Surface-plasmon holography with white-light illumination

The recently emerging three-dimensional (3D) displays in the electronic shops imitate depth illusion by overlapping two parallax 2D images through either polarized glasses that viewers are required to wear or lenticular lenses fixed directly on the display. Holography, on the other hand, provides real 3D imaging, although usually limiting colors to monochrome. The so-called rainbow holograms--mounted, for example, on credit cards--are also produced from parallax images that change color with viewing angle. We report on a holographic technique based on surface plasmons that can reconstruct true 3D color images, where the colors are reconstructed by satisfying resonance conditions of surface plasmon polaritons for individual wavelengths. Such real 3D color images can be viewed from any angle, just like the original object.     

Auger electron angular distributions from surfaces: direct comparison with isoenergetic photoelectrons

Angular distribution patterns of Auger electrons and of photoelectrons from a Cu (001) surface were measured at the same electron kinetic energy. These measurements reveal that the low kinetic energy angular distributions for Cu Auger electrons and Cu 3p(3/2) photoelectrons differ substantially. This direct comparison between the photoelectron and Auger electron angular distributions demonstrates that, in some circumstances, the Auger process produces a complicated source wave whose nature must be explored before Auger angular distributions can be used for surface structure analysis.     

Applied physics. Subsurface imaging with scanning ultrasound holography

Every new microscopic imaging technique reveals hidden features but also new challenges. To capture information about substructure features, especially defects and voids, in the next generation of integrated circuits, higher resolution methods of surface imaging will be required. In his Perspective, Diebold discusses results reported in the same issue by Shekhawat and Dravid in which an acoustic scanning holographic imaging technique has been extended to unprecedented spatial resolution. The method has also been used on biological cells, and the hope is that it can be developed further to obtain detailed information about the depth and elastic properties of buried features.     

Atomic images by electron-wave holography

Direct views of electron clouds in atoms h-ave been observed visually and photographed by means of a two-stage holographic miscroscope based on Gabor's principle of image reconstruction. Holograms are produced with 40-kilo-volt electron radiation and decoded with an optical laser. The obviation of an objective lens makes feasible a numerical aperture of 0.37 and a resolving power exceeding 0.1 angstrom.     

Time-resolved x-ray diffraction of biological materials

Instrumental and specimen considerations pertinent to performing time-resolved x-ray diffraction on biological materials are discussed. Existing synchrotron x-ray sources, in conjunction with integrating x-ray detectors, have made millisecond diffraction experiments feasible; exposure times several orders of magnitude shorter than this will be possible with synchrotron sources now on the drawing boards. Experience gained from time-resolved studies together with order-of-magnitude estimates of specimen requirements can be used to determine the instrumental capabilities needed for various time-resolved experiments. Existing instrumental capabilities and methods of dealing with time-resolved specimens are reviewed.     

应用生物素-链霉亲和素的时间分辨荧光免疫分析检测玉米赤霉烯酮

采用基于生物素(Biotin)-链霉亲和素(Strepavidin)的时间分辨荧光免疫分析(TRFIA)技术建立了快速灵敏的玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)检测方法.以strepavidin包被板条,加入生物素化的ZEN-BSA,结合在板条上的ZEN-BSA与标准/样本中的游离ZEN共同竞争限量的抗ZEN单克隆抗体,用稀土离子Eu3+标记的羊抗鼠IgG进行示踪,建立了间接竞争的ZEN-TRFIA.该方法的检测灵敏度为0.2 ng/ml,测量范围是0.2～200.0 ng/ml,批内、批间变异系数分别为5.7%和8.3%,平均回收率为91.1%.与玉米赤霉醇的平均交叉反应是12.3%,与赭曲霉素A、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、黄曲霉素B1无交叉反应,说明该方法的特异性较好.相关试剂在4 ℃放6个月后各检测参数基本无变化,说明该方法稳定.样品同时用ZEN-TRFIA和商品ELISA试剂盒测定样品ZEN含量,两者的相关系数为 0.966 4,说明该方法测量准确.ZEN-TRFIA具有测量准确、检测灵敏度高、检测范围宽、操作简便、标记物稳定等优点,适合于ZEN大量筛查的应用.     

Time-resolved observation and control of superexchange interactions with ultracold atoms in optical lattices

Quantum mechanical superexchange interactions form the basis of quantum magnetism in strongly correlated electronic media. We report on the direct measurement of superexchange interactions with ultracold atoms in optical lattices. After preparing a spin-mixture of ultracold atoms in an antiferromagnetically ordered state, we measured coherent superexchange-mediated spin dynamics with coupling energies from 5 hertz up to 1 kilohertz. By dynamically modifying the potential bias between neighboring lattice sites, the magnitude and sign of the superexchange interaction can be controlled, thus allowing the system to be switched between antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic spin interactions. We compare our findings to predictions of a two-site Bose-Hubbard model and find very good agreement, but are also able to identify corrections that can be explained by the inclusion of direct nearest-neighbor interactions.     

Time-resolved three-dimensional concentration measurements in a gas jet

Turbulence can greatly influence reaction and heat transfer rates in fluids. The topology of the three-dimensional interface between mixing fluids directly determines the location and degree of reaction. The time-resolved measurement of the three-dimensional concentration field in a transitional gas jet is reported. A thin sheet of laser light was swept through the flow volume by a rotating mirror in a time brief enough that motion of the gas was minimal. The light sheet illuminated different parallel planes within the flow, and light scattered from particles seeding the jet was imaged onto a detector. The series of two-dimensional measurements made during one scan of the flow volume constituted a full three-dimensional mapping of structures within the flow. Computer graphics software was used to reconstruct and visualize three-dimensional surfaces of constant concentration and the magnitude of the concentration gradient vector over such surfaces.     

Magnetic microstructure of magnetotactic bacteria by electron holography

Off-axis electron holography in the transmission electron microscope was used to correlate the physical and magnetic microstructure of magnetite nanocrystals in magnetotactic bacteria. The magnetite crystals were all single magnetic domains, and the magnetization directions of small superparamagnetic crystals were constrained by magnetic interactions with larger crystals in the chains. Shape anisotropy was found to dominate magnetocrystalline anisotropy in elongated crystals. A coercive field between 300 and 450 oersted was determined for one chain.     

氯霉素的直接竞争时间分辨荧光免疫检测法

[目的]采用时间分辨荧光技术建立氯霉素（CAP）直接竞争免疫检测法（CAPTRFIA）。[方法]以羊抗鼠IgG二抗为固定相,游离CAP与生物素化的CAP人工抗原（CAP—BSA）共同竞争限量的CAP抗体;用铕标记的链霉亲和素示踪。[结果]该方法的灵敏度为0．016ng／ml。用于牛奶样品检测的添加回收率为89．6％,批内和批间变异系数分别为5．5％和10．1％,与甲砜霉素的交叉反应率〈0．01％。[结论]CAPTRFIA直接竞争法灵敏度高、特异性好、性能稳定,适于高通量筛查,有良好的应用前景。     

Time-resolved seismic tomography detects magma intrusions at Mount Etna

The continuous volcanic and seismic activity at Mount Etna makes this volcano an important laboratory for seismological and geophysical studies. We used repeated three-dimensional tomography to detect variations in elastic parameters during different volcanic cycles, before and during the October 2002-January 2003 flank eruption. Well-defined anomalous low P- to S-wave velocity ratio volumes were revealed. Absent during the pre-eruptive period, the anomalies trace the intrusion of volatile-rich (>/=4 weight percent) basaltic magma, most of which rose up only a few months before the onset of eruption. The observed time changes of velocity anomalies suggest that four-dimensional tomography provides a basis for more efficient volcano monitoring and short- and midterm eruption forecasting of explosive activity.     

Time-resolved measurement of dissipation-induced decoherence in a Josephson junction

We determined the dissipation-induced decoherence time (DIDT) of a superconducting Josephson tunnel junction by time-resolved measurements of its escape dynamics. Double-exponential behavior of the time-dependent escape probability was observed, suggesting the occurrence of a two-level decay-tunneling process in which energy relaxation from the excited to the ground level significantly affects the escape dynamics of the system. The observation of temporal double-exponential dependence enables direct measurements of the DIDT, a property critical to the study of quantum dynamics and the realization of macroscopic quantum coherence and quantum computing. We found that the DIDT was tau(d) > 11 micros at T = 0.55 K, demonstrating good prospects for implementing quantum computing with Josephson devices.     

全息玉米种增产新途径--张春庆博士谈生物全息律与全息玉米种

种子是重要的农业生产资料，选好用好种子是一项非常有效的增产措施。山东农业大学农学院在农作物种子方面做了大量的工作，特别是用高新生物全息理论指导选种技术，提高选种效果，取得了显著的社会效益和经济效益。北京神农科诺种子公司是全国第一家以研究、开发全息玉米种子的高新技术公司，在全息玉米种子生产加工、发挥品种增产优势、提高种子质量方面做了大量工作。尤其是全息种子为农民带来的增产增收效果引起了经销商及广大读者的浓厚兴趣，应广大种子经销商及农民朋友的要求。     

Nanoscale imaging of buried structures via scanning near-field ultrasound holography

A nondestructive imaging method, scanning near-field ultrasound holography (SNFUH), has been developed that provides depth information as well as spatial resolution at the 10- to 100-nanometer scale. In SNFUH, the phase and amplitude of the scattered specimen ultrasound wave, reflected in perturbation to the surface acoustic standing wave, are mapped with a scanning probe microscopy platform to provide nanoscale-resolution images of the internal substructure of diverse materials. We have used SNFUH to image buried nanostructures, to perform subsurface metrology in microelectronic structures, and to image malaria parasites in red blood cells.     

Time-resolved imaging of translucent droplets in highly scattering turbid media

The spatial distribution of small translucent droplets inside a 50-millimeter-thick Intralipid solution was imaged with a picosecond time and spatial-gated Kerr-Fourier imaging system at a signal level of about 10(-10) of the incident illumination intensity.     

Time-resolved investigation of coherently controlled electric currents at a metal surface

Studies of current dynamics in solids have been hindered by insufficiently brief trigger signals and electronic detection speeds. By combining a coherent control scheme with photoelectron spectroscopy, we generated and detected lateral electron currents at a metal surface on a femtosecond time scale with a contact-free experimental setup. We used coherent optical excitation at the light frequencies omega(a) and omega(a)/2 to induce the current, whose direction was controlled by the relative phase between the phase-locked laser excitation pulses. Time- and angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy afforded a direct image of the momentum distribution of the excited electrons as a function of time. For the first (n = 1) image-potential state of Cu(100), we found a decay time of 10 femtoseconds, attributable to electron scattering with steps and surface defects.     

沙丁胺醇时间分辨荧光免疫分析检测技术的研究

采用包被二抗间接竞争法,以抗SAL二抗体包被96微孔板作为固相二抗,与游离SAL间接竞争限量的以Eu^3＋标记的SAL-OVA抗原,建立解离增强模式的荧光免疫分析体系检测沙丁胺醇（SAL）,以利用时间分辨荧光免疫分析（TRFIA）技术建立快速、高灵敏度的沙丁胺醇（SAL）全自动检测方法。结果表明该法的灵敏度为0．04ng／mL,批内和批间变异系数分别为2．2％和8．7％,平均回收率为106．5％,与盐酸克伦、莱克多巴胺的交叉反应率分别为0．93％和0．73％。由此可见,用TRFIA法检测SAL,灵敏度高、特异性强、稳定性好,具有良好的应用前景。