K吸收 ,干旱处理明显比湿润处理低。CO2浓度增高对土壤速效N的影响与土壤水分状况有关。湿润处理 ,CO2浓度增加的处理速效N量比当前CO2浓度的处理低 ;而干旱处理 ,施N 50、100、150mgkg-1时 ,速效N则较高。高CO2 浓度对土壤速效P、K量的影响不明显 ,而低N和水分不足 ,土壤速效P、K量较高     

The forms and availability to plants of soil potassium as related to mineralogy for upland Oxisols and Ultisols from Thailand

Potassium (K) deficiency is widespread in crops on highly weathered upland soils under a tropical monsoonal climate. Critical assessment of the forms of K in soils and of the ability of soils to release K for plant uptake is important for the proper management of K in crop production. The relationships between different pools of K were investigated as a function of silt and clay mineralogy for 14 upland Oxisols and 26 upland Ultisols soils from Thailand. Most soils contained no K-minerals in the silt fraction. XRD showed that kaolinite is the dominant clay mineral with variously minor or moderate amounts of illite, hydroxy-Al interlayered vermiculite and smectite present in some soils. For some soils, both conventional and synchrotron XRD were unable to detect illite. Analytical TEM including EFTEM of individual clay crystals showed that clay in the apparently illite-free samples contained very small amounts of illite. Many kaolinite particles appear to contain K which may be present in illite interleaved with kaolinite crystals. A glasshouse K-depletion experiment was conducted to assess the K supply capacity and changes in chemical forms of K and K-minerals using exhaustive K depletion by Guinea grass (Panicum maximum). Potassium deficiency symptoms and mortality of plants occurred on light textured soils, whereas plants survived for six harvests for Oxisols with clay texture, relatively high CEC and higher NH₄OAc-K (exchangeable K plus water-soluble K). There is a strong linear relationship of unit slope between NH₄OAc-K and cumulative K uptake by plants indicating that NH₄OAc-K is a major form of K available to plants. Thus K-bearing minerals contributed little K to plants over the time scale of the experiment and XRD patterns of whole soil samples, silt and clay from soils after cropping mostly showed no change from those for the initial soil. An exception was for a single surface soil clay where a minor amount of smectite was formed from illite by K release to plants.     

Differential growth responses of agaves to nitrogen,phosphorus, potassium,and boron applications

Nutrient effects on the growth of Crassulacean acid metabolism plants have received little attention. Agave deserti and A. lechuguilla were therefore selected for study because their rate of leaf unfolding from the central spike relates closely to growth, thus providing a convenient means for monitoring the effect of nutrient applications. The greater fractional influence of nitrogen fertilization on leaf unfolding for A. deserti can be explained by its lower soil level of N than for A. lechuguilla; high application levels of N near 500 kg ha^‐1 proved slightly inhibitory compared with 100 kg N ha^‐1 during the first year after application but not during the second year for A. deserti. Agave deserti occurred in soils much higher in phosphorus, potassium, and boron than for A. lechuguilla; consistent with this, application of these three nutrients in the field had little influence on the rate of leaf unfolding for A. deserti tut could significantly increase the leaf unfolding rate for A. lechuguilla. Applications of nutrient levels that greatly stimulated leaf unfolding for A, lechuguilla, such as 100 kg N ha^‐1 or 500 kg P ha^‐1 , led to large increases in net COg uptake over 2k h; applications of 500 kg K ha‐¹ or 100 kg B ha"¹ led to lower enhancements in CO₂ uptake and in the leaf unfolding rate, but again prevented any major decrease in net COg rate during the night. In agreement with studies on other CAM plants, the macronutrients N, P, and K and the micronutrient B can enhance the growth of agaves, depending on the relative level of these nutrients in the soil.     

Soil testing of horticultural substrates (v) Evaluation of 1: 1.5 water extract and ammonium acetate extract for potassium and desirable potassium values

Abstract

The 1: 1.5 water extraction of horticultural substrate for K was evaluated using K uptake as the criterion. Two crops, chrysanthemum (2 trials) and verbena (2 trials) were grown in peat, peat + pumice (PP), pine bark and peat + sawdust + sand (PSS). The ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) extraction for K was evaluated in one trial. The number of K application rates varied from 9 to 23.

The relationship between both soil tests and plant uptake was very good for all substrates, although it was generally poorer in bark, particularly in the verbena trials. This was probably due to the relatively high level of native K in bark and the lower K requirement of verbena. The relationship between water extractable K and NH₄OAc extractable K was linear and very good.

Percentage maximum dry weight and net growth rate were regressed against soil test values using a quadratic function and desirable values (DV) were estimated from the response curve. The initial DV for water extractable K For maximum dry weight in the chrysanthemum trials varied from about 45 ‐ 139 ppm and for NH₄OAc extractable K in one chrysanthemum trial varied from 284 ‐ 469 ppm. The DV obtained from growth rate measurements were similar to those obtained using percent maximum dry weight. It was not possible to determine DV for plants growing in bark and in PSS in one trial.

The DV for verbena, which could be determined in peat in only one trial due to lack of response in the others was 10–11 ppm in the water extract.