千岛湖地区不同森林类型枯落物水文功能研究

通过对千岛湖库区富溪林场针阔混交林、常绿阔叶林、毛竹林、灌木林、新造林、马尾松林、杉木林7种林分林下枯落物层的厚度、储量及其持水特性的研究,揭示了该区不同森林类型林下枯落物层的水文生态功能。在实验室进行持水试验得出各种林分最大含水量大小顺序是：灌木林〉阔叶林〉混交林〉新造林〉杉木林〉毛竹〉马尾松;前30min内林地枯落物持水作用最强,其吸水速率顺序为：混交林〉毛竹林〉灌木林〉阔叶林〉杉木林〉新造林〉马尾松林;各林分枯落物有效拦蓄量大小顺序为：混交林〉阔叶林〉杉木林〉灌木林〉毛竹林〉新造林〉马尾松林;从水文效应各项指标来比较,阔叶林水文生态效应最好,马尾松林最差。     

辽宁东部山区枯落物持水性能研究

采用标准地的方法获取落叶松、红松、蒙古栎、胡桃楸、水曲柳5种树林下未分解层和半分解层的枯落物,进行枯落物持水率、持水量和吸水速率等持水性能的测定。结果表明,针叶树半分解层持水率大于未分解层,阔叶树的规律相反,枯落物的持水率与浸泡时间有良好的相关性,回归方程为WH=aln(t)+b;枯落物的吸水速率与浸泡时间有良好的相关性,回归方程为V=aebt;枯落物未分解层最大持水量从大到小排列顺序为:水曲柳落叶松蒙古栎胡桃楸红松;枯落物半分解层最大持水量从大到小排列顺序为:落叶松红松蒙古栎水曲柳胡桃楸。     

绵阳官司河流域3种不同林分枯落物层储量及持水特性分析

对绵阳官司流域不同林分枯落物储量及持水量进行研究,结果表明：3种不同林分枯落物的储量顺序为松柏混交林（8.09t.hm-2）〉马尾松林（7.77 t.hm-2）〉柏木纯林（3.07 t.hm-2）,持水能力的大小顺序为柏木纯（3 709 g.kg-1）〉松柏混交林（3 392 g.kg-1）〉马尾松林（312 2 g.kg-1）,虽然林分不同,但在持水过程中均表现出相似性,即1 h前吸水量最大,并在2 h~4 h间达到较稳定的状态。各林分地表枯落物对降雨有效拦蓄量的大小顺序为马尾松林〉松柏混林〉柏木纯林。     

楠杆自然保护区不同植被类型枯落物储量与持水功能

为了解楠杆自然保护区不同植被类型枯落物的储量和持水特性,以保护区9种不同植被类型作为研究对象,分别对枯落物储量、持水量和持水过程进行分析。结果表明,(1)不同植被类型下的枯落物层平均厚度在1.15-4.57cm之间,大小顺序为落叶阔叶林杉木林马尾松林麻栎林竹林灌木林针阔混交林杨树林华山松林;枯落物蓄积量为1.13-11.36t/hm~2,大小顺序为杉木林马尾松林竹林落叶阔叶林针阔混交林麻栎林灌木林华山松林杨树林。(2)9种不同植被类型下的枯落物最大持水量在3.817 9-21.405 3t/hm~2之间,其大小顺序为杉木林马尾松林竹林落叶阔叶林麻栎林针阔混交林华山松林灌木林杨树林;枯落物最大持水率为336.46%-460.45%,表现为落叶阔叶林马尾松林华山松林麻栎林灌木林竹林杉木林针阔混交林杨树林。(3)9种不同植被类型下的枯落物持水量随浸泡时间增加而增加,未分解层和半分解层持水量分别在12h和1.5h基本达到饱和,吸水速率随浸泡时间的增加而减小,在前5min内速率最大,而未分解层和半分解层持水速率分别在12h和1.5h之后趋近于零。     

阿什河上游小流域主要林分枯落物层的持水特性

在阿什河上游的帽儿山实验林场境内,选取代表性的6种林分类型,测定了各林分枯落物层的蓄积量,采用室内浸泡法对持水能力进行研究。结果表明:6种林分枯落物层厚度为2.8 5.5 cm;枯落物总蓄积量为9.27 39.81 t·hm^-2;最大持水量为25.65 136.83 t·hm^-2;最大拦蓄水量为21.02 87.53 t·hm^-2;总有效拦蓄水深为1.72 6.71 mm。6种林分枯落物层的持水能力排序为:兴安落叶松林>针阔混交林>红松林>蒙古栎林>樟子松林>水曲柳林。对6种林分枯落物的持水量、吸水率随浸泡时间的变化进行了回归拟合,表明枯落物持水量与浸泡时间存在对数关系,枯落物吸水速率与浸泡时间存在幂函数关系。     

广东省西樵山不同林分类型枯落物持水特性的研究

对广东省西樵山4种不同林分类型枯落物进行的研究表明：1）4种林分类型枯落物总储量大小顺序为：生态林〉景观林〉珍贵阔叶林〉常绿阔叶林;2）4种林分类型枯落物持水量、持水速率与浸水时间的动态变化规律基本相似。持水量随浸水时间增加呈上升趋势,但当浸泡8h之后,趋势变缓;不同林分类型持水速率在0～2h最快,在4～6h后逐渐减缓,6h后明显减缓;3）不同树种林下枯落物有效拦蓄率范围为160．05％～182．57％,有效拦蓄量大小顺序为：生态林〉景观林〉珍贵阔叶林〉常绿阔叶林,枯落物的拦蓄量与枯落物总储量和枯落物的持水特性相关。     

草海流域6种林分枯落物水源涵养功能研究

为草海流域水文生态功能调控与植被恢复的物种组合配置提供依据,以贵州威宁草海流域6种林分(云南松林、云南松-滇杨针阔混交林、滇杨林、茶树林、华山松林、杉木林)枯落物作为研究对象,结合实地测量与室内浸泡法,分析比较其枯落物层厚度、蓄积量及涵养水源过程的差异,并通过坐标分析法综合评价其涵养水源的能力。结果表明:6种林分枯落物层总厚度变化范围在1.34~3.26cm之间,蓄积量变化范围在0.62~3.53 t/hm^2之间,最大持水量在0.76~5.57 t/hm^2之间,最大持水率在119.05~207.69%之间,其中,未分解层的厚度、蓄积量与最大持水量显著高于半分解层;持水量、持水速率与浸水时间分别符合方程:Q=alnt+b,R^2>0.82;v=kt^n,R^2>0.98。综合分析结果表明,6种林分枯落物层水源涵养功能从大到小依次表现为:云南松林(0.30)>滇杨林(0.42)>针阔混交林(1.19)>杉木林(1.35)>华山松林(1.51)>茶树林(2.64)。云南松林的蓄积量最大,滇杨林的持水量最大,持水率最大的为针阔混交林。从涵养水源功能的角度,云南松和滇杨可作为草海流域植被恢复的首选树种。     

浙江省江山市不同森林类型枯落物持水性能

2017年10月,选取浙江省江山市典型地段的阔叶林、毛竹Phyllostachys edulis林、杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata林、马尾松Pinus massoniana林、针阔混交林、灌木林设立标准样地,研究不同森林类型枯落物持水性能。结果表明,6种不同森林类型枯落物储量为7.86～25.64 t·hm~(-2),由大到小依次为针阔混交林阔叶林马尾松林杉木林毛竹林灌木林,且枯落物厚度和储量大小排序一致;最大持水量变化在11.19～33.42 t·hm~(-2),有效拦蓄率范围为87.37%～126.41%,有效拦蓄量由大到小依次为针阔混交林阔叶林杉木林马尾松林毛竹林灌木林,含阔叶树种的森林枯落物的持水能力优于针叶林;枯落物持水量与浸泡时间呈对数函数关系,吸水速率与浸泡时间呈幂函数关系。     

云南丽江拉市海汇水区不同森林枯落物的持水性能

对云南丽江拉市海汇水区面山上6种不同森林群落的枯落物储量和持水性能进行了测定,结果表明:不同森林群落的枯落物储量和持水性差别较大,其枯落物储量从最大的黄背栎林(22.45 t·hm-2)到最小的云南松林(6.54 t·hm-2),均是半分解与分解层的储量大于未分解层的储量;6种森林枯落物的最大持水量,除滇杨林外均是半分解与分解层的大于未分解层的,其最大总持水量排序为黄背栎林(60.77 t·hm-2)丽江云杉林(36.42 t·hm-2)云南松+黄背栎+杜鹃混交林(33.18 t·hm-2)川滇高山栎林(29.23 t·hm-2)滇杨林(18.82 t·hm-2)云南松林(13.72 t·hm-2)。各层枯落物的吸水速率均随浸水时间的延长而逐渐降低,在2 4 h后明显减缓,最终趋于零;且半分解与分解层的吸水速率均大于未分解层。6种森林枯落物的拦蓄水量也表现出半分解与分解层大于未分解层的规律,从大到小依次为黄背栎林(66.94 t·hm-2)丽江云杉林(41.24 t·hm-2)云南松+黄背栎+杜鹃混交林(36.80 t·hm-2)川滇高山栎林(32.99 t·hm-2)滇杨林(21.18 t·hm-2)云南松林(16.59 t·hm-2),降雨拦蓄量深分别为6.70、4.12、3.68、3.30、2.12、1.66 mm。     

小兴安岭南坡4种林分类型枯落物水文特性研究

对小兴安岭南坡的红松林、落叶松人工林、杨树林和白桦林的枯落物储量、持水量、吸水速率等水文特征参数进行调查分析研究及其持水特性试验,结果表明,红松林下枯落物储量最大53.89 t/hm^2,其后依次为杨树林42.66 t/hm^2、落叶松人工林30.54 t/hm^2、白桦林最小20.03 t/hm^2。在这4种林分枯落物中,红松林的有效拦蓄量为最大,相当于14.56 mm的降雨。经数据分析拟合,得到林下枯落物未分解层和半分解层吸水速率与浸水时间之间存在显著的负指数相关性（R〉0.99）。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.