First detection of Bursaphelenchus mucronatus (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) on Monochamus sutor (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Romania

As a result of the detection of the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in Portugal, and its subsequent spread to Spain, intense surveys were conducted to screen for the presence of Bursaphelenchus species in Romania. Herein, we report recent surveys of insects potentially vectoring Bursaphelenchus species collected using trap trees or pheromone‐baited traps placed in the forest. Trap felled spruce trees (Picea abies) and pheromone‐baited traps were installed in six different counties in Romania (Bra?ov, Sibiu, Suceava, Hunedoara, Timi? and Dâmbovi?a). Ten different species of insects distributed among Curculionidae and Cerambycidae were obtained. Nematodes were extracted from insects and observed to validate the presence of Bursaphelenchus specimens. One female identified as Monochamus sutor was the only specimen carrying nematodes in the genus Bursaphelenchus. Nematodes were identified as B. mucronatus based on morphological and molecular features. This is the first detection and report of natural spread of B. mucronatus in Romania. The absence of B. xylophilus was confirmed in the areas of Romania surveyed in this work.     

Schwärmverhalten und Abundanzdynamik der ErzwespeKarpinskiella pityophthori (Bouček) (Hym., Pteromalidae), eines Parasitoiden des Kupferstechers (Pityogenes chalcographus L., Col., Scolytidae)

During a mass propagation ofPityogenes chalcographus in Southern Bavaria the pteromalid waspKarpinskiella pityophthori Bou?ek, a parasitoid of the bark beetle which is not very well known, occurred in increased density. The wasps were attracted by the pheromone lure “Chalcoprax” which has kairomonal effect uponK. pityophthori. Investigations with the aid of pheromone baited traps and a new electronical instrument produced detailed knowledge about swarming behaviour and population density of this bark beetle antagonist. A high degree of correspondence between the pteromalid wasp andP. chalcographus could be shown concerning pheromone mediated activity, environmental thresholds and abundance dynamic. While parasitoids are not presumed to have considerable regulative potency during mass propagations of bark beetles, we found from investigations in laboratory and in the field thatK. pityophthori showed high productivity and parasitizing effectivity and so had significant influence on the density ofP. chalcographus. This effectivity was additionally increased by the fact that in the gradation area the population density of the wasp considerably adapted to the abundancy of the local bark beetle populations forming so-called “spot populations”. Because of this concentration of parasitoids in the areas of high bark beetle density we had high numbers of trapped wasps at the culmination point of the bark beetle propagation, which makes an extensive use of pheromone traps for monitoring or control ofP. chalcographus ecologically dubious.     

Zur Wirkung von Aasgeruch auf die Fangleistung von Buchdruckerfallen

The effect of carrion smell on the catching-efficiency of pheromone baited flight barriere traps for the spruce bark beetleIps typographus L. was studied from June to September 1989 in a spruce forest near Göttingen. We compared the number of spruce bark beetles and carrion beetles catched with 6 pairs of Theysohn-Slit-Traps, baited with Pheroprax^®. The first trap of each pair controlled in regular time intervals of 14 days. The second controlled singulary at the end of the study. If the traps aren't controlled at regular intervals, the catching-efficiency of the traps decreases caused by the dead beetles in the trap. Contemporarily the number of carrion beetles in the traps increases. During the flight of the second generation ofIps typographus controll intervals of 14 days lead to an increased impact of carrion beetles in the traps.     

Non-target beetles (Coleoptera) in Trypodendron pheromone traps in Finland

Non-target beetles were surveyed in Trypodendron pheromone traps in 3 localities in Finland. Two window traps baited with Trypolure, containing lineatin dissolved in ethanol, and one control trap without attractant were used in each locality. A total of 1648 specimens belonging to 223 non-target species were recorded. The species were divided into five ecological groups to be treated separately. Hylurgops palliatus and Hylastes cunicularius were abundant in baited traps, whereas other scolytids as a group did not show clear attraction. Other species living in recently dead trees, including bark- and wood-boring species and associated species (predators, scavengers, fungivores, etc.), were clearly attracted by Trypolure. The most abundant ones were Hylecoetes flabellicornis, Thanasimus formicarius, Rhizophagus dispar, and Rhizophagus nitidulus. Although numerous in the samples, saproxylic species inhabiting more decayed wood and non-saproxylic species did not seem to be attracted. Grouping of species into ecological groups was helpful in the search for attraction patterns among species that usually are scarce in pheromone traps.     

Test von Monoterpenen als Zusatz zu Pheroprax® bzw. Chalcoprax® in Pheromonfallen zum Fang des Buchdruckers,Ips typographus L. bzw. des Kupferstechers,Pityogenes chalcographus L. (Col., Scolytidae)

Experiments on monoterpenes in combination with Pheroprax^® and Chalcoprax^® in pheromone traps for catching the bark beetlesIps typographus L. andPityogenes chalcographus L. (Col., Scolytidae) It is highly evident that monoterpenes of the host tree serve as olfactory stimulants for “pioneer-beetles” colonizing first a tree before any bark-beetle-produced aggregation pheromones can lure those beetles to the host. The findings ofRedemann (1993) about a significant increase of spruce engraver catches by addition of both (?)-alpha-pinen and (+)-limonen simultaneously to pheroprax-baited bark beetle traps (Pheroprax^R being the aggregation pheromone ofIps typographus) induced us to conduct field experiments testing the same host volatiles in comparable bark beetle traps baited with either Pheroprax^® or Chalcoprax^® (aggregation pheromone ofPityogenes chalcographus). Despite we used methods considering the influence of place and time on the bark beetle flight activities, in 3 experiments with 30 repetitions in total no monoterpene-induced enhancement oftypographus-catches could be found; the same was true withP. chalcographus (2 experiments, 18 repetitions in total). With respect to the important role of host volatiles also from a practical point of view, it is strongly recommended to repeat experiments like these under different conditions to reveal the reasons of the different findings.     

Monitoring of Webbing Clothes Moth,Tineola bisselliella (Hummel), by sex pheromone

Preliminary results of the using of the sex pheromone in the monitoring of Webbing Clothes Moth,Tineola bisselliella (Hummel), in a warehouse of a wool mattress manufacture and in some wool manufactures, are reported.The results of the experimentation suggest that traps (NoSurvivor trap and Uni-trap) baited by the synthetic pheromone allow to monitor the presence of adults and to check the effectiveness of insecticide treatments.The male ofT. bisselliella are meaningfully reactive in case of favourable temperatures also during winter period. The traps work at the best in presence of warm and stagnant air at a low degree of light, while they scarcely work or doesn't work at all in the opposite conditions. Satisfactory results have been obtained for temperatures ranging between 23 °C and 27 °C (which are favourable for the adult flying activity) placing the traps 2.5 up to 3 meters above the ground always keeping attention to be in the close proximity of the goods to protect and near the walls frequented by the adults. Low levels of light and air ventilation increase the trap performances.With 5 figures     

Beobachtungen über Nebenfänge von Pheromonfallen im Obstbau

Sticky traps baited with the synthetic sex pheromones ofLaspeyresia pomonella L.,Adoxophyes reticulana Hb.,Grapholitha funebrana Tr., andHedya nubiferana Haworth were operated in extensively cultivated orchards in the vicinity of Giessen, W.-Germany, in 1984. In addition to large numbers of the target species, males of other tortricids were captured. These species, belonging toCnephasia, Pammene, Laspeyresia andEpiblema, were attracted by the pheromone baits. Other non-target insects like honey bees and hover flies were captured most probably due to the white colour of the traps.     

Occurrence of Arthropods in a Central Italy feed-mill

This paper deals with the Arthropods fauna collected by bait and pheromone traps and categorized during one-year study in a Central Italy feed-mill. A total of 17,919 Arthropods were collected: Arachnida, Isopoda and Insecta. In the Arachnida we found mites, pseudoscorpions and mostly spiders; while in the Isopoda the only species noted wasPorcellio scaber (Latreille); in the Insecta 9 orders and 33 determined species were associated with the feed-mill: Collembola, Thysanura, Dermaptera, Psocoptera, Rhynchota, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera and Hymenoptera. In the order Lepidoptera about 55% of the insects were collected. Eight species of stored product Lepidoptera were cuaght:Ephestia kuehniella. Zeller, was the most abundant and wide-spread in the feed-mill (with 8,230 males, 83.53% of Lepidoptera trapped) followed byPlodia interpunctella (Hübner), (1,415 males) andEphestia elutella, (Hübner), (161 males). Coleopterans made up 40.43% of the insects collected.Tribolium confusum J. Du Val, was the most abundant and widespread in the feed-mill (with 5,451 specimens, 75.23% of Coleoptera trapped); less abundant wereOryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (752 specimens),Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (359 specimens),Attagenus brunneus Fald. (223 specimens),Stegobium paniceum (L.) (156 specimens) andSitophilus oryzae (L.) (118 specimens). Arthropods infestation level found during this survey were probably directly proportional to the amount of debris present in the departments. Because of these and other peculiarities, the feed-mill staff have to be continually alert to prevent, detect, and control pest problems within their work environment.     

Fängigkeit von differenziert bestückten Borkenkäferpheromonfallen in einem niedersächsischen Forstgebiet bei Hannover während der Jahre 1992 und 1993

In the years 1992 and 1993 blackTheysohn slit-traps were set up in a forest area near Hanover, Germany. The traps were baited with combinations of the synthetic bark beetle pheromones Pheroprax^®, Chalcoprax^®, Linoprax^®, and Cembrax^®. Their captivity was tested in comparison to singly baited and control traps without pheromone. Additionally, combinations of Pheroprax+Cembrax and Linoprax+Cembrax were tested. The captivity numbers obtained fromIps typographus, Pityogenes chalcographus, Xyloterus lineatus andX. domesticus were discussed in relation to the differently baited traps. In the latter three species, females and males were separated. The periods of flight activity of the four Scolytidae baited were ascertained for both years. Concerning the singly baited traps, Pheroprax captured the highest amount ofIps typographus per trap, its population increased 9% in 1993 related to that of 1992. ForP. chalcographus, the combination of the four pheromones resulted in a little higher number of individuals than in singly baited traps.Xyloterus lineatus preferred the four-pheromone combination, in which Linoprax was present showing a synergistic effect of baiting. In contrary, the baiting ofX. domesticus was lower by the combined pheromones than by Linoprax alone. The latter was found in lower numbers thanX. lineatus. The trapped amounts of both Xyloterus species were continuously reduced throughout the years 1989 to 1993. The Coleoptera species, not specially trapped, amounted yearly to 0.6–0.7% of the collected individuals.P. chalcographus was collected to 85–87%, andIps typographus to 11–14% of the total amount of Coleoptera trapped.     

Begleitinsekten in Buchdrucker-Pheromonfallen in Südtirol

Results are given on insects catched by 30 traps baited with Pheroprax in July and August 1984 in South Tyrol. In addition to 116,000 indiv. ofIps typographus the flight barriere traps contained 12,000 indiv. of other bark beetle species and 1222 indiv. of other insects belonging to 8 orders, 57 families and 150 species. Most dominant were Coleoptera (869=71% indiv.) followed by Hymenoptera (302=25%). With 211 indiv. (17%) the Honey bee,Apis mellifera, showed a surprising high quota.     

Ein Beitrag zum Verhalten des BuchdruckersIps typographus L. während der Flugphase

In the open air newly emerged beetles showed a very different flight capability. The initial flight was directed by optical structures next to the starting place. The number of caught beetles in pheromone baited traps showed that in the endemic phase the summergeneration ofIps typographus extended the dispersal flight to decidous stands. Relative high numbers of beetles were counted in traps on the southern edge of a beechstand at a distance of at least 400m from the next potential breeding place. Within the beechstand beetles were caught too but in a significant smaller number as on the edge.     

Untersuchungen über die Verwendung von Pheromonfallen als Befallsindikatoren bei einigen vorratsschädlichen Zünslerarten (Lep., Pyraloidea)

In the Summer of 1983 experiments were carried out on moth trapping by help of pheromone baited traps (Detia moth indicators) in seven warehouses in West-Berlin (stocks: cocoa beans, dried vegetables and spices).Ephestia cautella (Walker),E. elutella (Hübner),E. kühniella Z. andPlodia interpunctella (Hübner) were caught. The traps baited with the pheromone TDA caught many times more moths than control traps did. So they seem especially suited as indicators for a slight infestation.     

Pheromonfallen zur Bestimmung des Apfelwicklerfluges

Zusammenfassung Pheromonfallen zur Prognose von Wicklerflügen im Obstbau werden seit 1971 in Süddeutschland verwendet. Die Fallen- und Anwendungstechniken sowie die Ergebnisse von dreij?hrigen Freilandversuchen mit Lockstoffen beim ApfelwicklerLaspeyresia pomonella L. im Vergleich zu Lichtfallen werden vorgestellt. Dabei sind synthetische Lockstoffe f?ngiger als lebende Weibchen. Die Fangmethode hat sich im Apfelwicklerwarndienst zur Feststellung des ?rtlichen und zeitlichen Flugverlaufs bew?hrt und kann nun in die Praxis übertragen werden, w?hrend bei Apfelschalenwickler (Adoxophyes reticulana HB.) und Pflaumenwickler (Grapholitha funebrana Tr.) noch weitere Versuche mit Lockstoffen vor der Praxisreife angestellt werden müssen.

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Summary Determination of the flight of tortricids in orchards by help of pheromone baited sticky traps Since 1971 in Southern Germany pheromone baited sticky traps in orchards were used for prognosis of Tortricids. The techniques of the traps, their use and also the results of experiments with codling moth peromones from 1971 to 1973 were given in relation to catches of ligt traps. Synthetic pheromones call better and catch more moths than natural sexual pheromones of living virgine females. The pheromone baited traps allow to determine the local and temporal flight curve of codling moth in orchards. The method is now ready to be introduced for practical use.

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Nach einem Vortrag, gehalten auf der 39. Deutschen Pflanzenschutztagung in Stuttgart, 1.–5. 10. 73. — Die Arbeiten werden vom Bundesministerium für Ern?hrung, Landwirtschaft und Forsten in Bonn unterstüzt.     

重齿小蠹聚集信息素诱捕器的应用技术研究

重齿小蠹对人工合成聚集信息素的昼夜反应节律发生在白天7：00～21：00,反应高峰在14：00-19：00,反应模式为＂单峰式—白天型＂;利用人工合成的聚集信息素对重齿小蠹成虫发生期监测表明,成虫扬飞的开始时间为5月20日左右,扬飞高峰期为6月下旬和7月上旬,扬飞末期为8月26日,成虫扬飞的持续期为98 d。2007-2009年大量诱杀防治的试验前、后重齿小蠹致死木平均分别为3.39株/hm2和0.76株/hm2,致死木减少了77.58%,而对照区试验前、后致死木平均分别为15.89株/hm2和18.11株/hm2,致死木增加了13.97%,3 a大量诱杀试验的防治效果显著。     

Beifänge in Borkenkäfer-Pheromonfallen in Nord-Griechenland

13 Röchling Pheromone traps were used in a pine forest in Thessaloniki, N. Greece. The synthetic pheromones Pheroprax, Linoprax, CME 1986 519.66 and CME 1988 619.02 were placed in the traps. As side captures 24 species of insects were caught by the traps. Total 867 individual predators were captured in the 13 traps. In average 33 specimens ofThanasimus formicarius (L.) (Cleridae) and 30 specimens ofAulonium ruficorne (01.) (Colydiidae) were caught per trap.     

Capture of stored-grain Coleoptera with WB Probe II Trap: influence of grain type

The commercially available trap WB Probe II Trap have been used in laboratory to monitor insects activity in grains at 24±1°C and 70±5% r.h.. The major coleopteran pests of cereals in Italy,Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.),Rhyzopertha dominica (F.),Sitophilus oryzae (L.) andTribolium castaneum (Herbst), were added to the grain at about 0.9 insect per kg. Two tests were prepared: in the testA insect activity was observed in spring wheatTriticum aestivum, L.; in the testB were compared in oat grainAvena sativa L., spring wheatTriticum aestivum L. and maize grainZea mays L. Significant differences in the numbers of insects collected by the traps were observed, both when compared across traps and cereal types. In all cereals considered traps trapped moreS. oryzae thanT. castaneum andO. surinamenis; the species less trapped wereR. dominica.     

青海云杉(拟)齿小蠹聚集信息素研究进展

对危害青海云杉的光臀八齿小蠹、香格里拉齿小蠹及东方拟齿小蠹聚集信息素系统进行研究,并成功鉴定出3种(拟)齿小蠹的聚集信息素组分。光臀八齿小蠹聚集信息素由2-甲基-3-丁烯-2-醇,74%-(-)-小蠹二烯醇和(S)-顺式-马鞭草烯醇3种成分组成;香格里拉齿小蠹聚集信息素的有效组分为2-甲基-3-丁烯-2-醇,99%-(+)-小蠹二烯醇和(S)-顺式-马鞭草烯醇,东方拟齿小蠹聚集信息素由95%-(-)-小蠹烯醇和(S)-顺式-马鞭草烯醇2种成分组成。3种人工合成的小蠹虫聚集信息素已在害虫发生期及种群动态监测中进行野外试验,并取得预期效果。     

Comparison of lure-baited insecticide-treated tripod trap logs and lure-baited traps for control of Ips duplicatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Two methods were compared for capturing the bark beetle Ips duplicatus Sahlberg (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae): lure-baited, insecticide-treated tripod trap logs (TRIPODs) versus Theysohn pheromone traps (TPTs). In 2008 and 2011 and at each of three clearcuts, five TPTs and five TRIPODs baited with ID Ecolure pheromone evaporators were installed with 10 m spacing. The pheromone evaporators were renewed every 8 weeks. The TRIPODs were treated with the insecticide Vaztak 10 EC in mid-April and then every 5 weeks thereafter. Trap logs and traps were inspected weekly during the entire period of I. duplicatus flight activity (April–September). Two to three times more beetles were trapped by the TPTs than by the TRIPODs. The TPTs captured more females than males, while TRIPODs captured equivalent numbers of males and females or more males than females on some dates. The TPTs and TRIPODs trapped approximately the same numbers of males, but the TPTs captured more females than the TRIPODs. Both traps captured more adults in spring than in summer. The higher numbers of entomophagous arthropods, including the predacious beetles Thanasimus formicarius L. and T. femoralis, were captured in the TRIPODs than in the TPTs.     

An attempt to control <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cameraria ohridella</Emphasis> using an attract-and-kill technique

This study estimates the efficacy of an attract-and-kill (A&K) technique to control the horse chestnut leaf miner, Cameraria ohridella Deschka and Dimic (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae), an invasive insect pest of the horse chestnut, Aesculus hippocastanum L. (Hippocastanaceae). The A&K formulation was dispensed as 50 μl droplets of paste-like matrix, containing C. ohridella sex pheromone, (8E,10Z)-tetradeca-8,10-dienal (85% + pure; 0.16% w/w) and a fast acting contact toxicant, pyrocides (94% pure; 6% w/w), applied directly to the bark of the trees. It was tested in 2003 at rates of 30 and 45 droplets/tree at the Ostrobramska site and at rates of 30, 60 and 90 droplets/tree at the Woloska site in Warsaw, Poland, for the first insect generation. A set of untreated plots (0 droplets/tree) was established at each site as well. The treatment efficacy was estimated using two indices: (1) moth catches in pheromone traps and (2) the number of mines per leaf. Trap catches were significantly higher in the untreated plots than in the treated plots regardless of the application rate in all sites. However, there were no significant differences in leaf damage amongst all plots on each site. At the “Lazienki Krolewskie” park the attractiveness of two types of pheromone sources were compared: traps were baited with rubber septum lures or with A&K droplets. The catches of C. ohridella in traps baited with lures were lower than captures in A&K droplet-baited traps, but the difference was not significant. Possible reasons for the low efficacy of the A&K method in management of C. ohridella and reducing leaf damage are discussed.     

Pheromone-based decision support tools for management of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Halyomorpha halys</Emphasis> in apple orchards: development of a trap-based treatment threshold

The invasive brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål), has become a serious pest in mid-Atlantic apple orchards. Because no decision support tools exist for H. halys management, calendar-based insecticide applications have been the only successful technique for mitigating H. halys injury in orchards. Following the identification of the two-component aggregation pheromone of H. halys, we conducted a study to determine whether biological information generated by traps baited with this pheromone and pheromone synergist could be used to make management decisions. In this study, experimental apple orchards were treated with a H. halys-targeted insecticide only when a predetermined cumulative threshold of either 1, 10, or 20 adults per trap was reached. Once threshold was reached, two alternate row middle sprays 1 week apart were triggered and the threshold was reset. For comparison, some orchards were also subjected to a weekly alternate row middle spray or left untreated as controls. At harvest, significantly less fruit injury was observed when treated weekly or using a threshold of 1 or 10 H. halys adults per trap to trigger insecticide applications. Orchards treated using a cumulative threshold of 20 adults per trap or when left unsprayed had significantly higher fruit injury. In addition, insecticide applications were reduced by 40% using a threshold of 10 adults per trap. Our results suggest that baited pheromone traps can be used as decision support tools to trigger insecticide applications when needed to mitigate risk and effectively manage H. halys in apple orchards.