反刍动物甲烷排放测试技术

准确测定动物甲烷排放量，是全球甲烷排放研究与对策制定的前提和基础。目前国内外动物甲烷测定的方法包括封闭测试法、微气候学方法、间接测试法和示踪法。该文主要介绍上述测定方法的原理、特点和适用范围。     

减少反刍动物甲烷排放的措施

本文论述了降低反刍动物甲烷排放的可能方法,其中包括:在日粮中添加天然物或化学品抑制瘤胃甲烷产生;补充营养元素提高瘤胃微生物生长效率;使用生长和性能促进剂;改变可在肠内消化的饲料成份避免在瘤胃中发酵消化;处理秸杆提高消化率以及改善管理水平提高动物生产率,减少动物总数。     

美国稻田和反刍动物的甲烷排放

本文为考察报告,叙述了美国水稻和畜牧业生产情况,美国对全球稻田和反刍动物排放甲烷量的估计,以及美国对此农业源甲烷排放的研究情况。     

反刍动物甲烷排放预测模型研究现状

作为大气中一种重要的温室气体，甲烷产生的温室效应已日益引起人们的关注，而反刍动物是甲烷最大的人为排放源之一。该文就国内外对反刍动物甲烷排放预测模型的有关研究进行了分析和综述，主要对反刍动物甲烷排放预测的经验模型和机理模型进行了分析比较。最后，结合中国国内当前关于甲烷排放研究的实际情况，对中国反刍动物甲烷排放需进一步研究的问题进行了探讨。     

六氟化硫（SF6）示踪法测定反刍动物甲烷排放的技术

详细描述了用六氟化硫示踪法测定反刍动物甲烷排放的技术，包括基本原理、仪器准备和测试条件。还研究了适用于中国的采气设备、示踪参数、测定条件等技术，本技术经济实用且易操作，现正在试用。     

AMI—2000型反刍动物甲烷测定箱的研制

在分析反刍动物甲烷测定技术研究进展的基础上，研制出了开路式ＡＭＩ－２０００型反刍动物甲烷测定箱。测定箱由主箱体、空调系统、流量测定系统、甲烷分析系统及计算机监控系统等组成。其自动化程度高，箱内温度、湿度、压力和风速等小气候参数，以及流量和甲烷的分析结果均可在计算机上实现瞬时显示和定时打印。     

反刍动物瘤胃内甲烷的产生及营养调控

概述了反刍动物甲烷排放研究的意义、瘤胃内甲烷的产生机制和影响因素、及从营养控制方面减少甲烷排放量的几种方法。     

我国沼泽甲烷排放量估算

本文讨论了我国沼泽的类型、数量和分布,并对沼泽甲烷排放量进行了估算。我国现有沼泽面积93973km2,81.44%分布于青藏高原和东北地区,其中泥炭和苔藓泥炭沼泽42349km2,腐泥沼泽24977km2,盐化沼泽24086km2,森林沼泽2561km2。腐泥沼泽主要分布于东北地区,泥炭沼泽主要分布于青藏高原。我国沼泽年排放甲烷初步估算为1.651.77Tg,平均1.71Tg,79.60%来自腐泥沼泽,占沼泽面积45.06%的泥炭沼泽仅排放甲烷0.340.36Tg,只占20.61%。青藏高原和西北地区沼泽甲烷排放量为0.280.30Tg,占甲烷排放总量的17.08%,东北和内蒙古地区则高达1.351.44Tg,占81.67%。     

土地利用史对水田甲烷的排放和甲烷植物的影响

The characteristics of methane emission were compared among six types of upland and paddy soils developed from different materials with distinct physical and chemical properties after planting rice.The fluxes of methane emission in submerged soils from the upland were obviously lower than those from the paddy rice field.The flux of methane emission in the paddy soil developed from fluvo-aquic soil was the largest among all the types of soils.Planting of rice was heplful to emission of methane in soils.The amounts of various groups of methanogenic flora were conformed with the differences among the fluxes of methane emission in various types of soils.Methane formation was observed in each type of air-dried soils stored for a long time after addition of water and incubation at 35℃.     

西藏贡嘎县生物质能源燃烧甲烷和氧化亚氮排放量估算

参照国际政府间气候变化研究小组推荐的方法，对西藏贡嘎县生物质能源燃烧甲烷的氧化亚氮的排放量进行了估算，结果表明，西藏贡嘎县生物质能源燃烧排放甲烷及氧化亚氮的总量分别为１１６７５２－２１６８４９ｋｇ和１０９４．４－５１９４．４ｋｇ。     

长期定位试验对水稻田土壤甲烷氧化活性和甲烷排放通量的影响

通过对长期定位施肥的黄松稻田土的甲烷氧化活性和甲烷排放通量的研究表明,长期定位施肥对稻田土壤的好氧甲烷氧化活性和甲烷排放通量有显著性的影响(|t|t0.05,P0.05),而对稻田土壤的厌氧甲烷氧化活性有影响但未达显著性水平(|t|t0.05,P0.05)。施加有机肥能显著增加稻田土壤的甲烷氧化活性和甲烷排放通量;当有机肥和无机肥混合施用时,其促进作用明显大于单施有机肥或无机肥。施加尿素后,稻田土壤的甲烷氧化活性及甲烷排放量都有所下降,但钾肥和磷肥能缓解由尿素引起的抑制作用。施肥后耕作的稻田甲烷氧化活性和甲烷排放通量高于施肥后不耕作的稻田;耕作而不施肥的稻田甲烷氧化活性和甲烷排放通量要低于不施肥也不耕作的稻田。     

上海地区水稻土氮素矿化模拟

Three types of paddy soils, derived from granite, Quaternary red clay and basalt, respectively, were selected to study the effects of Fe and Mn in paddy soils on methane production and emission through pot and incubation experiments. The results indicated that the difference of Fe and Mn in paddy soils was one of the important factors causing obvious differences in methane emission from different soil types. Soil Fe and Mn affecting methane emission from the paddy soils was likely through affecting soil Eh and forming Fe and Mn plaques on rice roots. Different rates and valences of added Fe and Mn significantly affected methane production from paddy soils. Therefore, this study enhanced understanding of processes controlling methane emission from paddy soils and may help to improve modeling and estimating regional and global methane emission from paddy soils.     

Methane concentration and emission as affected by methane transport capacity of plants in freshwater marsh

To elucidate effect of the CH₄ transport capacity of plants on CH₄ production and CH₄ emission, we measured CH₄ emission and the CH₄ transport capacity of plants as well as CH₄ and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in porewater and redox potential in the freshwater marsh vegetated with Carex lasiocarpa, Carex meyeriana and Deyeuxia angustifolia. Although only 31% of CH₄ emitted was released via Deyeuxia angustifolia into the atmosphere compared to 72–86% via Carex plants and the CH₄ transport capacity of per stem of Deyeuxia angustifolia was only 8.0 g CH₄ stem^–1 h^–1 being equal to half for Carex plants, the flux of CH₄ emission from the Deyeuxia angustifolia marsh was just lower by 17–28% than those from the Carex marshes as the standing water depth decreased significantly from 15–20 to 5 cm, indicating that despite the poor CH₄ transport capability of Deyeuxia angustifolia partly reduced CH₄ emission via plants, however CH₄ emission was not greatly reduced as expected. This is because although the poor gas transport capability of Deyeuxia angustifolia lowered CH₄ emission to some extent, however it also decreased the input of O₂ into the rhizosphere via plants; the latter not only reduced CH₄ oxidation in the rhizosphere and/or rhizome but also lowered redox potential in the vertical profile resulting in an increase in CH₄ production potential and CH₄ concentration especially at 5 cm depth, which in turn facilitated CH₄ emission through diffusion in the Deyeuxia angustifolia marsh. This study suggests that the sharp decrease in the CH₄ transport capacity of plants did not necessary result in an expected lowering of CH₄ emission in the freshwater marsh.     

Effect of rice variety on methane emission from an Indonesian paddy field

Variations in CH₄ emission from a Sumatra paddy field in which 8 popular modern varieties in Indonesia were grown were compared in the 1994/1995 rainy season. Total amounts of CH₄ emitted during the period of rice growth were in the ranges of 32.6-41.7 and 51.3–64.6 g CH₄ m^-2 for the plots amended with chemical fertilizer only and those amended with both rice straw and chemical fertilizer, respectively. The mean CH₄ emission rate was highest in the plot with the variety Bengawan solo and lowest in the plots with the varieties Atomita-4 and Way seputih among the plots which received chemical fertilizer, while highest in the plot with Way seputih and lowest in the plot with Bengawan solo among the plots amended with both rice straw and chemical fertilizer. The increase in the mean CH₄ emission rates by rice straw application was higher for the plots planted with Way seputih (1.98 times) and Atomita-4 (1.77 times) than for the plots with Bengawan solo (1.23 times) and IR-64 (1.35 times). The plots with Walanai and Cisanggarung recorded intermediate mean emission rates and the increase in CH₄ emission by rice straw application was also intermediate (1.57–1.64 times). It was noteworthy that Way seputih and Atomita-4 were derived from the variety Cisadane, Bengawan solo and IR-64 from the variety IR-54, and Walanai and Cisanggarung from the varieties IR-36 and Pelita 1-1, respectively.

The amounts of CH. emitted for 1 kg grain production ranged from 53 (Atomita-4) to 74 (Kapuas and Walanai) and from 89-93 (IR-64, Bengawan solo, and Atomita-4) to 121 (Kapuas) g CH₄ kg^-1 of grain for the plots amended with chemical fertilizer and those amended with rice straw and chemical fertilizer, respectively.     

Effect of seedling transplanting date on methane emission from rice paddy soil during cultivation

In most temperate mono-rice cultivation systems like Korea, the local recommended transplanting date of rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings is proposed by the government agency considering climate, rice cultivar, rice productivity and quality, etc. Recently the transplanting of rice seedlings earlier than the recommended transplanting date (RTD) has been adopted by the local farmers to get high yield and to harvest earlier for higher market value. Earlier transplanting than RTD might influence methane (CH₄) emission due to the prolonged cultivation period, but its effect was not evaluated well so far. In this study, the effects of seedling transplanting date on CH₄ emission and rice productivity were investigated for two years in a general paddy soil. The 30-day old seedlings were transplanted on the local RTD (every June 15) as the control, and at 30 and 15 days before and 15 days after the RTD for comparison. There was no difference on CH₄ flux pattern among the treatments, but the earlier transplanting before the RTD significantly (P ?≤?0.05) increased total CH₄ emissions during rice cultivation due to the extended soil flooding period and improved plant growth. Rice grain yield was increased by earlier transplanting, but the values were not significantly different from those of transplanting practices on RTD and 15 days before RTD. Therefore, among all the treatments, the lowest total CH₄ emission per grain yield was observed in the RTD treatment. Conclusively, rice transplanting following the RTD, rather than early or late transplanting, could be more effective to minimize CH₄ emission without significantly decreasing the rice productivity.     

夏季猪场污水贮存过程中CO2、CH4排放试验

猪场粪污是重要的温室气体排放源,针对中国缺乏猪场污水贮存过程中温室气体排放参数的问题,该文选择温度较高的夏季,利用动态箱法于2007年6月对猪场的三格式化粪池进行了CO<2、CH₄气体排放测试。测试结果表明：当大气平均温度为28.4℃时,86%的温室气体排放源于一级和二级化粪池,一级、二级和三级化粪池的温室气体排放通量分别为407.5、383.0、127.7 g/(m2?h)二氧化碳当量;CH₄是本污水贮存单元中产生的主要的温室气体,一、二、三级化粪池排放的温室气体总量中,CH₄排放的贡献率分别为95%、96%、95%,控制一、二级化粪池甲烷排放将大幅度减少猪场污水温室气体排放     

National-scale estimation of methane emission from paddy fields in Japan: Database construction and upscaling using a process-based biogeochemistry model

We have estimated methane (CH₄) emission from total rice (Oryza sativa L.) paddies in Japan by means of a process-based biogeochemistry model, DeNitrification-DeComposition(DNDC)-Rice, combined with a geographic information system (GIS) database of climate, soil and farming practices. In the GIS database, 2 million ha of rice paddies were divided into 17,408 units according to 136 climate areas, 16 soil types, four classes of drainage rate and two classes of groundwater level, to simulate CH₄ flux from each of the units applying the DNDC-Rice model. As a result, the national-scale CH₄ emission in 1990 was estimated to be 216 Gg carbon (C), 13% lower than a previous inventory estimated by the Tier 2 method. By our Tier 3 approach, a relatively higher CH₄ flux was estimated from eastern regions than from western regions of Japan, presumably due to the differences in climate and water management. Sensitivity analysis and uncertainty assessment indicated that it is important to account for the heterogeneity in soil properties such as field water capacity, iron (Fe) concentration and drainage rate, in order to reduce the uncertainty in regional estimates.