Industrial innovation policy: lessons from american history

The historical interrelations of government support of R & D and technical change in seven major American industries point to three types of policy that have been successful in the past: (i) government R & D support for technologies in which the government has a strong and direct procurement interest; (ii) decentralized systems of government-supported research in the "generic" area between the basic and the applied; and (iii) a decentralized system of clientele-oriented support for applied R & D. A fourth type of policy, under which the government attempts to "pick winners" in commercial applied R & D, has been a clear-cut failure.     

Process innovation and changes in industrial energy use

American industry in the 19th century switched from wood to coal as its primary energy resource. The history of this switch is reviewed, along with the history of preceding similar trends in Europe and later trends in the switch from coal to oil and gas. Important conceptual advances in the technology of such basic processes as glassmaking, cementmaking, and steelmaking emerged as the switch from wood to coal proceeded in the United States. These advances may have been more important than the relative prices of wood and coal in motivating the conversion of American industry to the use of coal. The historical role of process advances in determining the choice of energy resources suggests that the physics and chemistry of industrial processes may be as important an area of energy research as the various technologies of energy conversion.     

提高临武县脐橙产业竞争力的对策

临武是国家规划的优势脐橙区域湘南产业带重点县。分析了临武发展脐橙的比较优势、产业基础及存在的问题。从品种定位、无公害生产基地建设、完善技术网络、加大技术推广力度以及产业化经营等方面,对提高临武脐橙产业竞争力进行了探讨。