山区玉米育种用优良自交系S_(37)及其主要杂交种的同功酶分析初探

本研究以我室自育的山区玉米育种用优良自交系S37的4个姊妹系和以它们为父本组配的2个适于山区种植的优良杂交种雅玉2号与合苏单交的幼苗为试验材料进行了酯酶和过氧化物酶同功酶分析，并对它们扫描，以各酶带的酶含量为分析的基础数据，用Tocher聚类法进行聚类分析。结果发现，酯酶的酶谱，除了S37(4)外，其余5个供进材料极为相似，但聚类分析则表明供试材料可归为两大类，S37(1)自成一类，剩余5个材料可归为另一类;供试材料过氧化物同工酶呈现较大的变异。S37(1)与S37(3)的酶谱相近，S37(2)、S37(4)和雅玉2号间的酶谱相同，合苏单交有自己的特征酶谱；聚类分析也将它们归为三大类：雅玉2号与苏合单交，S37(1)归为一类，S37(2)与S37(4)可归为另一类，S37(3)自成一类。并对上述结果作了一些讨论。     

Alcohol dehydrogenase in maize: genetic control of enzyme activity

A gene (Adhr(r)) which controls the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase in the scutellum of maize has been found. This gene is not allelic to the Adh(1) locus, which specifies the charge of the enzyme molecule and hence its migration rate. The two genes are linked and located about 17 crossover units apart. The Adh(r)(N) allele specifies equal activities of both the Adh(1)(S) and Adh(1)(F) products. The Adh(r)(L) allele gives lower activities of the Adh(1)(S) products only and operates in both the cis and the trans configurations.     

光敏感核不育水稻农垦58S雄性不育性的遗传学研究

以套袋自交结实率为主要指标,观察分析了农垦58S与不同生态型的9个粳稻品种杂交的F_1,F_2,BCF_1代的抽穗期与育性。结果表明,农垦58S光敏雄性不育性由2对隐性主基因控制:这2对基因在不同类型的梗稻品种中其互作方式表现差异,即在早、中稻品种中表现积加作用,在晚稻品种中为独立分高,在农垦58品种本身的背景中表现隐性上位作用,这种相互作用方式差异与分离世代植株的出穗期限有一定关系;农垦58S光敏不育性在不同的遗传背景中都能表达,但受到光、温2组微效基因修饰。“重复基因位点平行突变假说”,可以较完满地解释农垦58S的遗传机制。本文还就光敏感雄性不育系的遗传分类和选育温光弱感型光敏雄性不育两用系进行了讨论。     

Complement fixation on cell surfaces by 19S and 7S antibodies

The mechanism of complement fixation on cell surfaces by whole antiserums, and by 19S and 7S fractions has been studied with a new comple-ment-fixation test. This test is based on the fixation and transfer of the activated first component of complement (C1a). We have concluded that a single molecule of 19S antibody in combination with antigen at the cell surface is sufficient to bind one molecule of C1a. For 7S antibodies at least two molecules in close proximity at the cell surface are required to fix one molecule of C1a.     

小麦品种对土传小麦黄色花叶病毒病抗性遗传的初步研究

本试验通过杂交、回交和抗病性鉴定等方法,测定了14个组合的F_1代对土传小麦黄色花叶病毒病的抗性遗传。根据双亲正反杂交表现型一致的结果,可以确定控制小麦品种对该病毒病的抗性为细胞核遗传。通过对F_1、F_2、BC_1及BC_2各代群体抗病株和感病株分离比值的分析,初步确定有关土传小麦黄色花叶病毒病的抗性遗传可能受两对致病显性基因(S_1、S_2),和一对抑制基因(I)所控制,作者并对这一问题与前人工作作了比较和讨论。     

冬小麦有机生产与植体覆盖技术的研究

以冬小麦(Triticum aestiwum L.)有机生产为例，研究了有机农业不同方式氮素供应的能力差异，对比了植体覆盖(S1)和施用有机肥(S2)两个生产系统。结果表明，前者在小麦抽穗前的生长量和植株体内的NPK含量明显低于后者。此后，植体覆盖系统冬小麦生长和NPK吸收都有一个明显的飞跃。最后，植体覆盖小麦单产和麦粒含氮量均与施用有机肥的小麦接近。这一变化趋势与土壤可溶性氮素含量变化一致，而且土壤可溶性氮素含量与植体覆盖作物的生长量一致。     

Promotion of lymphocyte egress into blood and lymph by distinct sources of sphingosine-1-phosphate

Lymphocytes require sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor-1 to exit lymphoid organs, but the source(s) of extracellular S1P and whether S1P directly promotes egress are unknown. By using mice in which the two kinases that generate S1P were conditionally ablated, we find that plasma S1P is mainly hematopoietic in origin, with erythrocytes a major contributor, whereas lymph S1P is from a distinct radiation-resistant source. Lymphocyte egress from thymus and secondary lymphoid organs was markedly reduced in kinase-deficient mice. Restoration of S1P to plasma rescued egress to blood but not lymph, and the rescue required lymphocyte expression of S1P-receptor-1. Thus, separate sources provide S1P to plasma and lymph to help lymphocytes exit the low-S1P environment of lymphoid organs. Disruption of compartmentalized S1P signaling is a plausible mechanism by which S1P-receptor-1 agonists function as immunosuppressives.     

Identification of Self-Incompatibility Genotypes in Some Sand Pears （Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai） by PCR-RFLP Analysis

The identification of self-incompatibility genotype （S-genotype） will be useful for selection of pollinizers and design of crossing in cultivar improvement of sand pear. This paper reported the identification of self-incompatibility genotypes of seven Chinese and two Japanese sand pear cultivars using PCR-RFLP analysis and S-RNase sequencing. The Sgenotypes of these cultivars were determined as follows： Huali 1 S1S3, Shounan S1S3, Xizilti S1S4, Qingxiang S3S7, Sanhua S2S7, Huangmi （Imamuranatsu） S1S6, Huali 2 S3S4, Baozhuli S7S33, Cangxixueli S5S15. S-RNase alleles （S1 to S9） in sand pear could be identified effectively by PCR-RFLP analysis.     

CO2及光强对南麂列岛铜藻生长的影响

铜藻Sargassum horneri(Turner) C. Agardh是浙江沿海常见的大型海藻之一,对海洋生态系具有重要作用。近年来由于环境恶化,南麂列岛海域的大量铜藻藻场退化消失。因此探讨其退化机制,是维持沿海生态平衡和恢复藻场的重要理论基础。本研究对比研究了不同光强(低光,LL: 40～50 μmol·m-2·s-1;高光,HL: 100～110 μmol·m-2·s-1)、不同CO2浓度(低CO2浓度,LC: 076 μg·L-1;高CO2浓度,HC: 196 μg·L-1）,对铜藻生长状况的影响,以期了解铜藻对环境胁迫的适应。结果表明: 1)高光条件下,铜藻的相对生长速率(RGR)为180%·d-1,是低光条件下(RGR=085%·d-1)的21倍;2)高CO2浓度能促进铜藻的生长,HC的RGR(289%·d-1)是LC(249%·d-1)的116倍;3)HL和HC培养的藻体,其株高和叶片数分别优于LL和LC的,但LL和LC的Chla含量高于前者。     

用RAPD标记鉴定甘蓝型油菜杂种H9909的纯度

通过对杂交组合H9909两亲本的指纹图谱分析，初选出4个引物S374、S1334、S1365和UBC523用于杂种纯度鉴定。引物S1334和UBC523在两亲本中均扩增出特异带，引物S374和S1465能扩增出父本标记带。以两亲本和手工杂种F1为模板对上述4个引物再一次进行RAPD扩增，S1334并没有在F1的RAPD图谱产生理想的双亲型或偏父型标记带，UBC523在F1扩增得到的父本标记带和在母本中扩增的标记带大小相近，不易辨别；引物S374、S1365均能使F1扩增出父本的特异带，进一步确定引物S374和S1365可用于杂种鉴定。引物S374的RAPD标记将待鉴定100个单株中的5个不育单株标记为假杂种，与田间育性调查的结果完全一致。引物S1365的RAPD分析结果显示，除上述5个不育单株外，另外2个可育单株亦为假杂种，可能由外来花粉串粉或机械混杂引起。     

我国、美国和巴西玉米生产成本比较及启示(英文)

分析了中国、美国和巴西1997-2014年的玉米生产成本,研究表明(1)中国玉米生产成本明显高于美国和巴西;(2)人工成本和土地成本上涨是中国玉米生产成本高涨的主要原因;(3)中国农业机械化水平逐步提高,与美国和巴西的差距正在缩小;(4)不同于美国和巴西,中国目前属于"高投入低产出"的农业生产模式。根据研究结果,笔者提出了相应的降低玉米生产成本的政策建议。     

5个水稻品种对美国稻瘟病小种(IB-1,IE-1k,IG-1)的抗性遗传(英文)

为研究5个水稻品种对美国稻瘟病小种IB-1、IE-1k和IG-1的抗性遗传,于2008―2009年在美国阿肯色大学潘布拉夫分校和水稻研究推广中心,用中国水稻品种特青和4个美国水稻品种Katy、Mars、LaGrue和Newbonnet组成完全双列杂交。一代、杂交二代和亲本在温室,用美国稻瘟病(Magnaporthegrisea)3个主要菌原小种IB-1、IE-1k和IG-1进行接种鉴定,进行完全双列杂交遗传分析研究。结果表明:特青抗所有的小种;Katy抗IB-1和IG-1,但感IE-1k;Mars抗IE-1k和IG-1,但感IB-1;LaGrue感所有小种;Newbonnet抗IG-1,但感IB-1和IE-1k。抗病品种特青与感病品种Newbonnet对小种IB-1,抗病品种特青与抗病品种Mars对IE-1k,抗病品种特青与抗病品种Katy,抗病品种特青与抗病品种Newbonnet对IG-1,其正反交二代抗病植株与感病植株的比例为63∶1,说明,这些抗病品种对相应的IB-1、IE-1k和IG-1分别存在3对独立遗传的显性抗病基因,出现重叠作用的遗传关系。抗病品种特青与抗病品种Katy,抗病品种特青与感病品种LaGrue,抗病品种Katy与感病品种Newbonnet对IB-1,抗病品种特青与感病品种Mars和感病品种Lagure,抗病品种Katy与感病品种Mars和感病品种Lagure对IG-1,其正反交杂交二代抗病植株与感病植株的分离比例符合15∶1的比例,说明,这些抗病品种对相应稻瘟病小种存在两对独立遗传的显性抗性基因,出现重叠作用的遗传关系。抗病品种Mars与感病品种Katy、感病品种Lagure和感病品种Newbonnet对IE-1k,其杂交一代表现感病,正反交杂交二代抗病植株和感病植株的分离符合7抗︰9感的比例,说明,品种Mars存在两对隐性抗病基因,感病品种Katy、Lagure和Newbonnet与抗病品种Mars的后代出现两对显性感病基因互补作用的遗传关系。抗病品种特青与感病品种Mars,抗病品种Katy与感病品种Mars及LaGrue对IB-1,抗病品种特青与感病品种Katy、LaGrue和Newbonnet对IE-1k,抗病品种Katy、Mars和Newbonnet与感病品种LaGrue对IG-1,其正反交二代的抗病植株与感病植株的比例为3︰1,说明,这些品种对IB-1、IE-1k和IG-1的抗性分别存在1对显隐性基因遗传关系。感病品种Mars、La-Grue、Newbonnet对IB-1和感病品种Katy、LaGrue、Newbonnet对IE-1k,其正反交二代全为感病植株,说明,这些感病品种分别对IB-1、IE-1k的感病基因是等位的。     

蝴蝶兰ACC氧化酶和ACC合成酶融合反义表达载体的构建

为了获得具有超常花期的蝴蝶兰新品系,根据已报道的蝴蝶兰ACC合成酶(ACS)基因和ACC氧化酶(ACO)基因的序列,设计引物从蝴蝶兰总RNA中克隆出ACS保守区的461 bp片段和ACO的333 bp片段,完成2个基因的克隆和测序后,将ACS基因片段和ACO基因片段以反义的方向插入到中间载体pBI221 CaMV启动子...     

农垦58S转育的四个籼型光温敏核不育系的不育性遗传研究

２５５８Ｓ、２８７７Ｓ、８９０２Ｓ和Ｗ６１５４Ｓ都是粳型光敏核不育系农垦５８Ｓ转育而来的籼型不育系，试验得出２５５８Ｓ是可育临界温度低的温敏系，２８７７Ｓ和对照农垦５８Ｓ是临界温度较低的光敏系，８９０２Ｓ是临界温度较高的光敏系，Ｗ６１５４５是临界温度高的温敏系。这四个籼型不育系与四个常规品种杂交Ｆ＿１育性都正常，同一组合正反交Ｆ１育性没有显著差异。在四川雅安夏季长光照但气温偏低的生态条件下，２５５８Ｓ和２８７７Ｓ与四个常规品种杂交Ｆ２和ＢＦ１育性基本上表现二对基因的遗传分离，而８９０２Ｓ和Ｗ６１５４Ｓ与四常规品种杂交Ｆ２和ＢＦ１育性分离表现不一致，有的组合表现二对基因的遗传分离有的组合则表现不育株显著偏少。由此认为这四个不育系的不育性由细胞核内二对独立遗传的隐性主基因控制，但遗传背景和环境光、温条件对育性分离表现有很大影响。     

Rejuvenating soybean(Glycine max L.) growth and development through slight shading stress

The impact of increased shading stress on agronomic traits, photosynthetic performance and antioxidants activities in leaves of two soybeans cultivars(D16 and E93) was studied. Soybean seedlings were grown in pots and exposed to no shade(S0), slight shade(S1), moderate shade(S2), and heavy shade(S3). Our findings showed that under the S3 in both cultivars, leaf fresh weight(LFW), specific leaf area(SLA) and leaf thickness decreased significantly, accompanied by a reduction in photochemical parameters including the maximum quantum yield(F_v/F_m) and electron transport rate(ETR). Furthermore, compared to S0, S1 significantly increased the ETR, sucrose content and the activity of catalase(CAT) in both D16 and E93 cultivars while S2 and S3 decreased the activity. However, under all treatments of shading stress, the antioxidant activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and peroxidase(POD) were lowered in both cultivars. Such morphological and physiological plasticity to adapt S1 compensates for the decrease in biomass and leads to seed weight compared to that obtained with an amount of normal light. Through configuring the space in the intercropping systems, S1 could be helpful for optimum growth and yield. Redesigning photosynthesis through S1 for the intercropping systems could be a smart approach.     

Lymphocyte sequestration through S1P lyase inhibition and disruption of S1P gradients

Lymphocyte egress from the thymus and from peripheral lymphoid organs depends on sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor-1 and is thought to occur in response to circulatory S1P. However, the existence of an S1P gradient between lymphoid organs and blood or lymph has not been established. To further define egress requirements, we addressed why treatment with the food colorant 2-acetyl-4-tetrahydroxybutylimidazole (THI) induces lymphopenia. We found that S1P abundance in lymphoid tissues of mice is normally low but increases more than 100-fold after THI treatment and that this treatment inhibits the S1P-degrading enzyme S1P lyase. We conclude that lymphocyte egress is mediated by S1P gradients that are established by S1P lyase activity and that the lyase may represent a novel immunosuppressant drug target.     

Plasma 3S gamma-1-globulin: identity with erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase B

The 3S (gamma1), 2S (gamma2), and 0.5S (gamma2) fractions of human plasma are heterogeneous in protein composition. Although each fraction contained a relatively small amount of protein antigenically related to the immunoglobulin light chains, most of the proteins were unrelated to immunogloublin G or its light chains. Of the 3S (gamma1)-globulins the greater part was immunochemically identical to carbonic anhydrase B and had carbonic anhydrase activity. These findings explain earlier reports of an immunochemical similarity between 3S (gamma1)-globulins and immunoglobulin light chains in spite of marked differences in amino acid and peptide composition between the two. Apparently not all plasma gamma-globulins are necessarily immunoglobulins.     

棉花细胞质雄性不育系育性恢复的遗传基础＊Ⅰ．恢复基因及其遗传效应

我国７个棉花细胞质雄性不育系的育性恢复受２个独立遗传的恢复基因控制。笔者建议把它们定名为Ｒｆ１和Ｒｆ２；Ｒｆ１为完全显性，Ｒｆ２为部分显性；Ｒｆ１的恢复效应大于Ｒｆ２。不育株的基因型为Ｓ（ｒｆ１ｒｆ１ｒｆ２ｒｆ２）和Ｓ（ｒｆ１ｒｆ１Ｒｆ２ｒｆ２），可育株的基因型为Ｓ（Ｒｆ１－Ｒｆ２－）、Ｓ（Ｒｆ１－ｒｆ２ｒｆ２）和Ｓ（ｒｆ１ｒｆ１Ｒｆ２Ｒｆ２）。经育性基因的等位性测验，可将７个不育系分为两类：第一类是湘远４－Ａ、中１２Ａ和显无Ａ，在２个育性恢复基因位点上与引自美国的哈克尼西棉细胞质雄性不育系ＤＥＳ－ＨＡＭＳ２７７的２个育性恢复基因Ｒｆ１和Ｒｆ２等位且性质相同；第二类是１０４－７Ａ、ＮＭ－１Ａ、ＮＭ－２Ａ和ＮＭ－３Ａ不育系，在ｒｆ１位点上有一个复等位基因ｒｆｍ１，杂合等位基因ｒｆ１ｒｆｍ１的不育效应大于纯合态ｒｆ１ｒｆ１或ｒｆｍ１ｒｆｍ１的效应，即ｒｆ１ｒｆｍ１对Ｒｆ２－起隐性上位作用，从而使等位性测验群体中的不育株比例有所上升     

绍兴蛋鸭和高邮鸭胚胎发育过程中激素水平的变化

绍兴蛋鸭和高邮鸭种蛋各１２００枚同时入孵,分别于１２,１６,２０和２４胚龄测定胚蛋及胚胎重并采血分析血液胰岛素样生长因子－１（ＩＧＦ－１）,甲状腺激素和雌激素含量。结果显示,绍兴蛋鸭的蛋重和各胚龄胚胎重都显著低于高邮鸭。孵化过程中胚蛋失重在两种鸭之间无显著差别,而胚蛋相对失重,绍兴蛋鸭却显著大于高邮鸭。两种鸭胚胎时都检测不出雌激素。三碘甲腺原氨酸（Ｔ３）含量在两种鸭之间无显著性差异,而血清甲状腺素