植酸对霍山石斛类原球茎悬浮培养细胞生长和多糖合成的影响

研究了植酸对霍山石斛类原球茎悬浮培养细胞生长、多糖合成和培养基中主要营养成分消耗的影响,并分析了细胞中可溶性还原糖、可溶性蛋白质、丙二醛含量以及过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶的活性。结果表明,植酸能抑制过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶的活性,提高细胞活力,从而促进细胞生长和多糖合成,以2.5g/L浓度的植酸效果最好,培养36d时,类原球茎干重为29.4g/L,多糖产量为2.06g/L。动力学分析表明,添加2.5g/L的植酸还有利于碳、氮、磷等营养物质的吸收。     

Industrial glycerol as a supplementary carbon source in the production of beta-carotene by Blakeslea trispora

The dynamics of industrial types of glycerol as a supplementary carbon source to glucose for beta-carotene production by Blakeslea trispora was investigated in batch cultures. The growth kinetics, cellular lipid accumulation-degradation, substrate assimilation, and beta-carotene production were clearly dependent on the level of addition of pure glycerol. The highest beta-carotene production (15.0 mg/g of dry biomass) was obtained at an initial glycerol concentration of 60.0 g/L. Substitution of pure glycerol by the nonpurified soap byproduct did not inhibit cell growth. Conversely, partial purification of the biodiesel byproduct by removing methanol and fatty acids was unavoidable for cell growth. Both types of industrial glycerol stimulated beta-carotene synthesis more than 10 (soap byproduct) and 8 times (biodiesel byproduct) compared to control medium. The maximum beta-carotene contents were 10 and 8 mg/g of dry biomass, respectively, and its relative content in the carotenoid fraction was 86-88%.     

Caffeic acid derivatives production by hairy root cultures of Echinacea purpurea

Inoculation of leaf explants of Echinacea purpurea (Moench) with Agrobacterium rhizogenes induced hairy roots with the capacity to produce biologically active caffeic acid derivatives (CADs), especially cichoric acid. The kinetics of growth, the uptake of macronutrients, and the accumulation of CADs were investigated in heterotrophically cultured hairy roots for a 50 day period. A maximum of 12.2 g L(-1) dry biomass was achieved in MS nutrients supplemented with 30 g L(-1) sucrose on day 40. The mathematical relationship between hairy root growth and conductivity was established during the exponential phase in Erlenmeyer flasks. HPLC analyses of methanolic (0.1% phosphoric acid; 70:30, v/v) extracts from hairy roots revealed the presence of important CADs: cichoric acid (19.21 mg g(-1) dry biomass), caftaric acid (3.56 mg g(-1) dry biomass), and chlorogenic acid (0.93 mg g(-1) dry biomass). These results demonstrate that biotechnological production of CADs in hairy roots of E. purpurea is possible. Furthermore, these hairy root cultures offer, for the very first time, an excellent biological model to study the biosynthetic pathway of medicinally important CADs.     

Enhanced organically bound selenium yeast production by fed-batch fermentation

This study describes a fed-batch fermentation protocol for enhanced production of Saccharomyces cerevisiae containing organically bound selenium. Two levels of sodium selenate concentrations were applied as either a single dose or continuous addition. Fermentations with high sodium selenate (63.2 g/L in cane molasses feeding medium) demonstrated 24 g/L of biomass with 1382 microg of selenium/g of dry biomass for single-dose addition and 40 g/L of biomass with 1491 microg of selenium/g of dry biomass for continuous addition. Low selenium concentration (31.6 g/L in cane molasses feeding medium) demonstrated higher biomass concentration with higher selenium level; 37 g/L of biomass with 2846 microg of selenium/g of dry biomass and 45 g/L of biomass with 2495 microg of selenium/g of dry biomass for single-dose and continuous addition, respectively. Also, two adapted S. cerevisiae strains were evaluated in fed-batch fermentation. A single dose of low concentration demonstrated >3000 microg of selenium/g of dry biomass, but biomass concentration was lower (< or =32 g/L) for these adapted strains.     

螺旋藻的分离筛选及培养条件的选择

采用选择性Zarrouk无机培养基从北海螺旋藻养殖场水样中富集和稀释平板分离出9株螺旋藻,经对其生长测定,从中筛选出一株生长较快、藻体粗壮的螺旋藻藻种（暂定名SP06）,通过对其形态学观察、培养基优化和最佳生长条件的选择试验,结果表明：该藻螺旋状,细胞为短圆柱形,藻体长50-600μm,径宽30-70μm,螺旋数3-10,在配方为NaHCO3 16.8g／L、KH2PO4 0.4g／L、NaNO3 2.7g／L、NaCl 1.0g／L、FeSO4 0.005g／L、MgSO4 0.1g／L、K2SO4 1.0g／L、CaCl2 0.04g／L液体培养基中,在起始pH8-10,光照强度4000Lx,30℃／25℃光／暗变温条件下生长良好,培养8d每升养殖水可收获湿藻46-48g。     

Modeling production of antifungal compounds and their role in biocontrol product inhibitory activity

Partial least squares (PLS) regression modeling was used to relate the antifungal activity of Bacillus subtilis solid-state fermentation extracts to the individual high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) peaks from those extracts. A model was developed that predicted bioassay inhibition based on the extract HPLC profile (R(2) = 0.99). Concentrations of the members of the antifungal lipopeptide families iturin A and fengycin were found to correlate positively with extract inhibition, but a peak with unidentified chemical composition (designated as peak 48) showed the strongest correlation with extract inhibition. HPLC data were used to construct models for the production of iturin A, fengycin, and peak 48 as a function of the substrate moisture content, incubator temperature, and aeration rate in the solid-state bioreactors. Maximum production of all compounds occurred at the highest moisture content (1.7 g/g dry basis) and lowest incubator temperature (19 degrees C) tested. Optimal aeration rates for the production of the two known lipopeptides and peak 48 were 0.1 and 1.5 L/min, respectively.     

Production of organically bound selenium yeast by continuous fermentation

This paper describes a protocol for incorporation of sodium selenite or sodium selenate into Saccharomyces cerevisiae biomass by continuous fermentation in a medium with minimal sulfur and methionine concentrations. Selenium incorporation was followed by atomic absorption analysis and methylene blue reduction time (MBRT). Continuous fermentation at 0.2 h(-1) dilution rate and sodium selenite addition gradient up to 0.69 g/L of Na(2)SeO(3) yielded 1. 89 g/L of biomass with 1904 microg of selenium/g of dry biomass. However, MBRT was 0.1 min, which indicated that the majority of selenium was in the inorganic form. On the other hand, continuous fermentation at 0.2 h(-1) dilution rate and sodium selenate gradient up to 0.28 g/L of Na(2)SeO(4) yielded 0.76 g/L of dry biomass with 687 microg of selenium/g of dry biomass, and MBRT was 26 min, which indicated a high concentration of organically bound selenium. Overall, the results indicate a Se/S ratio of 3.9:1 and a dry biomass/Se ratio of 5.5:1 as optimal for continuous production of organically bound selenium.     

卷枝毛霉重组菌株Mc-MT-2培养条件优化及产油特性

前期工作构建了苹果酸转运蛋白基因过表达的卷枝毛霉重组菌株Mc-MT-2,该菌株的脂质含量大幅度提高。该研究从培养基成分筛选、微生物生长控制以及发酵模式等方面深入探讨Mc-MT-2菌株发酵产油脂的调控策略。结果表明,Mc-MT-2菌株最佳生长及产孢培养条件是以葡萄糖与苹果酸为复合碳源且复合配比为9∶1,氮源为胰蛋白胨,其他成分同Kendrick培养基,初始pH值为5。经分批培养获得生物量、脂质含量和脂质产量分别为11.2 g/L,24%和2.6 g/L。在3 L发酵罐扩大培养中,补料培养Mc-MT-2菌株获得生物量、脂质含量和脂质产量最大值为15.4 g/L、28.6%和4.4 g/L,比分批培养分别提高1.38、1.19和1.69倍。该研究为卷枝毛霉重组菌株Mc-MT-2在脂质生产中的进一步应用奠定理论基础。     

牛场废水培养肥壮蹄形藻的工艺参数优化

该研究选用肥壮蹄形藻（Kirchneriella obesa）为试验藻种,以秸秆过滤后牛场废水与BG11培养基的混合物为微藻培养液,在前期单因素试验基础上研究废水添加比、光照强度、光照时间和通气量对微藻干重、氨氮去除率、总磷去除率和Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)去除率的交互影响,通过Central Composite Design (CCD)中心组合试验得到了相应的影响模型。试验结果表明牛场废水培养肥壮蹄形藻的最优工艺条件为：废水添加比例26%、光照强度9 028 lx、光照时间21.5 h、通气量2.0 L/min。该研究采用优化工艺,在14 d的培养周期末期,肥壮蹄形藻的干重达到了1.141g/L,废水中氨氮去除率、总磷去除率和COD去除率分别达到了99.65% 、99.15%、85.83%,响应值指标的预测值和实际值误差均在2%以内。各因素对目标值的交互作用关系为：废水添加比例和光照时间对肥壮蹄形藻干重的交互作用较强,废水添加比例和通气量对肥壮蹄形藻培养液中氨氮去除率、总磷去除率和COD去除率均具有较强的交互作用,而光照强度和光照时间仅对总磷去除率具有较强的交互作用。该研究为牛场废水培养微藻的工业化生产提供了理论参考。     

加气灌溉改善大棚番茄光合特性及干物质积累

为揭示不同加气灌溉参数对作物光合特性及干物质积累的影响规律,以番茄为研究对象,研究了不同土壤加气量与加气深度组合对番茄光合作用、叶绿素含量、干物质积累及产量的影响。结果表明,对番茄根区土壤加气可显著提高叶片叶绿素含量和气孔导度,增强光合作用,增加干物质积累及产量。随加气量的升高,大棚番茄净光合速率总体上呈先升高后降低的趋势。15和40 cm滴管带埋深下,标准加气量（49.4 L/m2）下2次测定净光合速率平均较不加气处理升高21.4%和65.0%。滴灌带埋深为15 cm时,叶绿素含量、干物质积累量及产量随加气量的升高呈先升高后降低趋势,标准加气量下较不加气处理分别提升38.0%、55.4%和59.0%,滴灌带埋深为40 cm时随加气量的升高呈持续升高趋势,1.5倍标准加气量（74.2 L/m2）处理较不加气处理分别提升33.7%、36.2%和105.4%。综合考虑,当滴灌带埋深为15 cm时,宜采用标准加气量作为加气标准,而埋深为40 cm时,最佳加气量为1.5倍标准加气量。     

Optimal Organic Fertilizer Rates for Greenhouse Production of Container Fresh Herbs

There is minimal published research information on optimal fertilizer rates for growing organic herbs in a greenhouse container system under warm climate in south Florida. Our objective was to determine the optimum organic fertilizer rate for container herb production in a greenhouse for basil (Ocimum basilicum), coriander (Coriandrum sativum), and dill (Anethum graveolens) using Perdue certified organic fertilizer (Agri Recycle, 4–2-3, Seaford, DE) (4N-0.85P-0.25K). The organic fertilizer was mixed with potting medium (Fafard, Conrad Fafard, Inc.; Agawam, MA) at four rates: 0, 10.6, 21.1, and 31.7 g of fertilizer per L of potting medium. Results indicated an increase in nitrogen in plant tissue with an increase in fertilizer rate for all herbs and both trials. Based on statistical results from the fresh and dry weights of the herbs, the Purdue fertilizer rate for optimum production should be between 21.1 and 31.7 g of fertilizer per L of potting media. The lower fertilizer rate (21.1 g) is more attractive for overall production since it would result in a lower cost than using the 31.7 g fertilizer rate. This recommendation is based on the fertilizer chosen, the herb, the potting media, and the location of this study.     

尿素增强烯草酮胁迫下紫苏幼苗耐性的研究

为探讨烯草酮与尿素处理对紫苏生长的影响,阐明尿素对紫苏在烯草酮胁迫下耐性的调节效应。采用随机区组试验设计,在紫苏六叶期喷施不同浓度的尿素（0、1、2、4和 8 g/L）和24%烯草酮乳油（0、0.67、1.33、2.66和 3.99 mL/L）,分析其对紫苏生长、光合特性、抗逆性指标、杂草防效和产量的影响。结果表明,烯草酮抑制紫苏幼苗生长,降低光合特性,使丙二醛积累增加,超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶活性随其浓度的增加呈先上升后下降趋势;而1～4 g/L浓度的尿素处理则促进生长,并提高了光合特性;8 g/L的尿素处理效果相反。1～4 g/L的尿素和不同浓度的烯草酮先后处理,比单施烯草酮处理的效果好,A组（先喷施尿素后喷施烯草酮）的C1N3（4 g/L尿素,0.67 ml/L烯草酮）处理可使现蕾期产量和子粒产量比单独施用烯草酮增产13.94 %和10.54 %,株防效提高11%。表明在紫苏六叶期先喷施4 g/L的尿素再喷施0.67 mL/L 的烯草酮,能显著提高紫苏幼苗在烯草酮胁迫下的耐性,提高幼苗净光合速率,促进植株生长,这些效应与其提高抗氧化酶活性有关;该施药模式具有提高防效,安全高产等特点,有较高的推广价值。     

不同浓度的NO_3~-对黄瓜幼苗光合特性的影响

水培条件下,不同浓度的NO_3~-处理黄瓜幼苗7d.测定了黄瓜幼苗光合速率及相关参数的变化,揭示了黄瓜幼苗光合作用功能对高浓度NO_3~-胁迫响应机理。结果表明.营养液中NO_3~-浓度在较低范围(14～98 mmol/L)内时,适当增加NO_3~-有利于净光合速率的提高,光饱和点的升高,羧化效率增大,淀粉粒增加,叶面积增加,有利于黄瓜幼苗光合物质的积累及植株的生长;营养液中NO_3~-浓度进一步增加(>98 mmoL/L)时,黄瓜幼苗叶绿素的含量降低,净光合速率显著降低,光饱和点、羧化效率均降低;182 mmoL/L NO_3~-的处理,叶绿体的结构受到损伤,基粒数、基粒片层数、淀粉粒均减少,且淀粉粒变小,干重和叶面积均降低。所以,NO_3~-浓度过高时,黄瓜幼苗利用强光、弱光、CO_2的能力减弱,叶肉细胞被损伤,非气孔限制造成光合速率降低,不利于黄瓜幼苗的生长。     

机插杂交粳稻超高产形成群体特征

在研究不同机插水稻群体产量及其结构、群体茎蘖动态、叶面积动态与组成、光合势、干物质积累、群体生长速率等差异的基础上,初步阐明机插杂交粳稻超高产形成的群体特征:1)以足量的穗数与较大的穗型协调产出足够的群体总颖花量(50000万/hm2以上),并保持正常的结实率与千粒质量(结实率85%以上,千粒质量27g左右)。2)在合理的茎蘖动态(群体于有效分蘖临界叶龄期左右够苗,高峰苗适宜,一般为预期穗数的1.3倍)与叶面积指数(LAI)动态(孕穗期LAI达7.8～8.0,抽穗后LAI下降平缓,成熟期仍能保持3.0左右。)基础上提高成穗率(75%以上)与有效叶面积、高效叶面积比例(抽穗期有效叶面积率达95%,高效叶面积率达75%以上),以保证实现不同生育阶段目标生产力。3)以合理增加拔节-抽穗期物质生产与积累(群体生长速率22.5g/(m-2.d),干物质积累量9000kg/hm2以上,占总干物质量的45%左右)为重点,有效增强抽穗-成熟期群体物质生产与积累(群体生长速率13.5g/(m-2.d)左右,干物质积累量8000kg/hm2以上,占总干物质量的40%左右),以提高最终生物学产量(20400kg/hm2以上)。机插杂交粳稻生产过程中遵循以上规律可获得超高产。     

尿嘧啶对植物乳植杆菌LIP-1冻干存活率的影响及其作用机制

为了研究在培养基中添加微量生长因子对菌株冷冻干燥存活率的影响,该研究以植物乳植杆菌LIP-1（Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LIP-1）为研究对象,探究培养基中添加尿嘧啶对菌株冷冻干燥存活率的影响及其作用机制。结果表明与未添加尿嘧啶的空白对照组相比,在培养基中添加0.05 g/L尿嘧啶能够显著提高植物乳植杆菌LIP-1的活菌数与冻干存活率（P＜0.05）。对其作用机制进行探究,发现尿嘧啶的加入能够促使菌株合成更多的尿苷二磷酸（P＜0.05）,从而使肽聚糖含量显著增加（P＜0.05）,进而提高细胞壁的稳定性;同时尿嘧啶的加入抑制了乳清酸向尿苷二磷酸的转化,使胞内的乳清酸含量显著升高（P＜0.05）,菌株利用乳清酸的抗氧化能力减轻了活性氧对细胞膜不饱和脂肪酸的氧化程度,进而减少了细胞膜的损伤程度。结果表明植物乳植杆菌LIP-1通过代谢尿嘧啶减轻了细胞壁与细胞膜受到的冻干损伤,提高了菌株的冻干存活率。研究结果为提高菌株冷冻干燥存活率提供了新的方法和思路。     

Ligninolytic enzyme production by Phanerochaete chrysosporium in plastic composite support biofilm stirred tank bioreactors

Phanerochaete chrysosporium (ATCC 24725) produced lignin peroxidase (LiP) and manganese peroxidase (MnP) in defined medium in plastic composite support (PCS) biofilm stirred tank reactors. Laccase was not detected. The formation of the Ph. chrysosporium biofilm on the PCS was essential for the production of MnP and LiP. The bioreactor was operated as a repeat batch, and no reinoculation was required between batches. Peroxidase production was influenced by 5 min purging of the bioreactor with pure oxygen or continuous aerating with a mixture of air and oxygen at a flow rate of 0.005 vvm. Continuous aeration and 300 rpm agitation with 3 mM veratryl alcohol addition on days 0 and 3 demonstrated the highest lignin peroxidase production on day 6 with means of 50.0 and 47.0 U/L. Addition of veratryl alcohol and MnSO(4) on day 0 with 300 rpm agitation and continuous aeration at 0.005 vvm (air flow rate in L/min divided by the reactor working volume in liters) hastens the production of MnP with final yield of 63.0 U/L after 3 days. Fourteen repeated batches fermentation were performed without contamination due to low pH (4.5) and aseptic techniques employed.     

黄脉爵床微体繁殖技术研究

对黄脉爵床（Ｓａｎｃｈｅｚｉａ ｎｏｂｉｌｉｓ Ｈｏｏｋ．ｆ．）微繁技术进行了研究并获成功。研究结果表明,外源植物生长调节剂及营养物质对试管芽苗增殖生长及其不定根诱导均有显著影响。试管芽苗在ＭＳ＋ＢＡ０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＺＴ０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＮＡＡ０．０３ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＩＡＡ０．０３ｍｇ／Ｌ培养基上,可获得最大的单位芽苗数。ＭＳ（大量元素减半,肌醇１／４量）＋ＩＢＡ１．０ｍｇ／Ｌ（或ＮＡＡ０．２ｍｇ／Ｌ）＋     

带状套作复光后不同大豆品种干物质积累模型与特征分析

为了研究套作下高产类型大豆复光后的干物质积累特征,本研究共采用14个高、中、低产量水平的大豆为材料,比较了不同大豆产量类型品种与玉米套作,复光后的干物质积累特征差异。结果表明:1)高产类型大豆复光后干物质积累量为32.99 g·plant?1,较中、低产类型分别高26.82%和91.51%(两年均值)。2)不同产量类型大豆复光后干物质积累速率均呈先增加后下降的趋势,复光后最大干物质积累速率和平均干物质积累速率呈高产类型中产类型低产类型,高产类型大豆最大干物重积累速率的时间大致在复光后41~42 d,中低产类型则在复光后33~37 d;高产类型大豆复光后干物质渐增期天数、积累速率和干物质积累量以及快增期和缓增期的积累速率和积累量均显著高于中、低产类型。3)产量与最大干物质积累速率、最大干物质积累速率时间、平均干物质积累速率、渐增期的持续时间及干物质增量、快增期平均积累速率及干物质增量、缓增期平均积累速率及干物质增量呈显著正相关。本研究表明,套作下高产类型大豆复光后较强的干物质积累优势主要表现在复光后渐增期,而复光后渐增期较强的干物质积累能力主要在于其较长的渐增期持续天数。     

Enzymatic Process for Corn Dry‐Grind High‐Solids Fermentation

A modified dry‐grind process that combined the use of conventional amylases (glucoamylase [GA]), phytase, and granular starch hydrolyzing enzymes (GSHE) to achieve low liquefaction viscosities and low glucose concentrations during simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) with a high slurry solids content (>33% w/w) was developed. Doses of GSHE and GA were optimized for the modified process. At 35% solids content, the modified process had 80% lower slurry viscosity, 24% lower peak glucose concentration, 7.5% higher final ethanol concentration, and 51% higher fermentation rate compared with the conventional dry‐grind process. At 40% solids content, the modified process had lower viscosities, lower peak and residual glucose concentrations, and higher ethanol concentrations than the conventional process; however, the results were in contrast to those for 35% solids content. At 40% solids content, SSF did not run to completion for conventional or modified processes, and more than 2.5% w/v of residual glucose was left in the fermentation broth. Final ethanol concentration achieved with the modified process at 40% solids content was 19.5% v/v, similar to the ethanol concentration achieved with the modified process at 35% solids content. At 35% slurry solids content, a GSHE level of 1.25 μL/g db of corn and a GA level of 0.25 μL/g db of corn were selected as optimum enzyme doses for the modified process.     

细黄链霉菌005发酵条件优化及在玉米上的应用

通过L9(34)正交试验确定了Streptomyces microflavus 005的最佳培养基.优化后的培养基含:4.5%可溶性淀粉,0.5%蔗糖,4.5%豆饼粉,0.2%NaNO3,0.01%ZnSO4,0.001%KH2PO4.在最适发酵条件下,最高生物量(干重)由17.67 g/L提高到48.3 g/L.水培和小区试验结果表明Streptomyces microflavus 005能促进玉米种苗的生长并提高产量.