粗饲料加工长度对奶牛全混合日粮（TMR）品质的影响

通过TMR日粮加工调制试验,研究粗饲料加工长度这一主要指标对TMR日粮品质和性能的影响规律,确定了适合吉林西部主要饲料原料特点的加工长度控制参数,建立了TMR日粮加工调制技术规范。     

关于奶牛TMR日粮加工质量和消化吸收的分析研究

通过采用宾州颗粒分离筛评价奶牛TMR日粮的加工质量和采用嘉吉粪便分离筛对奶牛新鲜粪便筛分粗略判断奶牛对TMR日粮的消化吸收情况的两种方式,了解TMR日粮的加工质量和奶牛对日粮的消化和吸收情况,指导TMR日粮的科学配制,发现TMR日粮加工存在的一些问题,相应找到解决办法,最终研究如何生产高质量、稳定的TMR日粮,促进奶牛对日粮的消化和吸收。     

肉牛养殖主推技术要点

本文介绍了肉牛养殖技术要点,包括：母牛提前产犊技术、肉牛全混合日粮（TMR）调制饲喂技术以及青贮、黄贮饲料加工调制技术等。     

奶牛全混合日粮(TMR)的稳定性及其对粒度和营养品质的影响

为查明针奶牛场用全混合日粮(TMR)的稳定性以及对TMR粒度和营养品质的影响,结合某奶牛场的TMR调制实践,分别对泌乳和干奶牛群的TMR进行分析研究。结果显示,TMR日粮中各原料实际添加量误差及与配方目标值的变异系数分别为0. 35%~4. 84%,8. 51%~47. 37%;日粮中各层颗粒度的相对误差由1. 1%至4. 38%,变异系数最大为30. 54%,最小为3. 09%;日粮添加量的各营养成分与推荐值的变异系数由1. 57%至7. 43%,与实际添加量差值变化不大。上述结果表明,A奶牛繁育场在制作TMR日粮过程中配方比例及营养成含量达到了基本标准,但是对日粮添加量的准确性存在问题。     

不同日粮饲喂对奶牛产奶性能和经济效益的影响

为了探明饲料不同配制方法对奶牛生产的影响,本试验通过对饲料进行不同日粮调制,并将不同日粮对奶牛产奶性能和养殖户经济效益进行对比分析,结果表明,TMR日粮调制技术可以明显提高奶牛的产奶量和饲料转化率,增加经济收入。     

粉渣酸化料对奶牛产奶性能的影响

为在探讨粉渣酸化料对奶牛产奶性能的影响,选择年龄、胎次、泌乳月、产奶量等基本一致的30头奶牛分成3组,对照组饲喂全混合日粮(TMR),试验1组、2组和3组在TMR日粮基础上用2kg、4kg、6kg粉渣酸化料替代啤酒糟,试验持续30d,结果表明与对照组相比试验2组和3组产奶量显著提高(P<0.05),乳蛋白显著提高(P<0.05。可见粉渣酸化料能提高奶牛的产奶性能,全混合日粮中4kg粉渣酸化料替代啤酒糟效果较好。     

普通与发酵全混合日粮的好气安定性比较

本试验旨在比较普通与发酵全混合日粮(TMR)的好气安定性的优劣。选用3～6种不同材料与啤酒糟调制成的4种TMR、含50%的啤酒糟和豆腐渣与其他材料调制的2种TMR、啤酒糟和豆腐渣的单独贮存及与其他材料调制的TMR等进行了3个试验,对普通TMR(贮存0 d)与发酵TMR(贮存14和56 d)的好气安定性进行了比较。结果显示:发酵TMR的好气安定性高于普通TMR,而且贮存时间长(56 d)的发酵TMR的好气安定性高于贮存时间短(14 d)的发酵TMR。提示发酵TMR的好气安定性较好,尤其发酵56 d以上的发酵TMR,开封后不易变坏,为实际生产中解决TMR变败问题提供了依据。     

全混合日粮(TMR)在羔羊育肥中的效果观察

为了改变肉羊养殖观念,提高肉羊养殖水平,实行分群管理,分阶段饲养。开发利用饲料资源,降低饲养成本,推广全混合日粮(TMR)在肉羊生产中应用。试验选择2月龄断奶后萨×滩×寒三元杂交羔羊270只,分为3组,用同一营养水平、同一组成的日粮,分3种方式饲喂120d:全混合日粮(TMR)组羔羊总增重高于精粗分饲组7.25kg、7.42kg,分别提高26.24%、26.85%。全混合日粮(TMR)组羔羊日增重高于精粗分饲组60.41g、61.89g,分别提高26.24%、26.88%。说明相同营养条件下TMR饲喂技术相对于传统饲喂方式对杂交羔羊增重效果极明显。精粗分饲组由于使用了高营养水平日粮,取得的51.07kg活重也要比试验羊场6月龄最大体重45kg高。全混合日粮(TMR)满足了羔羊营养需要,日粮配方营养平衡,饲喂过程简单,容易控制饲料精粗比,防止羊只采食不均匀和选择性采食,有利于营养均衡,提高日增重,充分发挥肉羊生产性能,增加经济效益。     

白茅根对奶牛产奶性能的作用研究

试验旨在探讨白茅根对奶牛产奶性能的影响,选择年龄、胎次、泌乳月、产奶量等基本一致的42头奶牛随机分成3组,对照组饲喂全混合日粮(TMR),试验1组和试验2组在TMR日粮基础上用1kg和1.5kg鲜白茅根替代玉米青贮料,试验持续30d。结果表明,与对照组相比,试验1组和试验2组产奶量显著提高(P<0.05),平均乳糖量显著提高(P<0.05)。可见,补饲白茅根能促进奶牛的产奶性能,开发白茅根应用于奶牛生产是可行的。     

全混合日粮(TMR)饲养技术在奶牛生产中的应用

全混合日粮(total mixed ration,TMR)饲养技术的使用能够保证奶牛摄入均衡的营养,节省大量的人力和物力,并提高奶牛的生产性能,在中国加快推进TMR饲养技术有着重要的现实意义.本文以提高奶牛生产水平,增加养殖者收益为目的,就奶牛生产中使用TMR饲养技术的必要性、奶牛分群及各牛群TMR调配、TMR日粮的制...     

全混合日粮中饲草长度对奶牛采食行为、瘤胃发酵和日粮消化率的影响

[目的]本研究旨在探讨奶牛TMR中,粗饲料羊草长度对奶牛采食行为、瘤胃发酵和日粮消化率的影响.［方法］试验动物为3头体重496士23 kg,安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的健康中国荷斯坦奶牛.采用3×3拉丁方设计.用36% NDF不同羊草长度（9 cm、5 cm和1 cm）的三种全混合日粮饲喂奶牛.［结果］:①奶牛DMI和NDFI不受羊草长度影响;采食、反刍和总咀嚼时间随着羊草长度的减小显著减少.②羊草长度为1 cm时瘤胃pH显著低于9 cm和5 cm组;瘤胃内NH3-N浓度在5 cm组最高,与1 cm组差异明显;随着羊草长度减小,乙酸浓度和乙酸与丙酸的比例显著降低,丙酸浓度升高,总VFA和丁酸浓度不受羊草长度影响.③日粮中DM、CP、NDF和ADF消化率在羊草长度为5 cm时显著高于其他两组.表明饲草长度的减小会缩短采食、反刍和咀嚼时间,但过短会使瘤胃pH显著降低;适当长度可提高日粮营养成分的消化率.［结论］综合评价本试验结果以羊草长度为5 cm更适合全混合日粮配制.     

Ensiling characteristics of total mixed ration prepared with local feed resources in Mozambique and their effects on nutrition value and milk production in Jersey dairy cattle

To effectively utilize total mixed ration (TMR) prepared with locally available feed resources, we studied the nutritional value and milk production in Jersey dairy cattle fed a local general diet (LGD) and fermented TMR in Mozambique. Ten head of Jersey dairy cattle with 337 ± 19.8 kg body weight, aged 3–4 years in mid location were used in this study. The LGD diet was designed following the general feeding method of local smallholding farms; it contained native grass, Napier grass, wheat bran, and mineral–vitamin mix. Fermented TMR was prepared using Napier grass, corn bran, wheat bran, formula feed, and mineral–vitamin mix. Fermented TMR was preserved as good quality, with a relatively low pH and high lactic acid content. Compared to LGD, fermented TMR significantly improved the dry matter intake and digestibility in dairy cattle. Milk yield was significantly higher in dairy cattle fed with TMR than in those fed with LGD, by 3.75 L/d; milk quality was not significantly different between treatments. The results confirmed that LGD had a low dry matter intake and milk yield, and fermented TMR prepared with local feed resources can attain good quality and improve milk yield in dairy cattle in Mozambique.     

Milk production,nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance in lactating cows fed total mixed ration silages containing steam‐flaked brown rice as substitute for steam‐flaked corn,and wet food by‐products

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of substituting brown rice grain for corn grain in total mixed ration (TMR) silage containing food by‐products on the milk production, whole‐tract nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance in dairy cows. Six multiparous Holstein cows were used in a crossover design with two dietary treatments: a diet containing 30.9% steam‐flaked corn (corn TMR) or 30.9% steam‐flaked brown rice (rice TMR) with wet soybean curd residue and wet soy sauce cake. Dietary treatment did not affect the dry matter intake, milk yield and compositions in dairy cows. The dry matter and starch digestibility were higher, and the neutral detergent fiber digestibility was lower for rice TMR than for corn TMR. The urinary nitrogen (N) excretion as a proportion of the N intake was lower for rice TMR than for corn TMR with no dietary effect on N secretion in milk and fecal N excretion. These results indicated that the replacement of corn with brown rice in TMR silage relatively reduced urinary N loss without adverse effects on feed intake and milk production, when food by‐products such as soybean curd residue were included in the TMR silage as dietary crude protein sources.     

蒸汽压片玉米和颗粒玉米及其TMR日粮体外产气和发酵参数的测定

玉米是反刍家畜最重要的能量饲料,其主要成分为淀粉,含量可达64%~78%,易被消化吸收,且利用率高。特别是经过蒸汽压片处理后的玉米,能够调控淀粉在反刍家畜不同消化部位的降解率,进一步提高其营养价值。为了研究蒸汽压片玉米和颗粒玉米及其TMR日粮的营养价值,试验利用体外产气法对蒸汽压片玉米和颗粒玉米及其TMR日粮体外产气和发酵参数进行了测定。结果表明,玉米经过蒸汽压片处理后,可有效改善其在反刍家畜瘤胃内的降解率,营养价值得到了显著提高。     

Feeding value of total mixed ration silage with spent mushroom substrate

Six wethers were used in a digestibility experiment arranged as replicated 3 × 3 Latin square to evaluate the nutritive value of total mixed ration (TMR) silages that were made from ensiling of TMR containing 0, 6.5 and 13.0% (dry matter basis) of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) for 45 days (treatments denoted as CSMS, LSMS and HSMS, respectively). The amount of SMS replaced the same amount of timothy hay in the respective TMR. All TMR were well preserved as indicated by their low pH, low ammonia‐N and high lactic acid contents. Increasing levels of SMS in the TMR silage quadratically reduced (P < 0.05) nutrient digestibility with the exception of ether extract. The difference of total digestible nutrients and digestible energy contents between LSMS and CSMS TMR silage were less than those between LSMS and HSMS. Increasing concentration of SMS in the ration tended to decrease content of total volatile fatty acids in rumen fluid but increased the ratio of acetate to propionate and pH. The study suggests that a SMS level of 6.5% in the diet DM can be recommended for silage based TMR.     

饲草型全混合日粮对羔羊肉品质的影响

为探讨不同配方饲粮饲喂羔羊时对其肉质的影响,选用巴彦淖尔市较为丰富的紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)、小麦(Triticum aestivum)秸秆、玉米(Zea mays)秸秆和番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum)渣等饲草资源,结合饲草GI分级指数和饲草组合效应理论,配制出羔羊育肥专用饲草...     

Diet change from a system combining total mixed ration and pasture to confinement system (total mixed ration) on milk production and composition,blood biochemistry and behavior of dairy cows

This study aimed to determine if a diet change from a mixed system to a confinement system affects the milk production and composition, behavior and blood biochemistry of dairy cows. Cows were assigned randomly to one of the two treatments: cows fed with TMR (total‐mixed‐ration) (confined) throughout the period group fed TMR (GTMR, n = 15) and cows that changed their diet from pasture plus TMR to exclusive TMR at 70 ± 14 DIM (GCHD, n = 15). GTMR cows produced more milk and greater lactose and protein yield before the change of diet than GCHD cows (p ≤ .01), but these differences disappeared after the change. GCHD cows decreased the frequency of rumination and lying from before to after the change (p ≤ .03), but in GTMR cows no changes were observed. After diet change, GCHD cows had lower frequency of rumination and lying than GTMR cows (p ≤ .02). Before the change, GCHD cows had greater NEFA (non esterified fatty acids) concentrations than GTMR cows (p = .002). Abrupt change from a mixed system to a confined system was favorable on blood biochemical and milk variables of dairy cows. However, in relation to behavior, the cows expressed difficulties to adapt quickly to the abrupt change of system.     

利用金荞麦替代部分精料饲喂育肥猪的增重效果试验

试验在生长育肥猪日粮中使用金荞麦,以减少精料的使用量,观察其对猪日增重及经济效益的影响.结果表明：利用金荞麦在育肥前期（30 ～60 kg）减少12％、后期（60 ～ 90 kg）减少16％的精料使用量,对猪的日增重无影响（P＞0.05）,但可节省精料,节约成本,每增重1 kg的饲料成本可降低0.61元,每头猪1d可增加收益0.31元.     

Effects of different forage combinations in total mixed rations on in vitro gas production kinetics,ruminal and milk fatty acid profiles of lactating cows

This study aimed to determine the effects of different forage combinations on in vitro gas production (GP) kinetics, ruminal and milk fatty acid profiles. Forty‐five lactating cows were randomly arranged into three groups and fed three total mixed rations (TMRs) with different forage combinations: TMR1, 23% alfalfa hay, 7% Chinese wild ryegrass hay and 15% whole corn silage; TMR2, 30% corn stover plus 15% whole corn silage; TMR3, 30% rice straw plus 15% whole corn silage. In vitro dry matter disappearance ranked: TMR1 > TMR2 > TMR3, and highest cumulative GP and asymptotic GP occurred in TMR1 while no difference occurred between TMR2 and TMR3. The average GP rate ranked: TMR1 > TMR2 > TMR3. TMR1 in comparison with TMR2 and TMR3 presented lower rumen contents of acetate and butyrate and greater rumen contents of propionate, valerate, C13:0, C14:0, C15:0, C18:1cis‐9, C18:2n‐6, C18:3n‐3, C20:0 and C22:0 as well as milk C18:2n‐6 and C18:3n‐3 proportions. Transfer efficiencies of C18:2n‐6 and C18:3n‐3 from diet to milk ranked: TMR1 > TMR2 > TMR3. The findings suggest TMRs containing alfalfa hay and Chinese wild ryegrass hay in comparison with corn stover or rice straw improve rumen fermentation and transfer efficiency of C18:2n‐6 and C18:3n‐3.