中国对虾（Penaeuschinensis）脂肪酸转化能力的研究

用脂肪酸含量不同的饲料饲喂中国对虾，结果表明，对虾具有亚油酸转化为二十碳四烯酸、将亚麻酸转化为二十碳五烯酸和二十二碳六烯酸的能力，但转化率低。     

A determination of the quantitative requirements for docosahexaenoic acid for juvenile barramundi (Lates calcarifer)

A series of diets with varying docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n‐3) inclusion levels (1 g kg^?1 3 g kg^?1, 6 g kg^?1, 10 g kg^?1, 15 g kg^?1 and 18 g kg^?1) were fed to juvenile barramundi (Lates calcarifer) for 6 weeks. Two additional diets examined the addition of arachidonic acid (ARA; 20:4n‐6) or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n‐3) to the diets at 10 g kg^?1 when DHA was also included at 10 g kg^?1. Fish were fed the diets on a pair‐fed feeding regime to eliminate feed intake variability. Fish were weighed, and blood and tissue samples were collected after 6 weeks. Behavioural parameters were also assessed. Improvement in growth was seen with increasing inclusion of DHA up to a maximum at 10 g kg^?1 inclusion, albeit the response was minor. However, the addition of ARA to the diet reduced the growth response, while the addition of EPA improved the growth response. An improvement in feeding behaviour was also seen with increasing DHA up to a peak at 10 g kg^?1, while those animals fed diets low in DHA showed increasingly cryptic behaviour. With the increasing inclusion of DHA, a range of pathologies were observed, but the addition of an EPA component to the diet limited these pathologies, while the addition of ARA made little improvement and in some cases exacerbated the pathologies.     

不同家系大黄鱼肌肉营养成分的比较

对同等养殖条件下所养成的大黄鱼[Pseudosciaena crocea(Richardson)]3个不同家系:WW家系[野生F1(♀)×野生F1(♂)]、WC家系[野生F1(♀)×养殖F8(♂)]和CC家系[养殖F8(♀)×养殖F8(♂)]成鱼肌肉营养成分进行测定,并以野生大黄鱼作为对照,从营养成分的角度分析和评价不同家系大黄鱼的品质。结果显示,野生大黄鱼粗蛋白含量、必需氨基酸以及鲜味氨基酸总量都明显高于家系大黄鱼,而必需脂肪酸含量则低于家系大黄鱼。3个家系之间,粗蛋白质含量、必需氨基酸总量、鲜味氨基酸总量及必需氨基酸指数排列次序由大到小依次为:WW、WC、CC;饱和脂肪酸总量由大到小的排序为:CC、WW、WC;不饱和脂肪酸总量由大到小依次为:WC、WW、CC。研究认为,家系之间主要营养成分指标存在一定差异,这是由遗传因素决定的,因此通过家系选择进行大黄鱼肉质改良是可能的,但是同时必须结合饲料营养成分的补充和调控以及养殖环境条件的改善,才能较快速地使养殖大黄鱼的品质达到或接近野生大黄鱼的水平。     

三种养殖鲟鱼卵营养成分的比较分析

对养殖施氏鲟（ Acipenser schrenckii）、西伯利亚鲟（ A.baerii）和小体鲟（ A.ruthenus）卵中常规营养成分、氨基酸（AA）和脂肪酸（FA）的组成和含量进行了测定。结果表明,三种鲟鱼中,西伯利亚鲟卵内粗蛋白（22.6％）和粗脂肪（17.9％）含量最高,且与施氏鲟的粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量都显著高于小体鲟（ P＜0.05）;三种鲟鱼卵内均含有18种氨基酸,其中必需氨基酸总量（ TEAA）占总氨基酸（ TAA）均高于49％,且施氏鲟卵内TEAA占TAA的50.06％,显著高于西伯利亚鲟和小体鲟（ P＜0.05）。三种鲟鱼卵内含量最多的必需氨基酸（ EAA ）均为亮氨酸,种类间的色氨酸含量差异显著（P＜0.05）,其他EAA含量无显著差异（P＞0.05）;各种非必需氨基酸（NAA）含量种类间差异不显著（P＞0.05）,以谷氨酸含量最高。三种鲟鱼卵内,含量最高的饱和脂肪酸（SFA）均为C16∶0,种间无显著性差异（P＞0.05）;单不饱和脂肪酸（MUFA）中均以C18∶1n-9含量最高,且施氏鲟卵内含量显著高于西伯利亚鲟和小体鲟（ P＜0.05）;多不饱和脂肪酸（ PUFA）中均以C22∶6 n-3含量最高,其中西伯利亚鲟卵内含量显著高于施氏鲟和小体鲟（ P＜0.05）;西伯利亚鲟卵内n-3/n-6值最高,小体鲟卵内最低,且三种鲟鱼间n-3/n-6值均有显著差异（ P＜0.05）。西伯利亚鲟鱼卵内, DHA、 EPA、 PUFA、 n-3 PUFA总含量及n-3/n-6值均显著高于另外两种鲟鱼卵（ P＜0.05）。因此,在配置鲟亲鱼配合饲料时,要重视各种脂肪酸之间的添加比例。     

海带“东方7号”氨基酸季节变化分析与评价

采用反相高效液相色谱法,对海带"东方7号"3—7月的游离氨基酸和总氨基酸含量及氨基酸组成情况进行分析,并对总氨基酸中必需氨基酸进行评分。结果显示,3—7月,游离氨基酸的含量为9.78~37.59mg/g,在3—6月呈线性增加,7月略有降低;游离氨基酸的组成主要以呈味氨基酸为主(91.82%~98.53%),其中谷氨酸含量在游离氨基酸的季节变化中起决定性作用。总氨基酸的含量占海带质量的6.71%~9.38%,最大值出现在5月;总氨基酸的组成中,必需氨基酸含量随生长时间呈降低趋势,占总氨基酸含量的19.97%~42.94%。必需氨基酸评分最大值出现在5月,为68分。     

Transgenic modification of the n‐3 HUFA biosynthetic pathway in nibe croaker larvae: improved DPA (docosapentaenoic acid; 22:5n‐3) production

Marine fish are generally unable to produce sufficient quantities of n‐3 highly unsaturated fatty acid (n‐3 HUFA) such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n‐3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n‐3). Consequently, the seed production of marine fish requires careful nutritional enrichment of live feeds such as rotifers and brine shrimp Artemia to meet n‐3 HUFA requirements for normal growth. Another strategy for improving n‐3 HUFA availability is modifying the biosynthetic pathway of marine fish using transgenic technology. In this study, we conducted a feeding trial with non‐transgenic and transgenic nibe croaker Nibea mitsukurii carrying the elongation of very long‐chain fatty acids protein 2 (Elovl2) gene isolated from masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou and three groups of Artemia (non‐enriched and enriched with two products). For all Artemia groups, docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22:5n‐3), which is a direct product of Elovl2, was significantly higher in the transgenic fish than that in non‐transgenic fish, despite the absence of DPA in all diets. Thus, applying transgenic techniques to marine fish at the larval stage are a powerful strategy for modifying n‐3 HUFA biosynthetic pathways.     

Effect of soy oil containing stearidonic acid on growth performance and fillet fatty acid composition of Atlantic salmon

The effects of stearidonic acid (SDA; 18:4n‐3) derived from SDA‐enhanced, genetically modified soybeans (Monsanto Company, St Louis, MO, USA) on growth performance and fatty acid (FA) composition of large Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar; 2.1 kg initial weight) were evaluated. There was a stepwise decrease in feed intake and subsequent weight gain of immature Atlantic salmon with increased replacement of fish oil by SDA soy oil from 0%, 50% to 100% added oil. SDA increased and n‐3 highly unsaturated FA (n‐3 HUFA; eicosapentaenoic acid + docosahexaenoic acid) decreased in the diet and corresponding fillet with increased SDA oil inclusion. Salmon with the same weight gain fed SDA oil compared with rapeseed oil at 50% fish oil replacement had similar n‐3 HUFA fillet levels indicating little or no increased synthesis of n‐3 HUFA from SDA for deposition in the fillet. However, elongation of dietary SDA to 20:4n‐3 for deposition in the fillet of SDA oil fed fish was indicated. The increased SDA and 20:4n‐3 in the fillet of Atlantic salmon fed SDA oil compared with rapeseed oil at 50% fish oil replacement may be more effective as precursors for EPA in humans than 18:3n‐3 which was in the fillet at similar levels.     

海参体壁及消化道的氨基酸和脂肪酸分析

用氨基酸自动分析仪和气相色谱仪测定海参体壁及海参消化道中氨基酸、脂肪酸的组成和含量。结果表明:海参体壁及消化道中都含有18种氨基酸,分别占体壁干重的37.23%、消化道湿重的7.96%,其中都含有8种必需氨基酸,分别占总氨基酸的31.02%和41.81%;体壁及消化道中脂肪酸分别是19种和21种,其总量为12.931 mg/g(干重)、5.782 mg/g(湿重)。消化道中同时含有DHA和EPA,且EPA的含量最高,达17.36%。     

UV/Fenton法处理低浓度含镍络合废水研究

为了有效去除低浓度含镍络合废水中的镍离子(Ni~(2+)),探究影响Ni~(2+)去除效果的因素和方法,通过改变低浓度溶液中沉淀pH值、H_2O_2与Fe~(2+)摩尔比、H_2O_2投加量、初始pH值和反应时间,基于UV/Fenton法,研究了以上各因素对Ni~(2+)去除效果的影响及机理;同时比较UV/Fenton法与Fenton法对Ni~(2+)的去除效果,自配含有典型络合剂的镀镍模拟废水,酒石酸∶柠檬酸∶乙二胺四乙酸∶镍(摩尔比)为1.5∶2∶1.5∶1,Ni~(2+)含量5 mg/L,pH 4.0;光催化实验在光化学反应仪中进行,反应系统由循环水冷却,维持温度在(32±2)℃,光强度为12.7 mW/cm~2。50 mL的石英管中依次加入模拟络合镍废水和一定量的Fenton试剂,100 W中压汞灯光照下进行连续磁力搅拌;光照一定时间后,NaOH调节pH至11.0,离心后取上清液测定镍含量,测定方法采用火焰原子吸收分光光度计。结果显示,UV/Fenton法去除Ni~(2+)的最佳反应条件为初始pH值2.6左右,H_2O_2∶Fe~(2+)(摩尔比)为3∶1,H_2O_2投加量为3 mmol/L,反应时间为1 h,沉淀pH值为11.0,Ni~(2+)去除率可达98%以上。研究表明,增大沉淀pH值、合理控制H_2O_2浓度、增加反应时间,可提高低浓度镍络合物中Ni~(2+)的去除效果;相较于单一Fenton法,采用UV/Fenton法可更好的去除低浓度镍络合物中的Ni~(2+)。     

阳江乐清两地泥蚶肌肉组织营养成分研究

研究结果表明,泥蚶肌肉中含有氨基酸和脂肪酸各18种,氨基酸总含量平均为42．76mg／g,其中必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的36．17％,呈鲜味和甘味游离氨基酸占氨基酸总量的50．42％;脂肪酸总含量平均为25．86mg／g,其中不饱和脂肪酸占脂肪酸总量的48．88％。统计分析表明,两个地区相比较,阳江泥蚶肌肉中的氨基酸和脂肪酸总含量更为丰富,但乐清泥蚶肌肉的营养结构更佳,营养价值更为突出。     

三倍体泥鳅幼鱼的营养分析

为探明三倍体泥鳅的营养组成，对实验室培育2个月的三倍体与二倍体泥鳅幼鱼的氨基酸和脂肪酸含量进行了测定，发现三倍体泥鳅幼鱼的氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸总量、饱和脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸总量分别为：62．87％、26．23％、34％和61．5％，二倍体则分别为68．41％、29．16％、22．8％和69．7％；三倍体泥鳅幼鱼的4种主要鲜味氨基酸量及总量均低于二倍体，n3系列高度不饱和脂肪酸C22：6（DHA）与C20：5（EPA）的总量则高于二倍体。与二倍体泥鳅相比较，三倍体泥鳅幼鱼在营养价值上并不具优势。研究结果为三倍体鱼类的营养评价提供了依据。     

Influence of dietary protein on essential fatty acids in the gonadal tissue of the sea urchins Psammechinus miliaris and Paracentrotus lividus (Echinodermata)

The elevated accumulation of certain essential long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) during reproductive maturation can place a significant demand on lipid metabolism. As lipid metabolism is closely linked with protein metabolism, protein intake during maturation may significantly influence transport proteins and enzyme activity which is responsible for supplying the essential fatty acids for gamete development. The present study investigated the influence of increased protein intake on the accumulation of certain long-chain PUFA in two species of commercially valuable sea urchin, Paracentrotus lividus and Psammechinus miliaris during maturation. Sea urchins were fed three macroalgal diets over a 90-day period. These diets included the red alga Palmaria palmata, which had been grown in seawater enriched with two levels of ammonia-N, which produced a high protein content (41%) or low protein content (32%). The third diet (or reference diet) used the brown macroalga Laminaria saccharina with a 23% protein content. The fatty acid composition of the gonads was determined by GC. Feeding the high protein diet had no effect on the maturation and total lipid in the gonad compared with the low protein diet, however, it did significantly increase the levels of docosahexaenoic acid DHA 22:6n-3 in the mature gonad tissue in P. miliaris and P. lividus. In contrast, only P. miliaris exhibited higher levels of arachidonic acid ARA 20:4n-6 when fed the high protein diet. The present study suggests that elevated protein levels can promote the accumulation of DHA and ARA in gonadal tissue during maturation, although the extent of the influence is species-specific and highlights the importance of understanding the complexities and inter-connectivity between protein and lipid metabolism when producing commercially valuable species.     

达里湖高原鳅肌肉营养成分分析与品质评价

采用常规生化分析方法分析和评价内蒙古达里诺尔湖达里湖高原鳅Triplophysa dalaica肌肉的营养成分。结果表明:达里湖高原鳅全鱼和肌肉的水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分含量分别为:(74.28±1.04)%和(78.30±0.23)%、(14.57±0.02)%和(17.77±0.05)%、(7.15±1.56)%和(1.77±0.03)%、(3.45±0.14)%和(1.14±0.05)%。达里湖高原鳅肌肉中共检测出18种氨基酸,总量(TAA)为(13.80±0.92)%,其中8种必需氨基酸(EAA)总量为(5.72±0.37)%,占氨基酸总量的(41.43±0.69)%,必需氨基酸总量(TEAA)/非必需氨基酸总量(TNEAA)为(70.76±1.99)%,其必需氨基酸比例符合FAO/WTO的理想模式。依据氨基酸评分标准(ASS),达里湖高原鳅的第一、第二限制性氨基酸分别为缬氨酸、色氨酸;依据化学评分标准(CS),达里湖高原鳅的第一、第二限制性氨基酸分别为色氨酸、蛋氨酸+胱氨酸,必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)为55.52。肌肉中鲜味氨基酸(DAA)总量为(5.29±0.24)%,占氨基酸总量的(38.40±1.07)%,支链氨基酸(BCAA)与芳香族氨基酸(AAA)的比值(F)为(2.48±0.16)。肌肉中共检测出22种脂肪酸,多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)总含量为(23.50±0.12)%,其中二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)+二十碳五烯酸(EPA)含量为(9.37±0.10)%,必需脂肪酸(EFA)含量为(10.07±0.29)%。分析结果表明,达里湖高原鳅具有合理的氨基酸和脂肪酸组成,是一种味道鲜美、营养价值丰富的淡水鱼类,具有良好的开发利用前景。     

Dummy regression analysis for modelling the nutritionally tailored fillet fatty acid composition of turbot and sole using gilthead sea bream as a reference subgroup category

Farmed turbot and sole were sampled at different stages of the production cycle for analysis of fillet lipid content and fatty acid (FA) composition. The entire data set along with our own published data on gilthead sea bream were fitted to dummy regression equations with turbot and sole as dummy variables, gilthead sea bream as a reference subgroup category, and diet FA composition and fillet lipid content as independent variables. The relative contribution of each independent variable to the total variance was found to vary within and among FAs and fish species, but strong correlation coefficients (0.76 <  r² > 0.99) were found for almost all of the FA equations, including saturated FAs, monoenes and long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) of n‐3 and n‐6 series. Given the differences in lipogenic activities of the fish species, major interaction effects between fillet lipid content and dummy variables were found for monoenes and saturated FAs. The proposed equations (hosted at www.nutrigroup-iats.org/aquafat ) were able to fit different proportions of EPA, DPA and DHA underlying the fish species differences in FA desaturation/elongation pathways. The robustness of the model was proven with extra data from the three fish species, allowing a close linear association near to equality for the scatter plot of observed and predicted values.     

史氏鲟(Acipenser schrenckii)鱼肉的营养价值

本文对史氏鲟鱼肉的氨基酸及脂肪酸组成进行检测,证实史氏鲟鱼肉蛋白质中的两种限制氨基酸赖氨酸和含硫氨基酸的评分分别为163、123,必需氨基酸指数为108,远远高于FAO模式的理想蛋白;精氨酸含量为62.62mg/g,占氨基酸总量的6.51%;支链氨基酸含量为162.94mg/g,与芳香氨基酸的比值为3.52,是一种具有保肝功效、有利于促进儿童生长发育的营养价值较高的蛋白质;其脂肪酸组成的营养价值比大部分的海、淡水鱼低.     

Essential fatty acid requirements of cultured marine fish larvae

Feeding of marine fish larvae is, in most cases, limited to the administration of two species of live prey. This reduction in the range of food available for the cultured larvae may occasionally lead to nutritional imbalances or deficiencies. A large amount of research has been recently devoted to the study of the essential fatty acid requirements of marine fish larvae. Studies on the biochemical composition of developing eggs and larvae, as well as the comparison of the patterns of loss and conservation during starvation, pointed out the importance of n-3 HUFA and arachidonic acid as essential fatty acids for larvae of marine fish. The biochemical composition of marine fish larvae, in terms of lipid content and fatty acid composition of total and polar lipids, is modified by dietary levels of essential fatty acids. Larval growth, survival and activity have also been reported to be affected by dietary levels of essential fatty acids. In addition, some pathological signs, such as hydrops or abnormal pigmentation, have been related to essential fatty acid deficiency in these fish. Based on these effects, the essential fatty acid requirements of marine larval fish have been reported to range between 0.3 and 55 g kg^?1 n-3 HUFA on a dry weight basis, suggesting that quantitative requirements of fish larvae may differ from those of juveniles or adults. But quantitative requirements for larvae of the same species reported by various authors are often contradictory. These differences are discussed in relation to the dietary lipid content, ratio 20:5n-3/22:6n-3 and culture conditions used.     

温州市珊溪水库鳙营养成分分析与评价

本研究采用国标方法分析了温州市珊溪水库鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)肌肉的基本营养成分(水分、粗脂肪、粗蛋白质和灰分)、氨基酸、脂肪酸及矿物质等含量.研究表明4龄和6龄温州市珊溪水库鳙肌肉中(鲜样)水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和灰分的含量分别为(78.74±0.98)％和(78.84±1.16)％、(16.87...     

马尾藻营养成分研究进展

马尾藻Sargassum是我国沿海常见的一种经济褐藻,营养价值较高,其粗蛋白含量为5.94~19.35g/100g,粗脂肪含量为0.12~3.80g/100g,碳水化合物含量为40.25~75.46g/100g,灰分含量为12.16~47.08g/100g;人体必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的26.62%~61.66%,必需氨基酸组成基本符合FAO/WHO标准;脂肪酸中多不饱和脂肪酸含量占脂肪酸总含量的20.34%~51.01%。本文综述国内外对马尾藻营养成分含量、氨基酸组成、脂肪酸组成、矿物元素含量的研究现状,以期为更好地开发、养护和利用马尾藻资源提供参考。     

Fatty acid composition,osmolality, Na+, K+‐ATPase activity,cortisol content and antioxidant status of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in response to various dietary levels of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels on the fatty acid composition, salinity tolerance and antioxidant status of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Four diets were formulated with total EPA and DHA contents of 5.41, 9.55, 13.97 and 17.88 g/kg (abbreviated as ED‐5.41, ED‐9.55, ED‐13.97 and ED‐17.88 respectively). Rainbow trout (initial weight of 90.61 ± 9.25 g) were fed the experimental diets for 8 weeks to accumulate significant differences in fatty acid composition and subsequently underwent salinity acclimation. Our results indicated that high dietary EPA and DHA significantly improved the EPA and DHA content in fish tissues. The serum osmolality of fish returned to their freshwater values in the ED‐9.55, ED‐13.97 and ED‐17.88 groups. The Na⁺, K⁺‐ATPase (NKA) activity of fish in the ED‐13.97 group changed dramatically to adapt the fish to the hypertonic environment. Moreover, there was no significant difference in the serum cortisol concentration and liver catalase (CAT) activity of fish in the ED‐13.97 group during salinity acclimation. The liver superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the ED‐13.97 group was significantly higher than that in ED‐5.41 and ED‐9.55 groups at the end of salinity acclimation. The muscle malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the ED‐13.97 group was significantly lower than that in the ED‐17.88 group before salinity acclimation and significantly lower than the ED‐5.41 and ED‐17.88 groups on day 7 of acclimation. The results of this study indicate that the rainbow trout in the ED‐13.97 group exhibited optimal salinity acclimation performance.