X-ray spectra from three cosmic sources

Three cosmic x-ray sources have been observed from a water-launched rocket carrying two x-ray detectors to an altitude of 200 kilometers. The x-ray spectra, measured in the photon energy range between I and 40 kiloelectron volts, are all different. The sources in order of hardness of spectra are Cyg XR-1, Tau XR-1, and Sco XR-1. The intensity of Sco XR-J decreased at low photon energies. The differences in spectra might source mechanisms.     

Picosecond time-resolved resonance Raman studies of hemoglobin: implications for reactivity

Picosecond time-resolved Raman spectra of hemoglobin generated with blue pulses (20 to 30 picoseconds) that were resonant with the Soret band and of sufficient intensity to completely photodissociate the starting liganded sample are reported. For both R- and T-state liganded hemoglobins, the peak frequencies in the spectrum of the deoxy transient were the same at approximately 25 picoseconds as those observed at 10 nanoseconds subsequent to photodissociation. In particular, the large R-T differences in the frequency of the stretching mode for the iron-proximal histidine bond (VFe-His) detected in previously reported nanosecond-resolved spectra were also evident in the picosecond-resolved spectra. The implications of this finding with respect to the distribution of strain energy in the liganded protein and the origin of the time course for geminate recombination are discussed. On the basis of these results, a microscopic model is proposed in which delocalization of strain energy is strongly coupled to the coordinate of the iron. The model is used to explain the origin of the R-T differences in the rates of ligand dissociation.     

基于红外光谱三级鉴别技术的螺旋藻产品品质分析

【目的】利用红外光谱技术分析天然螺旋藻、螺旋藻粉和螺旋藻片的主要成分,为螺旋藻相关产品品质检测和真伪鉴别提供一种快速、准确和有效的方法。【方法】采集2种天然螺旋藻、4种螺旋藻粉和4种螺旋藻片的红外光谱（FTIR）,解析样品的红外光谱、二阶导数光谱和二维相关光谱确定出主要吸收官能团,主体成分以及不同样品之间的差异。通过扫描电镜图像（SEM）、样品蛋白质含量和氨基酸组成的测定结果对红外光谱中的差异进行说明。【结果】天然螺旋藻的红外光谱在1 154/1 156 cm-1、1 079 cm-1和1 039/1 035 cm-1出现3个糖类特征吸收峰;二维相关红外光谱在1 161、1 138、1 083、1 054和1 026 cm-1出现5个强自动峰。螺旋藻粉和螺旋藻片的糖类特征吸收峰形状和位置与天然螺旋藻不同,并且二维相关红外光谱中自动峰减少。天然螺旋藻蛋白质的α-螺旋含量为24.6%,螺旋藻粉和螺旋藻片中α-螺旋含量在15.0%左右。在二维相关红外光谱中天然螺旋藻的酰胺带吸收峰光滑、少分叉,可完全分离的两个尖峰,而螺旋藻粉和螺旋藻片的酰胺带吸收峰宽,分离度不好,并且出现多个分叉峰。蛋白质含量和氨基酸组成测定结果表明螺旋藻产品中蛋白质含量过高,且氨基酸组成与纯螺旋藻的氨基酸组成存在很大差异。【结论】红外光谱技术可以对天然螺旋藻、螺旋藻粉和螺旋藻片的糖类和蛋白成分的差异进行鉴别,并为螺旋藻产品的品质评价和真伪鉴别提供一种有效方法。     

不同品种油菜籽仁的傅里叶变换红外光谱鉴别

用傅里叶变换红外光谱法测试了9个油菜品种的45个油菜籽仁样品的光谱。光谱显示,油菜籽仁的主要成分是油脂、蛋白质和碳水化合物等。对各品种油菜籽仁的平均光谱差异和吸光度比A1657/A1054和A1576/A1512进行比较,发现它们可用于区分不同品种的油菜籽仁。对1 700～1 600 cm-1范围的二阶导数光谱进行分析,发现各品种的振动谱带差异明显,可用以区分不同品种的油菜籽仁。研究表明,傅里叶变换红外光谱法结合二阶导数光谱,可以鉴别不同品种的油菜籽,具有方便、快捷的特点。     

红外光谱法对冬虫夏草的三级鉴定和研究

通过对真伪冬虫夏草各个样本的一维红外图谱、二阶导数谱和二维相关图谱的测定和分析,发现真伪冬虫夏草以及冬虫夏草子座与虫体在各级谱图中存在显著差异。结果表明：采用红外光谱＂三级鉴定＂的方法,可对真伪冬虫夏草进行鉴别。该法简便易行,无损快速,准确可靠,可为建立冬虫夏草品质鉴定标准提供客观而科学的依据。     

Mossbauer investigation of shocked and unshocked iron meteorites and fayalite

M?ssbauer spectra of several iron meteorites have been measured by a resonant scattering technique rather than by the conventional transmission method, thereby eliminating the necessity for the preparation of thin samples. No significant differences were observed in the spectra of specimens of mechanically deformed, shocked, and unshocked iron meteorites, nor in the absorption spectra of artificially shocked and unshocked fayalite.     

野生与栽培天麻的红外三级鉴定

采用红外光谱的三级鉴定法,通过所获得的一维红外光谱、二阶导数谱和二维红外相关谱,可逐步提高红外谱图的分辨率,并从不同的角度上体现其差异性来分析鉴别区分栽培与野生春、冬天麻。结果表明三类天麻样品的一维红外光谱和二阶导数谱整体上十分相似,只是在部分吸收峰略有偏移,对比该区域的二维相关红外光谱,差异主要表现在950-800 cm^-1和相关峰的不同。因此红外三级鉴定法可以对栽培与野生春、冬天麻进行快速、无损、简便的分析与鉴定。     

Raman spectra of crystalline lysozyme, pepsin, and alpha chymotrypsin

Satisfactory Raman spectra of crystalline lysozyme, pepsin, and alpha chymotrypsin were obtained with laser excitation. The spectra are very similar to each other, but show enough minor differences to make this a useful method of identification. The readily identified bands assignable to specific groupings are noted.     

牛肉近红外光谱的地域及饲养期特征分析

 【目的】探讨利用近红外光谱分析技术区分不同地域来源和饲养期牛肉的可行性,为牛肉产地溯源和产地确证等监管措施提供分析方法和理论依据。【方法】利用近红外光谱仪测定在内蒙古太仆寺旗、陕西杨凌区、河南南阳市实施的人为迁徙饲养模型试验中的18头肉牛肌肉样品的光谱,结合饲料和饲养方式,比较地域和饲养期样品之间的光谱特征差异,并利用主成分分析比较样品的空间分布。【结果】牛肉样品近红外光谱特征与地域、饲料种类和饲养方式等因子密切相关;同一地域不同饲养期和同一饲养期不同地域牛肉的近红外光谱特征均有显著差异;利用主成分分析能将不同地域来源和饲养期样品区分开。【结论】地域和饲养期对牛肉近红外光谱均有显著影响,进行牛肉产地溯源和产地确证时必须考虑地域和饲养期等因子;近红外光谱分析技术用于区分不同地域来源和饲养期的牛肉是可行的。     

辣椒的傅里叶变换红外光谱研究

[目的]利用傅里叶变换红外（FTIR）光谱结合主成分分析（PCA）和系统聚类分析（HCA）技术对不同品种辣椒（Capsicum frutescens L）进行鉴别研究.[方法]测试了5种辣椒50个辣椒的红外光谱.[结果]5个不同品种辣椒的红外图谱相似,但在1 800 ～ 800 cm-范围内红外光谱的峰位、峰形及吸收强度有一些微小差异.对原始光谱作二阶导数光谱处理,发现在1 800～ 800 cm-1范围内5种辣椒的二阶导数光谱图差异明显,利用1 800～800 cm-1范围二阶导数光谱数据对5个品种50个样品进行聚类和主成分分析.聚类分析其正确率为100％;主成分析前3个主成分的累计贡献率达到94.47％,其正确率达98％,能把5个辣椒品种分开.[结论]傅里叶变换红外光谱技术结合统计分析的方法可以把不同品种的辣椒区分开来.     

Esterase spectra and adaptive plasticity in rice varieties

Analysis of the esterase spectra was performed on 27 rice varieties which differ in the duration of the vegetation period (early, medium-, and late-ripening varieties) and in the roots, stem, and leaf blades. Organ-and variety-specific differences were found in 5 esterase loci. Late-ripening rice varieties were characterized by lower resistance to salinization and thickening of crops, but not to higher temperatures. A definite correlation was revealed between these differences and those observed in the tissue-specific esterase spectra. Typical for early and medium-ripening varieties were genotypes with nonzero activity by esterase locus 1 (isoferment with the highest electrophoretic mobility), as well as its expression in various tissues simultaneously.     

二维相关红外光谱分析鉴别不同产地黑木耳

不同产地黑木耳的营养成分含量存在差异,因此对黑木耳的产地鉴别具有实用价值。选取8个不同产地的黑木耳,采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,FT-IR)和二维相关红外光谱(two-dimensional correlation infrared spectroscopy,2D-IR),对不同样本的2D-IR谱图进行处理和分析,并结合系统聚类分析以鉴别黑木耳的不同产地。结果显示,不同产地黑木耳的傅里叶变换红外光谱整体特征极为相似,偏相关系数的最小值为0.955,不能用于区分黑木耳的产地。不同产地黑木耳在1 730～1 400 cm-1、1 350～1 040 cm-1以及1 030～900 cm-1范围内的二维相关红外光谱中自动峰数目不同,它们之间的自动峰和交叉峰的强度也有较大差异;对1 700～950 cm-1范围内的FT-IR光谱进行系统聚类分析,不同产地黑木耳都得到正确归类。结果表明,二维相关红外光谱分析,结合系统聚类分析能够简单、快速、无损地鉴别不同产地黑木耳。     

毛竹林HJ-1HIS专题信息的响应与识别

受目标地物分布地形影响和高光谱的可达10-2λ的光谱敏感性响应等因素影响,高光谱影像中存在严重的信息重叠现象,增加地物的识别难度。通过分析毛竹林与马尾松、杉木、硬阔、经济林等主要森林类型在HJ-1 HIS影像中的光谱相似性、可分性,确定出可适用于毛竹信息提取的高光谱波段,并比对毛竹专题信息提取精度。结果表明,毛竹与马尾松、杉木、硬阔、经济林4种森林类型的原始光谱曲线规律基本一致,光谱差异较小;光谱变换后,在波长753~765 nm和908~917 nm处,各森林类型间光谱差异明显,毛竹与其他森林类型在第1、2、5、9、10、45、59、60、61、109、110、111、112、113、114、115等波段具有较好的可分性,这些波段可用于毛竹专题信息的提取,所选特征波段组合的图像较原始图像的分类总精度提高12.61%,提取竹林面积共计34 117 hm~2。     

Cathodoluminescence properties of lunar rocks

Calcic plagioclase is the dominant luminescent mineral in crystalline rocks and breccias. Minor amounts of cristobalite and tridymite are also luminescent, as are trace grains of potassium feldspar. Two types of intergrowths of potassium feldspar with a silica phase, possibly quartz, were found in the breccias. Luminescence spectra of plagioclase show significant similarities to, and differences from, spectra of terrestrial plagioclase. Shock damage in the breccias is reflected in systematic changes in the plagioclase spectra, thus giving evidence of disordering on the angstrom scale. Associated extinction patterns seen between crossed Nicol prisms give evidence of disordering on the micrometer scale.     

Lunar spectral reflectivity (0.30 to 2.50 microns) and implications for remote mineralogical analysis

The spectral reflectivity (0.30 to 2.50 microns) of several lunar areas was measured with ground-based telescopes. A narrow absorption band centered at 0.95 micron was revealed for the first time. No other absorption bands appear in the spectrum. The reflectivity continues to rise at longer wavelengths throughout the spectral region studied. A comparison of the telescope measurements of an area 15 kilometers in diameter that includes Tranquillity Base with laboratory measurements of Apollo 11 soil samples reveals remarkable agreement, an indication that properties determined for fairly large lunar areas are relevant to local conditions. The spectra are interpretable in terms of surface mineralogy. The absorption band varies in both depth and shape and the overall slope of the curve changes with lunar area, an indication of differences in the composition and opacity of surface material. However, the lack of variety in the band position suggests there are no major differences (say, from mostly pyroxenes to mostly olivines) in the mineralogy at those sites studied.     

Spectral tuning of pigments underlying red-green color vision

Variations in the absorption spectra of cone photopigments over the spectral range of about 530 to 562 nanometers are a principal cause of individual differences in human color vision and of differences in color vision within and across other primates. To study the molecular basis of these variations, nucleotide sequences were determined for eight primate photopigment genes. The spectral peaks of the pigments specified by these genes spanned the range from 530 to 562 nanometers. Comparisons of the deduced amino acid sequences of these eight pigments suggest that three amino acid substitutions produce the approximately 30-nanometer difference in spectral peaks of the pigments underlying human red-green color vision, and red shifts of specific magnitudes are produced by replacement of nonpolar with hydroxyl-bearing amino acids at each of the three critical positions.     

3种颜色玉米胚乳胚芽的FTIR结合聚类分析研究

[目的]研究玉米胚乳胚芽的傅里叶变换红外光谱,为鉴别不同种类玉米提供科学手段.[方法]利用傅里叶变换红外光谱技术,结合系统聚类分析对3种类型的玉米实体样本的胚乳胚芽进行研究.[结果]原始红外光谱700～1 800 cm-1总体特征相似,主要是由多糖、蛋白质、脂类等吸收谱峰组成,在此范围内3种样本的原始光谱存在微的差异.对光谱进行一阶导数和二阶导数处理,用二阶导数光谱进行系统聚类分析（HCA）,结果表明二阶导数光谱700 ～1 800 cm-1范围按玉米胚芽和胚乳样本聚类效果较好,52个样本能按3个种类很好地聚类,分类正确率达96.1％.[结论]红外光谱结合系统聚类分析方法可用于鉴别不同种玉米胚乳胚芽,具有方便、快速的优点.     

人参及其混伪品的紫外谱线组法鉴别研究

[目的]建立鉴别人参及其混伪品桔梗、板蓝根和北沙参的紫外谱线组鉴别方法。[方法]采用水、乙醇、石油醚、乙酸乙酯和氯仿对4种药材分别进行提取,然后进行紫外检测及其一阶导数光谱检测。[结果]正品人参与桔梗、板蓝根和北沙参的紫外吸收光谱的峰位置和吸光度有明显的差异。[结论]该方法简便、准确、灵敏,能够很好的区别人参及其混伪品。     

利用水稻光谱分析估测钾素含量的研究初报

砂培盆栽试验结果表明:不同钾素水平的水稻冠层光谱反射率存在极显著差异,测试条件对结果影响较大。经比较,当培养砂子用黑布遮盖后结果更理想。对结果进行相关分析,发现水稻光谱变量与叶片钾含量之间存在着一定的相关性,当去除钾水平过量点后,钾含量与水稻光谱变量的相关性达显著水平。因此,利用光谱分析估测水稻钾含量(除过量钾以外)的可能性是存在的。     

菹草红色类胡萝卜素结构的初步鉴定

 研究了从菹草中分离纯化的3个红色素组分r1、r2和r3的紫外可见吸收光谱、红外光谱、化学测试反应及质谱特性。结果表明,r1、r2和r3在丙酮、甲醇、乙醇、氯仿、二硫化碳中的可见吸收光谱均为平滑的、较对称的单峰(对应的峰波长为λmax),与角黄素、虾青素的相似,在正己烷中则呈现不对称"三指状"谱峰趋势,而β-胡萝卜素在正己烷等几种溶剂中可见吸收光谱则呈典型的"三指状"谱峰;与正己烷相比,随溶剂极性增强,λmax增大,溶剂对r1、r2和r3吸收光谱的形状、精细结构和λmax影响显著, r1、r2和r3的λmax平均值均比虾青素、角黄素和β-胡萝卜素的λmax平均值大。 不同溶剂中,r1、r2和r3的红外光谱显示出含羰基多烯化合物的特征峰（1 660～1 750 cm-1区域存在差异）。r1、r2和r3的化学测试反应也证明其分子中含羰基,而不含5,6 或 5,8-环氧基团。结合低分辨和高分辨电子轰击质谱 （EIMS）的测定分析,证明菹草红色素r1、r2和r3是分子式均为C40H50O2、分子量均为562且都含有羰基的类胡萝卜素,其结构不同于虾青素、角黄素和β-胡萝卜素,与紫杉红素(rhodoxanthin)的基本结构相同,是紫杉红素的同分异构体。