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1.
Occurrence of mastitis and associated risk factors in lactating goats under pastoral management in Borana,Southern Ethiopia 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Bekele Megersa Chala Tadesse Fufa Abunna Alemayehu Regassa Berhanu Mekibib Etana Debela 《Tropical animal health and production》2010,42(6):1249-1255
Mastitis prevalence and related risk factors were studied in 1,072 udder halves of 536 lactating goats from October, 2008
to February, 2009. Clinical and subclinical mastitis were prevalent in 4.3% (95% CI = 2.8, 6.5) and 11.2% (95% CI = 8.7, 14.3)
of the studied animals, respectively, resulting in an overall prevalence of 15.5% (95% CI = 12.6, 18.9). Univariate analysis
of the potential risk factors has depicted that mastitis was more prevalent in does with previous mastitis history, increased
parity, poor body conditions, increased milk production, late lactation stage, long teat, and housed goats. Furthermore, prevalence
was significantly higher (p < 0.05) during the wet period of October to November than the dry periods of January to February. No significant variations
(p > 0.05) were observed in mastitis prevalence with udder tick infestation, mixing goat with sheep and flock size. With multivariable
analysis, lactation stage, teat length, body condition, and season (wet months) have showed significant association with mastitis
prevalence, and these factors maintained significant in the stepwise elimination of multivariable logistic regression model.
As a result, does in late stage of lactation (OR = 4.3, 1.8, 10.4), poor body condition (OR = 5.0, 1.7, 10.0), long teats
(OR = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.1, 4.2) and does examined in wet period were at higher risk of udder infections than early lactation,
good body condition, short teat, and examined in dry period, respectively. The study showed occurrence of mastitis and associated
risk factors in studied goats, which suggests the need for control intervention. Further investigations into pathogens involved
in goat mastitis will optimize our knowledge of causative agents and control interventions. 相似文献
2.
Udder health problems and major bacterial causes of camel mastitis in Jijiga,Eastern Ethiopia: implication for impacting food security 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
One hundred and forty-five traditionally kept lactating camels (Camelus dromederius) were examined for mastitis by combination of clinical, mastitis card test and subsequent bacteriological isolation. Clinical
and sub-clinical mastitis were prevalent in 8.3% (95%CI = 4.6, 14.4) and 20.7% (95%CI = 14.6, 28.4) of the studied animals,
respectively. This gives an overall mastitis prevalence of 29.0% (95%CI = 21.9, 37.2) at animal and 17.9% (95%CI = 14.9, 21.3)
at quarter levels. High proportion (33.8%) of lactating camels had blind teats and 5.5% had lesions on udder or teat. Taking
clinical mastitis and blocked teats into account, the study revealed that only 57.9% of the camels have four teats for milk
production. Out of the 505 quarter milk samples examined, 80 (15.8 %) quarters were positive for indicator paper. Upon subsequent
culturing, 68.8% (55 out of 80) of the quarter milk samples yielded bacteria. Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, E. coli and Bacillus species were the major isolates. Mastitis prevalence was significantly (p < 0.05) affected by tick infestations, udder lesions,
and increased age and parity of the animals. In conclusion, mastitis is a major problem in traditionally managed camels and
deserves further attention owning to its potential impact on milk production affecting food security. 相似文献
3.
Efficacy of conventional and extended intra-mammary treatment of persistent sub-clinical mastitis with cefquinome in lactating dairy cows 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Kasravi R Bolourchi M Farzaneh N Seifi HA Barin A Hovareshti P Gharagozlou F 《Tropical animal health and production》2011,43(6):1203-1210
The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the efficacy of intra-mammary-administered cefquinome for the treatment
of sub-clinical mastitis in lactating dairy cows and to determine if extended therapy would enhance treatment efficacy. Seventy-three
Holstein dairy cows from a single farm with 150 infected quarters were enrolled in the study. Infected cows were allocated
randomly to one of three treatment regimens: (1) conventional (standard) regimen: 75 mg of cefquinome administered three times
at 16-h intervals (25 infected cows, 52 intra-mammary infections (IMI)), (2) extended regimen: 75 mg of cefquinome administered
six times at 16-h intervals (26 infected cows, 58 IMI) and (3) negative untreated control group (22 cows, 40 IMI). Most IMI
were caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci, streptococci other than Streptococcus agalactiae and coliforms. The overall bacteriological cure (BC) rates for sub-clinical IMI were 84.61%, 91.37% and 20% for the conventional,
extended and the control groups, respectively, indicating a higher BC rate for the treated groups than the control group (P < 0.001). Significant differences in somatic cell count (SCC) were detected between the treated versus the control group
(P < 0.001). No differences, concerning the BC rate or SCC, were observed between the extended and the conventional groups.
Although fat and protein percentages increased in the treated groups, there were no significant differences in post-treatment
milk production between the groups. Results of this study indicate that cefquinome therapy was effective in reducing SCC and
eliminating sub-clinical IMI in lactating dairy cows, but extended therapy did not enhance treatment efficacy. 相似文献
4.
Kansuda Leelahapongsathon Ynte Hein Schukken Witaya Suriyasathaporn 《Tropical animal health and production》2014,46(6):1067-1078
A cross-sectional study was carried out from May to September 2011 on 35 smallholder dairy farms in Chiang Mai, Thailand, to identify the quarter, cow, and farm factors that relate to intramammary infections (IMI) from major specified pathogens, compared to infections from minor pathogens. Data on general farm management, milking management, and dry cow management were recorded for each herd. Quarter milk samples were collected from either clinical or subclinical mastitis quarters. Dependent variables were binary data defining the specified major pathogens, including Streptococcus agalactiae (7.1 %), Streptococcus uberis (9.4 %), Streptococcus dysgalactiae (4.0 %), and other streptococci (16.7 %), as a case, and all minor pathogens as a control, in each dependent variable. The occurrence of S. agalactiae IMI was lower in first-parity cows and cows with short milking time. Cows with body condition score (BCS) <2.5 had higher occurrence of S. agalactiae IMI. The occurrence of S. uberis IMI was higher in quarters with California mastitis test (CMT) score 2, score 3, and having clinical mastitis and in farms with increasing age of vacuum system. Quarters with CMT score 3, having clinical mastitis, cow with manual milking after detaching milking cluster, and farms with high bulk milk somatic cell counts (BMSCC >500,000 cells/ml) had higher occurrence of S. dysgalactiae IMI. For other streptococci, quarters having clinical mastitis, BCS <2.5, and pulling down of milking cluster while milking increased occurrence of other streptococci IMI relative to minor pathogen IMI. These results highlight the importance of individual cow factors, milking characteristics, and BMSCC in determining the risk of IMI from major pathogens. 相似文献
5.
Ahmad S Yaqoob M Bilal MQ Muhammad G Yang LG Khan MK Tariq M 《Tropical animal health and production》2012,44(1):107-112
A cross-sectional study was conducted in desert environment of Jhang (Pakistan) from November 2008 to October 2009 on she-camels
kept under pastoralist conditions to determine the prevalence of mastitis, impact of risk factors, and isolate the dominant
mastitis-causing bacteria on total of 150 lactating she-camels by using clinical examination and surf field mastitis test.
From the 150 she-camels examined, 69 (46%) were positive for mastitis at animal level, 12 (8%) clinical, and 57 (38%) subclinical.
Age, parity number, stage of lactation, breed, production system, hygiene of milking process, and presence of lesion on udder/teat
were found significantly associated (p < 0.05) with the prevalence of mastitis in she-camels. There was the lowest prevalence (33.33%; 15 of 45) of mastitis in
she-camels of 5–7 years of age, while the highest (80%; 12 of 15) in the animals aged between 14 to 16 years. Stage of lactation
significantly affected (p < 0.05) and was found to be associated with the prevalence of mastitis being the highest (54.55%; 18 of 33) during the initial
stage of lactation (0 to 1 month) followed by last 2 months (10–12 months) as 54.17% and mid-stages (1–3 and 3–10 months)
of lactation as 28.57% (6 of 21) and 37.50% (9 of 24), respectively. According to breed of camels, it was noted that the prevalence
of mastitis affected significantly (p < 0.05) being the highest in crossbred (Desi × Mareecha) as 51.39% (37 of 72) followed in order by Mareecha and Desi as 43.14%
and 37.04%, respectively. Staphylococcus (42.19%) and Streptococcus (15.63%) genera were the dominant isolates identified. Good hygiene in milking process, milking clinically infected she-camels
at last, culling chronic mastitis carriers, treating clinically infected she-camels, and dry period therapy could reduce the
prevalence of contagious mastitis in the study area. 相似文献
6.
G. Denamiel P. Llorente M. Carabella M. Rebuelto E. Gentilini 《Zoonoses and public health》2005,52(3):125-128
The in vitro susceptibility to penicillin G, erythromycin and clindamycin was determined by the disc diffusion test and by E‐test for a total of 47 streptococcal strains (three Streptococcus uberis, 36 Streptococcus agalactiae, eight Streptococcus dysgalactiae spp. dysgalactiae) isolated from bovine intramammary infections in Argentina. Moreover, resistance phenotypes of erythromycin‐resistant streptococcal isolates was characterized. MIC90 of penicillin G, erythromycin and clindamycin for S. agalactiae were 0.75, 8.0 and 12.0 μg/ml respectively. Resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin was detected in 13 (27.6%) and 12 (25.5%) isolates respectively. No isolate was resistant to penicillin G. Resistance against macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramin B (MLSB) represented by the constitutive MLSB phenotype was present in 11 (23.4%) erythromycin‐resistant isolates and two isolates (4.3%) expressed the M phenotype. The inducible MLSB phenotype was not identified. Results suggest that beta‐lactams are the first‐line antibiotics when treating streptococcal udder infections; however, the continuous monitoring of the antibiotic resistance is essential, as the emergence of resistant strains has become a growing concern on the therapy of bovine mastitis. 相似文献
7.
Nutthee Am-in Wichai Tantasuparuk Mongkol Techakumphu 《Tropical animal health and production》2010,42(5):921-924
Following the implementation of artificial insemination (AI) services for smallholder pig farms, we investigated the reproductive
performance after AI and its influencing factors. A small-scale boar station with an AI lab was established with two active
boars having good genetics and free from reproductive diseases. Individual sow cards were used for reproductive data recording.
A total of 171 sows on 92 farms situated within a radius of 50 km from the AI center were included in this study. Sows bred
by AI (n = 121) were inseminated twice per estrus by two trained inseminators. A further 50 sows were mated by natural services using
local rental boars. The impact of boar stimulation and distance from the AI center to the farm were also determined. Non-return
(P = 0.02) and farrowing rates (P = 0.03) were higher for AI than for naturally bred sows (84.0% and 76.0% vs. 74.0% and 70.0% for AI and naturally bred, respectively).
For sows bred by AI, boar stimulation increased non-return rate (84.1% vs. 70.0%; P = 0.09), farrowing rate (83.7% vs. 69.2%; P = 0.01) and litter size (11.2 ± 2.3 vs. 9.7 ± 1.7; P < 0.01). There was no effect on performance due to distance of semen transport. These results clearly indicate that sow performance
on smallholder farms will improve if AI is utilized and boar stimulation is employed. 相似文献
8.
Muma JB Pandey GS Munyeme M Mumba C Mkandawire E Chimana HM 《Tropical animal health and production》2012,44(4):915-920
A cross-sectional study was performed in Southern and Lusaka provinces of Zambia between March and September 2008 to estimate
Brucella seroprevalence in cattle kept by smallholder dairy farmers (n = 185). Rose Bengal test (RBT) was used as a screening test followed by confirmation with competitive ELISA (c-ELISA). We investigated 1,323 cattle, of which 383 had a history of receiving vaccination against brucellosis and 36 had a history
of abortion. Overall seroprevalence was 6.0% with areas where vaccination was practiced having low seroprevalence. Age was
associated with Brucella seropositivity (P = 0.03) unlike cattle breed (P = 0.21) and sex (P = 0.32). At area level, there was a negative correlation (Corr. coeff = −0.74) between percentage of animals with brucellosis
vaccination history (vaccination coverage) and level of brucellosis; percentage of animals with history of abortion (Corr.
coeff. = −0.82) and brucellosis vaccination coverage. However, a positive correlation existed between brucellosis infection
levels with percentage of animals having a history of abortion (Corr. coeff. = 0.72). History of vaccination against brucellosis
was positively associated with a positive Brucella result on RBT (P = 0.004) whereby animals with history of vaccination against brucellosis were more likely to give a positive RBT test results
(OR = 1.52). However, the results of c-ELISA were independent of history of Brucella vaccination (P = 0.149) but was positively associated with history of abortion (OR = 4.12). Our results indicate a relatively low Brucella seroprevalence in cattle from smallholder dairy farmers and that vaccination was effective in reducing cases of Brucella infections and Brucella-related abortions. Human exposure to Brucella through milk from smallholder farmers could result through milk traded on the informal market since that milk is not processed
and there no quality and safety controls. 相似文献
9.
Evaluation of a 3% surf solution (surf field mastitis test) for the diagnosis of subclinical bovine and bubaline mastitis 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Muhammad Ghulam Naureen Abeera Asi Muhammad Nadeem Saqib Muhammad Fazal-ur-Rehman 《Tropical animal health and production》2010,42(3):457-464
Purpose
To evaluate a 3% solution of household detergent viz., Surf Excel (Surf field mastitis test, SFMT) vis-à-vis California mastitis test (CMT), Whiteside test (WST), somatic cell counts (SCC; cut off limit = 5 × 105 cells per millilitre) and bacteriological cultures for the detection of subclinical mastitis in quarter foremilk samples (n = 800) of dairy cows and buffaloes. 相似文献10.
Findik A Ica T Onuk EE Percin D Kevenk TO Ciftci A 《Tropical animal health and production》2011,43(3):711-719
The genetic diversity of 168 Campylobacter jejuni isolates originating from human (n = 30), cattle (n = 36), sheep (n = 44), dog (n = 35), and poultry (n = 21) and cdt genes prevalence of the isolates were investigated. To determine the genetic diversity of these strains, random amplified
polymorphic DNA–polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using a random primer (M13) was performed. The numbers of genotypes determined
in human, cattle, sheep, dog, and poultry isolates were 19, 18, 17, 18, and 6, respectively. To find out the prevalence of
cdt genes in C. jejuni isolates simultaneously, a multiplex PCR was performed. The prevalence of the separate cdt genes was found to vary from 69% to 100% for cdtA, 92% to 100% for cdtB, and 39% to 98% for cdtC. These rates without host discriminating were 95%, 98%, and 93% for cdtA, cdtB, and cdtC, respectively. The prevalence of all three cdt genes in strains originating from human, cattle, sheep, dog, and poultry were 87%, 67%, 84%, 89%, and 39%, respectively.
These results showed the relatively high genetic heterogeneity and variation of cdt genes among C. jejuni isolates from various sources except for poultry isolates. This study gives baseline data on molecular characterization of
C. jejuni strains from different sources. 相似文献
11.
Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) are the most prevalent mastitis pathogens. However, virulence characteristics of CNS
have not been well determined. The presence of genes for enterotoxins (sea-sej), toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (tst), the exfoliative toxins (eta, etb), Panton–Valentine leukocidin (pvl) and mecA of CNS species isolated from cows and ewes with subclinical mastitis was investigated in this study. A total of 121 CNS
(81 cows, 40 ewes) representing 18 different Staphylococci species were examined by PCR, and 38.1% (33 cows and 13 ewes) of CNS isolates had one or more se genes. The difference between percentages for SE toxin genes of CNS strains isolated from cows (40.7%) and ewes (32.5%) was
not statistically significant (P > 0.05; χ
2 = 0.380). It was found that S. simulans isolates had the highest prevalent se genes. Furthermore, the most common SE gene types was seh-sej. In this study, none of the isolates harbored the toxic shock syndrome toxin gene (tsst) and the exfoliative toxin genes (eta, etb). Five cow (6.17%) and three ewe CNS (7.5%) isolates had mecA gene. Three cow (3.7%) and two ewe CNS (5.0%) isolates had pvl gene. In conclusion, the present study showed that CNS species isolated from cows and ewes could serve as potential reservoir
of se, mecA, and pvl genes. 相似文献
12.
Variation in village chicken production systems among agro-ecological zones of Zimbabwe 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Muchadeyi FC Wollny CB Eding H Weigend S Makuza SM Simianer H 《Tropical animal health and production》2007,39(6):453-461
The degree to which village chickens are integrated in the smallholder farming systems differs depending on the socio-economic,
cultural and biological factors within each system. The objective of this study was to characterise the village chicken farming
systems and identify possible threats to, and opportunities for, local chickens in the agro-ecological zones of Zimbabwe.
A pre-tested questionnaire was administered to households randomly selected from five districts, Risitu (n = 97), Hurungwe
(n = 56), Gutu (n = 77), Gokwe-South (n = 104) and Beitbridge (n = 37) in eco-zones I–V, respectively. Age of head of household
averaged 47 years (SD = 14.3). Land holdings per household averaged 4.82 ha (SD = 3.6). Overall, 17.7 percent of the households
ranked livestock as the major source of income compared to 70.8 percent who ranked crops as the main contributor. Chicken
flock size averaged 16.7 (SD = 12.4), and the highest flock sizes were observed in eco-zones I and IV. Households owning cattle,
goats and other livestock assigned less important ranks to chickens. Chickens were used mainly for the provision of meat and
eggs whilst the use of chicken feathers and investment were uncommon practises. Results indicate that more support is necessary
for village chickens in the non-cropping regions of the country. 相似文献
13.
Dilmaghani M Ahmadi M Zahraei Salehi T Talebi A 《Veterinary research communications》2011,35(3):133-143
Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium causes food-borne outbreaks and systemic diseases in humans and animals. groEL gene (also known as mopA gene in S. Typhimurium), possessing conserved sequence, plays an important role in invasion of bacteria. The purpose of present study
was to identify the polymorphism of groEL gene among different avians in different regions by PCR-RFLP method. Fifty two S. Typhimurium isolates (Broiler (n = 13), Layer (n = 12), Duck (n = 5), Goose (n = 5), Sparrow (n = 8), Canary (n = 3), Pigeon (n = 5) and Casco parrot (n = 1). were identified using serotyping as well as multiplex-PCR. Then, amplification of groEL gene performed and amplified products subjected to restriction digestion with BsuRI enzyme. Three RFLP profiles, A, B and
C, generated DNA fragments between approximately 100–1,000 bp in size, were observed. The RFLP profile A was observed in 35
(67.3%), profile B in 14 (26.9%) and profile C in 3 (5.77%) of isolates. S. Typhimurium isolates recovered from 13 broilers (two of which profile A, 9 profile B and 2 profile C) and from 8 sparrows
(two of which profile A, 5 profile B and 1 profile C) showed all three profiles, but 12 layers and other avians (including
Canary (n = 3), Goose (n = 5), Duck (n = 5), Pigeon (n = 5) and Casco parrot (n = 1)) showed profile A. None of these profiles was allotted for a special region. The result of present study showed that
S. Typhimurium undergoes genetic mutations in groEL gene under unpleasant milieu in different regions and in different avians. Thus, genetic diversity, despite conserved nature
of groEL gene in S. Typhimurium, may exist but it depends on the condition where bacteria have settled. To our knowledge, three RFLP profiles
of groEL gene generated by BsuRI restriction enzyme were not reported previously. 相似文献
14.
Prevalence and major bacterial causes of bovine mastitis in Asella,South Eastern Ethiopia 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
A cross sectional study was conducted in and around Asella town from November 2007 to April 2008 on dairy cows to determine
the prevalence of mastitis, impact of risk factors and isolate the dominant mastitis causing bacteria on total of 223 lactating
cows, of which 92 were indigenous Arsi, and 131 Holstein Zebu cross by using clinical examination and California mastitis
test (CMT). Of these 144 (65.6 %) were positive by clinical examination and CMT for clinical and sub clinical mastitis, with
prevalence of 26.5 % and 38 %, respectively. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) on the prevalence of mastitis between
cows kept under different hygiene of milking process. Similarly a significant difference on the prevalence of mastitis between
the two breeds (P < 0.05) was also observed. From 144 CMT and clinically positive milk samples analyzed microbiologically,
133 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and while 11 were negative. The dominant bacterial isolates in the
study animals were Staphylococcus species (41.4 %), Streptococcus species (24.8 %), and other Gram positive rods and Gram negative enteric bacteria (33.8 %). Good hygiene in milking process,
milking clinically infected cows at last, culling chronic mastitis carriers, treating clinically infected cows and dry period
therapy could reduce the prevalence of contagious mastitis in the study area. 相似文献
15.
J. H. Urdaz-Rodríguez G. T. Fosgate S. D. Waghela A. R. Alleman D. O. Rae G. A. Donovan P. Melendez 《Tropical animal health and production》2009,41(7):1465-1473
A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine individual cow seroprevalence of Babesia bovis in adult lactating dairy cattle of Puerto Rico (PR), to assess the associations of farm management factors on herd seroprevalence,
and to document the species of ticks infesting cattle within these farms. Antibody activity against B. bovis was determined using an indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). Serum samples were obtained from 2,414 adult lactating
dairy cattle from 76 randomly selected commercial dairy farms. Herd seroprevalence ranged from 0 to 51% with an overall individual
cow seroprevalence for B. bovis of 26%. Ticks were collected from animals on 7 (9%) of the 76 participating commercial dairy farms. All collected ticks (n = 87)
were Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Factors associated with high herd seropositivity were dairy farms with calf but not heifer raising facilities (OR = 16, 95%
CI = 3.0-86), having more than 4 neighbors with cattle (OR = 17, 95% CI = 1.6-178), same producer owning more than one farm
(OR = 7.2, 95% CI = 1.6-32), and use of government services to apply amitraz on cattle (OR = 5.5, 95% CI = 1.5-20). 相似文献
16.
A longitudinal observational 2 year field study including 178 dairy herds was conducted in Norway. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of iodine post milking teat dipping (PMTD) and an external teat sealant (ETS) in first calvers (heifers) on bacterial isolation from milk culture post-calving. Every heifer was either sampled in connection with a clinical mastitis (CM) event at calving or otherwise approximately 6 days post-calving. Milk culture results were available from 3218 individual heifers and 12,872 quarter milk samples. Separate multivariable logistic regression models were used for each bacterium. Neither use of PMTD nor ETS did decrease the risk of bacterial isolation post-calving. However, if iodine PMTD had been used, there was an increased risk of clinical mastitis (Odd ratio (OR) = 1.6 (0.9–2.7)) and an increased risk of isolation of coagulase negative staphylococci OR = 1.5 (1.0–2.1). If ETS had been used, there was an increased risk of isolation of coliform bacteria (coliform and Escherichia coli) (OR = 2.9 (1.2–7.3)). There was significantly less Streptococcus dysgalactiae during the summer and autumn compared to the winter and spring. There was a significant herd effect for Streptococcus uberis and for coliforms with an OR = 5.1 (2.1–12) and 4.5 (2.7–7.6) respectively. 相似文献
17.
Comparative Phenotypic and Genotypic Analyses of Salmonella Rissen that Originated from Food Animals in Thailand and United States
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Salmonella enterica serovar Rissen has been recognized as one of the most common serovar among humans and pork production systems in different parts of the world, especially Asia. In the United States, this serovar caused outbreaks but its epidemiologic significance remains unknown. The objectives of this study were to compare the phenotypic (antimicrobial susceptibility) and genotypic attributes of Salmonella Rissen isolated in Thailand (Thai) and the United States (US). All the Thai isolates (n = 30) were recovered from swine faecal samples. The US isolates (n = 35) were recovered from swine faecal samples (n = 29), cattle (n = 2), chicken (n = 2), dog (n = 1) and a ready‐to‐eat product (n = 1). The antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates was determined using the Kirby‐Bauer disk diffusion method with a panel of 12 antimicrobials. Pulse‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to determine the genotypic diversity of isolates. All Thai isolates showed multidrug resistance (MDR) with the most frequent antibiotic resistance shown against ampicillin (100%), sulfisoxazole (96.7%), tetracycline (93.3%), streptomycin (90%) and chloramphenicol (30%). About half of the isolates of USA origin were pan‐susceptible and roughly 30% were resistant to only tetracycline (R‐type: Te). Salmonella Rissen isolated from Thailand and the USA in this study were found to be clonally unrelated. Genotypic analyses indicated that isolates were clustered primarily based on the geographic origin implying the limited clonality among the strains. Clonal relatedness among different host species within the same geography (USA) was found. We found genotypic similarity in Thai and US isolates in few instances but with no epidemiological link. Further studies to assess propensity for increased inter‐regional transmission and dissemination is warranted. 相似文献
18.
This study was conducted to evaluate alterations in coagulation parameters in dairy cows affected with acute Escherichia coli (E. coli) mastitis and to compare those values to cows affected with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus ) mastitis. Twenty-four, adult Holstein-Friesian dairy cows affected with acute E. coli mastitis and 17 cows affected with S. aureus mastitis were studied. Cows affected with E. coli mastitis had significantly prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) (P < 0.01), prothrombin time (PT) (P < 0.05) and decreased (P < 0.05) platelets numbers. Cows with S. aureus mastitis had only significantly prolonged APTT (P < 0.05) and decreased (P < 0.05) platelet counts. In the hematology evaluation, cows affected with E. coli and those affected with S. aureus mastitis had elevated hematocrit values but only significantly (P < 0.05) so in mastitic cows caused by E. coli. Both groups of mastitic cows had significantly (P < 0.05) lower leukocyte counts. Only cows with E. coli mastitis had significantly (P < 0.05) lower neutrophil count. In the plasma biochemical evaluation, creatinine concentrations were significantly (P < 0.05) elevated in both groups of cows. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration was only significantly elevated in cows
affected with E. coli mastitis. Results of this study indicated that dairy cows affected with acute E. coli mastitis are more likely to develop clinical manifestations of disseminated intravascular coagulation than cows affected
with S. aureus mastitis. 相似文献
19.
A two-year longitudinal study was conducted to assess the reproductive and lactation performances of smallholder crossbred
dairy cattle in Fitche, central Ethiopia. Twenty-four smallholder dairy farms were monitored and data on reproductive, breeding,
lactation and management aspects of crossbred dairy cows (n = 69) were collected and analysed. Moreover, milk samples were collected and analysed for progesterone. The overall Least-squares
means for calving interval (CI), calving to conception interval (CCI) and first observed oestrus after calving were 516, 253
and 141 days, respectively. Suckling significantly prolonged these intervals. The mean first onset of luteal activity (OLA)
after calving was 52 days, while 67.4% (n = 43) had a delayed (>55 days) return to cyclicity after calving. Suckling and parity number significantly (p < 0.05) influenced the OLA. The mean lactation length was 54.4 weeks. The overall daily mean milk yield for the first 43 weeks
of lactation after calving was 11.7 L/day. The estimated daily milk yield increased slowly and reached peak (13.8 L/day) around
the 11th week post partum and declined gradually and steadily. Suckling status, season of calving and parity number significantly influenced the estimated
daily milk yield. In conclusion, the present study indicated that the smallholder crossbred dairy cows in the study area had
prolonged intervals to first oestrus after calving, to conception and to the next calving, and thus their reproductive performance
is unsatisfactory. Delayed first onset of luteal activity (postpartum anoestrus) contributed to these extended intervals.
Further detailed investigation is suggested to examine the effects of other relevant factors on the reproductive and lactation
performances of smallholder crossbred dairy cows for appropriate intervention. 相似文献
20.
Antimicrobial susceptibility test of 98 isolates of Salmonella was assayed from September 2003 to February 2004 using the guidelines of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards
(NCCLS).The result revealed that 32.7% of Salmonella isolates were resistant to one or more of the 24 antimicrobials tested. Generally resistance for 13 different antimicrobial
drugs was recognized. The most common resistance was to streptomycin (24/32, 75%), ampicillin (19/32, 59.4%), tetracycline
(15/32, 46.9%), spectinomycin (13/32, 40.6%) and sulfisoxazole (13/32, 40.6%). All the three Salmonella Kentucky isolates showed resistance to at least 8 antimicrobials. Out of the 12 Salmonella Braenderup isolates, 10 (83.3%) showed multidrug resistance to ampicillin, spectinomycin, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim,
amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and trimethoprim. Among the 8 S. Hadar isolates 7 (86.5%) showed antimicrobial resistance. All the 6 S. Dublin isolates were resistant to carbadox (100%). All the 6 S. Haifa isolates were resistant for at least ampicillin, streptomycin and tetracycline. Up to ten different antimicrobial resistances
pattern was observed. Multiple antimicrobial drug resistance was observed in 23 Salmonella isolates (23.5%). The level of antimicrobial resistance was significantly higher for isolates from chicken carcass (18/29,
62.1%) and pork isolates (5/22, 22.7%) (p = 0.003). The findings of the present study ascertain that significant proportion
Salmonella isolates have developed resistance for routinely prescribed antimicrobial drugs and poses considerable health hazards to
the consumers unless prudent control measures are instituted. 相似文献