副猪嗜血杆菌分离株耐药性、血清型及RAPD基因型分析

为弄清某规模化养猪场感染和流行的副猪嗜血杆菌(HPS)菌株的耐药性、血清型及基因型,本试验自该猪场发生浆膜炎和关节炎病猪的不同组织样品中分离到6株HPS菌株,通过细菌培养特性、生化试验和PCR扩增细菌16S rRNA基因片段并测序对分离株进行鉴定;进而鉴定分离株对不同类别抗生素的耐药性;最后对分离株进行血清分型和RAPD基因分型并分析两者的相关性。结果显示,自病猪不同组织脏器中分离鉴定了6株HPS菌株,体外培养具有典型卫星生长现象;生化试验结果符合HPS反应特性;PCR均可扩增出821 bp的HPS 16S rRNA基因片段,且序列与HPS一致。药敏试验结果显示分离株对头孢菌素类、青霉素类、氨基糖苷类、大环内酯类和四环素类抗生素敏感,而对喹诺酮类、磺胺类、林可霉素类和氯霉素类抗生素产生耐药性。琼脂扩散试验结果显示HPS分离株均为血清5型;RAPD分析显示HPS分离株与15个血清型参考菌株可分为4个基因型。本试验结果为HPS的流行病学调查及防控具有一定的借鉴价值。     

Characterization of the diversity of Haemophilus parasuis field isolates by use of serotyping and genotyping

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the genetic diversity of Haemophilus parasuis field isolates with regard to serovar, herd of origin, and site of isolation. SAMPLE POPULATION: Isolates of H parasuis obtained from pigs in 15 North American herds and multi-farm systems. PROCEDURE: 98 H parasuis isolates were genotyped with the enterobacterial repetitive intergeneic consensus based-polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR) technique and serotyped via agar gel precipitation test. Genomic fingerprints were analyzed and dendrograms were constructed to identify strains from the same serovar group, herd of origin, or isolation site and to evaluate the genetic variability within these categories. RESULTS: Serovar 4 (39%) and nontypeable (NT) isolates (27%) were most prevalent. Thirty-four distinct strains were identified among the 98 isolates, using a 90% similarity cutoff. Strains from serovar 4 and NT isolates had high genetic diversity (12 and 18 strains, respectively). One to 3 major clusters of prevalent strains could be identified in most of the evaluated herds. Haemophilus parasuis strains isolated from the upper respiratory tract were either serovar 3 or NT isolates. Potentially virulent strains (isolated from systemic sites) were either serovars 1, 2, 4, 5, 12, 13, or 14, or NT isolates. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Although H parasuis had high genetic diversity overall, only a few strains caused disease in these herds. The ERIC-PCR technique was more discriminative than serotyping, and a broad genetic variety was observed within particular serovar groups.     

Establishment, validation and use of the Kielstein-Rapp-Gabrielson serotyping scheme for Haemophilus parasuis

OBJECTIVES: To produce antisera to the 15 recognised reference strains of the Kielstein-Rapp-Gabrielson (KRG) serotyping scheme for Haemophilus parasuis, validate those sera and use them to serotype 46 Australian field isolates of H parasuis. DESIGN: Antisera were produced in rabbits and validated by cross-testing with the reference strains and re-testing 15 Australian field isolates of H parasuis that had been previously serotyped in the United States of America. The validated antisera were then used to determine the serovar of 46 Australian isolates. RESULTS: Monospecific antisera were produced for 14 of the 15 KRG serovars of H parasuis. Two Australian field isolates, confirmed previously as serovars 1 and 7, were used to produce monospecific antisera for serovars 1 and 7 respectively. The antiserum for serovar 4 gave a one-way cross reaction with the antigen of serovar 14. The typing antisera correctly typed all 15 H parasuis that had been previously typed by antisera produced overseas. The 46 field isolates were shown to belong to serovars 2 (two isolates), 4 (one isolate), 5 (18 isolates), 12 (two isolates) and 13 (four isolates). The remaining 19 isolates were non-typable. CONCLUSION: Serotyping of H parasuis isolates is now available in Australia. H parasuis serovars 5 and 13 remain the predominant serovars present in Australian pigs.     

Prevalence of Haemophilus parasuis serovars among isolates from swine.

Two hundred sixty Haemophilus spp isolates that had been obtained from the respiratory tract and other sites of swine were acquired from diagnostic laboratories, primarily in the United States and Canada. The majority of isolates (243/260) were biochemically characterized as H parasuis; however, a few isolates of taxa distinct from H parasuis (taxa "minor group," D, E, and F) were identified. Fourteen H parasuis serovars were identified, and of those previously described, the most prevalent were 5 (24.3% of isolates), 4 (16.1%), 2 (8.2%), and 7 (3.7%). Three new serovars that were also prevalent included ND4 (11.1%), ND3 (8.6%), and ND5 (6.6%). Serovars 1, 3, 6, C, D, and new serovars ND1 and ND2 were infrequently identified, and 15.2% of isolates were nontypeable. It was not uncommon to isolate multiple serovars from swine of the same herd or related herds. Distribution of serovars among isolates from the United States and Canada was generally similar; however, a higher prevalence of serovar 5 and a lower prevalence of serovars 2, ND3, and ND5 were evident in isolates from Canada. Comparison of isolates obtained from the respiratory tract of swine without polyserositis with those obtained from swine with polyserositis revealed an increased frequency of serovars 4 and 5, and a decreased frequency of serovar 2, among isolates from swine with polyserositis. However, all prevalent serovars were isolated from swine with polyserositis, and data were not indicative of an association between serovar, site of isolation, or pathogenic potential.     

两株不同地区副猪嗜血杆菌的分离及分子生物学鉴定

本试验从浙江和河南部分地区的送检的疑似患多发浆膜炎与关节炎猪的病料中分离到2株疑似副猪嗜血杆菌,进行了细菌形态观察、培养特性和生化特性鉴定,根据已报道的副猪嗜血杆菌16SrRNA序列特异性引物进行PCR扩增,得到预期的822bp的基因片断,最终证实为副猪嗜血杆菌。     

Comparison of the indirect haemagglutination and gel diffusion test for serotyping Haemophilus parasuis

The aim of this study was to compare the use of indirect haemagglutination (IHA) and gel diffusion (GD) tests for serotyping Haemophilus parasuis by the Kielstein-Rapp-Gabrielson (KRG) scheme. All 15 serovar reference strains, 72 Australian field isolates, nine Chinese field isolates, and seven isolates from seven experimentally infected pigs were evaluated with both tests. With the IHA test, 14 of the 15 reference strains were correctly serotyped-with serovar 10 failing to give a titre with serovar 10 antiserum. In the GD test, 13 reference strains were correctly serotyped-with antigen from serovars 7 and 8 failing to react with any antiserum. The IHA methodology serotyped a total of 45 of 81 field isolates while the GD methodology serotyped a total of 48 isolates. For 29 isolates, the GD and IHA methods gave discordant results. It was concluded that the IHA is a good additional test for the serotyping of H. parasuis by the KRG scheme if the GD methodology fails to provide a result or shows unusual cross-reactions.     

First isolation of Haemophilus parasuis and other NAD-dependent Pasteurellaceae of swine from European wild boars

Haemophilus parasuis is a colonizer of the upper respiratory tract of pigs and the etiological agent of Gl?sser's disease, which is characterized by a fibrinous polyserositis, meningitis and arthritis. Gl?sser's disease has never been reported in wild boar (Sus scrofa), although antibodies against H. parasuis have been detected. The goal of this study was to confirm the presence of this bacterium in wild boar by bacterial isolation and to compare the strains to H. parasuis from domesticated pigs. Therefore, nasal swabs from 42 hunted wild boars were processed for bacterial isolation and subsequent H. parasuis identification by specific PCR, biochemical tests and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Two different strains of H. parasuis from two wild boars were isolated. These strains belonged to serotype 2 and were included by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and MLST analysis in a cluster with other H. parasuis strains of nasal origin from domestic pigs. During this study, Actinobacillus minor and Actinobacillus indolicus, which are NAD-dependent Pasteurellaceae closely related to H. parasuis, were also isolated. Our results indicate similarities in the respiratory microbiota of wild boars and domestic pigs, and although H. parasuis was isolated from wild boars, more studies are needed to determine if this could be a source of H. parasuis infection for domestic pigs.     

不同猪源副猪嗜血杆菌河南分离株16S rRNA基因的遗传进化分析

为研究来自河南省不同猪源的副猪嗜血杆菌(Hps)的遗传演化关系,应用PCR方法扩增所分离的良种猪源、家养野猪源和地方土猪源等3株Hps(KF0901、JZ0801和XY0501)的16S r RNA基因,并进行序列比较分析。结果 3株Hps的16S r RNA基因全长均为822 bp,彼此间核苷酸序列同源性为99.3%~99.6%,与参考菌株的核苷酸序列同源性为97.1%~99.4%;基于16S r RNA基因序列绘制的系统进化树显示,本研究中家养野猪源Hps和地方土猪源Hps均属于血清5型,而良种猪源血清5型Hps却与血清12型和血清14型的亲缘关系更近。表明Hps在良种猪、家养野猪和地方土猪之间彼此交叉感染或具有共同来源;并非所有血清5型Hps分离株都属同一分支。     

Prevalence of Haemophilus parasuis serovars isolated in Spain from 1993 to 1997

From 1993 to 1997, 327 strains of Haemophilus parasuis were isolated from spanish swine in our Diagnostic Laboratory and 174 strains (53.2%) were serotyped. Four serotypes, sv. 5 (18.4%), sv 4 (16%), sv. 2 (9.2%) and sv. 13 (8%) were the most frequently isolated and 29.3% of the studied strains were classified as non typable. The results obtained indicate that the distribution of the serotypes in Spain is very similar to that found by other researchers in Germany, Australia, Canada and alike to that found in the United States.     

浙江地区副猪嗜血杆菌分离株的生物学特性

为明确浙江地区副猪嗜血杆菌(HPS)病的流行特点,提高对该病的免疫防控能力,本研究对HPS分离株进行生物学鉴定。结果表明,HPS在含有2%小牛血清和16μg/mL NAD的TSB培养基中生长良好,在TSB液体培养基中培养16 h～18 h后,活菌数达到峰值;6个分离株对小鼠的LD50分别为2.03×109、5.3×109、1.34×1010、7.0×109、1.17×1010和1.62×109;可在感染HPS豚鼠的心血中分离到该菌;ERIC-PCR指纹图谱分析结果表明,4个分离株与4型、5型和9型标准菌株图谱一致,但有2个分离株与15个血清型标准菌株图谱不吻合。研究提示浙江地区内HPS的散发、流行的原因可能是由于该细菌血清型复杂性造成的。     

Antimicrobial susceptibility and PFGE genotyping of Haemophilus parasuis isolates from pigs in South China (2008-2010)

H. parasuis isolates (n=112) from pigs were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility against 23 antimicrobial agents by the disk diffusion method. All isolates were sensitive to Florfenico and most strains were sensitive to Cefotaxime (103/112; 92%), Ceftazidime (99/112; 88.4%), Chloramphenicol (90/112; 80.4%) and Gentamicin (85/112; 75.9%). High resistance levels to Nalidixic acid (84.8%), TMP (67.9%) and Trimethoprim+Sulfamethoxazole (58%) were observed. Genomic DNA extracted from 52 isolates resistant to at least seven antimicrobial agents was analyzed by PFGE and 46 distinct PFGE patterns identified. Diverse variation was observed between the drug-resistant H. parasuis isolates examined, suggesting that resistance traits were acquired independently by the respective isolates.     

Analysis of Haemophilus parasuis isolates from southern Ontario swine by restriction endonuclease fingerprinting.

To study the occurrence and distribution of various strains of Haemophilus parasuis in southern Ontario swine, organisms isolated from healthy swine, from specific pathogen-free and conventional herds, and from disease cases were examined using restriction endonuclease fingerprinting analysis. In most herds, several strains of H. parasuis could be detected although one or two strains usually predominated. Individual animals were colonized by a single or limited number of strains. In several cases, the same strains were isolated from more than one specific pathogen-free herd. Conventional herds carried a more heterogeneous population of H. parasuis. Only one strain was isolated which was common to more than one conventional herd. No strains were isolated which were common to both specific pathogen-free and conventional herds. None of the strains isolated from disease cases were found in healthy conventional or specific pathogen-free swine examined in this study.     

2012～2014年江西地区副猪嗜血杆菌分离株ERIC-PCR指纹图谱分析

在对15种副猪嗜血杆菌血清型参考株鉴定获得15种不同ERIC-PCR指纹的基础上,对2012~2014年分离自江西地区41株副猪嗜血杆菌临床分离菌株进行指纹鉴定。结果表明,41株副猪嗜血杆菌产生20种不同的指纹图谱,相同血清型的菌株表现出不同的指纹图谱,无法进行血清分型的副猪嗜血杆菌应用该方法可得到充分区分。该方法证实副猪嗜血杆菌ERIC-PCR指纹图谱存在丰富的多样性,可适用于副猪嗜血杆菌的快速基因分型及分子流行病学调查。     

Serological characterization of Haemophilus parasuis isolates from China

From September 2002 to December 2004, a total of 281 strains of Haemophilus parasuis were isolated from 17 provinces of China. All these isolates were serotyped by both the gel diffusion (GD) and the indirect haemagglutination (IHA) tests. By combining the GD and IHA results, serovar 4 (24.2%) and serovar 5 (19.2%) were the most prevalent serovars, followed by serovars 13 (12.5%), 14 (7.1%) and 12 (6.8%), while 12.1% of the isolates could not be assigned to a serovar (nontypable). A comparison of the number of isolates obtained from the respiratory tract of swine without polyserositis with those obtained from swine with polyserositis revealed an increased frequency of serovar 4 and a significantly decreased frequency of serovar 13 among isolates from the respiratory tract of swine without polyserositis, whereas the frequency of isolation of serovars 5, 12, 14 and nontypable from swine with or without polyserositis were similar. Co-infection of H. parasuis and other bacterial agents was studied in 183 cases examined from June 2003 to December 2004. Streptococcus suis (30.6%; 56), Escherichia coli (21.9%; 40), Bordetella bronchiseptica (21.3%; 39) and Pasteurella multocida (14.2%; 26) were the bacterial agents frequently co-isolated with H. parasuis in China.     

Purification and renaturation of membrane neuraminidase from Haemophilus parasuis

Haemophilus parasuis, which causes polyserositis, polysynovitis, meningitis, septicemia, and pneumonia in pigs, has emerged as an increasing problem in modern swine production systems. Co-factors for and the pathogenesis of H. parasuis disease are not defined. One of the potential virulence factors of H. parasuis is its neuraminidase (sialidase). While purifying the H. parasuis neuraminidase from the membrane fraction, we developed a protocol to renature enzymatic activity after enzyme preparations were resolved electrophorectically in denaturing polyacrylamide gels. The H. parasuis neuraminidase co-resolved with recombinant neuraminidase of Vibrio cholera; thus its apparent molecular mass is 82 kilodalton (kDa). The H. parasuis neuraminidase was associated with the membrane fraction and the purification protocol removed over 99% of the H. parasuis cell protein while retaining over 90% of the neuraminidase activity. Purified protein will provide another avenue to clone the neuraminidase gene that has been refractory to cloning and the protocol will be a means to purify recombinant protein.     

Genotyping of Haemophilus parasuis isolated from northwest China using PCR-RFLP based on the ompA gene

Outer membrane proteins (OMPs) are the major virulent factors of Haemophilus parasuis. PCR-RFLP targeting the ompA gene was conducted to investigate the possibility of genotyping H. parasuis in this study. Fifteen reference strains and 49 isolates from pig farms in northwest China were genotyped by PCR-RFLP with a pair of specific primers. The results indicated that both the 15 reference strains and 49 isolates could be classified into 8 different genotypes by PCR-RFLP, respectively. Seven genotypes including AA, BB, BA, CA, BC, BD and CD existed simultaneously in the reference strains and isolates, but genotype CB only existed in the isolated strains. Interestingly, genotypes BA, CD and CA were only found in diseased pigs and accounted for 38.8%, 22.4% and 18.4% of the isolates, respectively. On the other hand, strains isolated from apparently healthy pigs were classified into genotypes AA, BB, BC and CB. However, the virulent reference serovar 1 strain has an AA genotype, and the fact that nearly all strains from the healthy pigs belonged to serovars classed as virulent suggests that these genotypes might also include virulent strains; therefore, further validation with more field strains is needed. The capability of the RFLP-PCR method based on the ompA gene for genotyping H. parasuis isolates indicates that this method may be a useful tool for epidemiological study.     

2009～2010年华南地区副猪嗜血杆菌分离株ERIC-PCR指纹图谱的鉴定和分析

本试验采用肠杆菌基因间重复一致序列多态性聚合酶链式反应(ERIC-PCR)对2009~2010年分离自华南地区的41株副猪嗜血杆菌野生菌株及15株参考菌株进行了指纹图谱的鉴定。利用BioNumerics 5.1软件对所有菌株的ERIC-PCR指纹图谱进行分析,结果显示,15株具有不同血清型的参考菌株均具有不同的指纹图谱;41株华南地区副猪嗜血杆菌野生分离株则具有26个不同的指纹图谱,该方法对所有56株副猪嗜血杆菌的鉴别率为0.984。由此可见,ERIC-PCR分型方法具有较好种间的鉴别能力,可作为副猪嗜血杆菌病流行病学研究中的一种有效的辅助分子手段。