奶牛酮病的诊断和治疗

奶牛酮病多发生于营养良好的高产奶牛,患病奶牛所产的犊牛发病率和死亡率都很高。该病虽然不会导致奶牛的死亡,但是会出现乳酮水平上升、泌乳量和乳的质量严重下降、奶牛体重减轻的现象。如果不及时治疗,会提高奶牛的淘汰率,造成严重的经济损失。因此,对奶牛酮病的防治在奶牛场尤为重要。     

奶牛阴道嗜酸乳杆菌的分离鉴定

应用选择性培养基从奶牛阴道中筛选出1株产酸革兰氏阳性杆菌,通过形态学、培养特性、生化特性、16SrDNA基因序列测定与同源性分析,确定该菌为嗜酸乳杆菌;动物试验表明,该菌无致病性.本试验为进一步研究调节奶牛阴道微生态平衡、防治奶牛子宫内膜炎的微生态制剂奠定基础.     

奶牛的引导饲养法

奶牛引导饲养法是美国较为流行的奶牛饲喂方法,尤其适用于高产奶牛.其优点在于使奶牛瘤胃微生物在产犊前就适应于高营养水平的日粮,有助于母牛产犊前具备采食较多精料的能力,在母牛最需要营养的时刻能够提供丰富的营养,减缓营养负平衡,从而引导母牛较早地达到产奶高峰并使其得以较长时期地维持.     

奶牛产后营养补充剂的饲喂效果

选取40头经产奶牛,根据体重、胎次、预产期、上一泌乳期305d产奶量相近的原则,随机分为两组,分别在产后的头3天喂给产后营养补充剂,研究奶牛产后营养补充剂对新产奶牛采食量、血液中血糖和血钙、产后疾病及繁殖恢复情况的影响。结果表明：奶牛产后头3天喂给产后营养补充剂有增强奶牛产后食欲的作用,饮用后1小时奶牛血液中血糖血钙水平分别比对照组提高34.02%,18.28%。繁殖方面试验组奶牛比对照组奶牛胎衣滞留发生率减少50%,子宫恢复情况明显改善。     

奶牛微生态制剂中几种益生菌生物学特性的研究

该试验对益生菌酿酒酵母、产朊假丝酵母、嗜酸乳杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌、丙酸丙酸杆菌的生物学特性进行了研究。试验结果表明，这几种益生菌可以用于研制防治奶牛隐性乳房炎的微生态制剂。     

成都共发牌饲料主要产品质量指标

“共发-奶牛1号料”是成都市共发饲料厂原“苏坡乳牛场”高产牛群多年的常用饲料。充分考虑四川草料营养结构和气候特点,研制开发的产奶牛料,专供产后至停奶前的产奶牛使用,是四川饲养奶牛的优质配合精料。     

浅谈生产优质安全奶的奶牛饲喂操作规范

奶牛饲料日粮搭配不科学,营养摄入不均衡,直接影响奶牛的生产性能和繁殖能力。尤其是干奶期和产犊期间,不按照科学配方增减精粗饲料会导致奶牛营养失调,体质下降,影响后期泌乳量和牛奶质量。     

唐山地区奶牛微量元素营养状况分析

为研究奶牛养殖场(户)所用浓缩饲料或精料补充料中微量元素铁、铜、锰和锌的营养状况,利用原子吸收光谱法对从唐山市奶牛养殖场和市场上采集到的浓缩饲料和精料补充料样品中铁、铜、锰和锌含量进行测定,并根据奶牛典型饲料配方进行盈缺分析.结果显示:对于产奶牛用浓缩饲料或精料补充料,锰和锌营养能满足产奶牛营养需要,而铁和铜营养偏高,在配制时应适当降低铁和铜的添加量;对于育成牛用浓缩饲料或精料补充料,铁、铜、锰和锌含量均较高,已超出育成牛的营养需要量范围,在配制时应适当降低添加量;对于干奶牛用浓缩饲料或精料补充料,锰和锌含量能够满足干奶牛营养需要,铁和铜含量高于干奶牛营养需要量,在配制时应适当降低添加量.     

海藻酸丙二醇酯在搅拌型酸乳中的应用

通过测定搅拌型酸乳的酸度、pH值、持水力、乳清析出量和对酸乳进行感官品评,研究不同海藻酸丙二醇酯(propylene glycol alginate,PGA)添加量对搅拌型酸乳稳定性的影响,确定PGA在搅拌型酸乳中的最佳添加量。结果表明:添加PGA可以明显抑制酸乳贮藏过程中的后产酸现象,较好地增强酸乳的持水力,显著降低酸乳贮藏过程中的乳清析出量,同时可以明显改善酸乳的质地、组织状态和口感。添加PGA有利于搅拌型酸乳体系的稳定,且随着PGA添加量的增加,稳定效果逐渐提升。综合考虑应用效果和成本,PGA在搅拌型酸乳中的最佳添加量为0.3％。     

奶牛管理中的误区

一般奶牛泌乳期是305天。在实际生产中,部分养殖户从奶牛产奶后就开始挤奶,一直挤到没奶为止。这种做法使奶牛过度消耗体内营养,使奶牛较难受孕,从而影响泌乳量的提高。在奶牛为养殖户带来的经济效益增加时,奶户对自己的奶牛倍加爱护,给奶牛饲喂含大量比例精料的日粮,常常导致奶牛发生代谢病等营养性疾病。奶牛属反刍动物,其日粮中粗饲料所占比例一般不少于60%。奶牛经过产犊泌乳,体内营养损失多,加上怀孕、胚胎发     

MENISCAL OSSICLES IN LARGE NON-DOMESTIC CATS

Radiographs of the stifles of 6 species of 34 large, non-domestic cats were reviewed foremost for the presence of meniscal ossicles and then for the presence of the other potential four sesamoids. The animals in the review included 12 lions, 7 tigers, 7 cougars, 3 leopards, 3 bobcats, and 2 jaguars. Fluoroscopy, arthrography, computed tomography, necropsy, and histology were also used to evaluate the stifles of one tiger after euthanasia. Ossicles were found in the region of the cranial horn of the medial meniscus in most of the lions, tigers, leopards, and jaguars. These ossicles were found in half of the cougars but in none of the bobcats. Among the large, non-domestic cats, meniscal ossicles had been reported previously only in Bengal tigers. The lions, tigers, and leopards having meniscal ossicles appeared to have a lateral but often not a medial fabella of the gastrocnemius muscle, an observation previously unreported. Popliteal sesamoids and patellas were present in all the skeletally mature cats.     

Studies on the Haematology and Trace Element Status of Adult Bactrian Camels (Camelus bactrianus) in China

Reference values were established for some haematological and serum biochemical constituents in Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus) in China. The contents of seven trace elements in the blood, hair, liver, kidney, heart, spleen, lung, cerebrum, cerebellum, rib, ovary, pancreas and gluteal muscle of Bactrian camels were also measured. Some of these values are reported for the first time for Bactrian camels in China. Most haematological and serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, yaks, sheep and dromedary camels, but the mean serum albumin concentration and the albumim/globulin ratio were significantly higher than those in other ruminants and the mean thyroxine concentration was half that in dromedary camels. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, zinc, manganese and iron, and the renal cortex contained the highest concentration of selenium. The concentrations of selenium, cobalt, zinc, manganese and molybdenum in the tissues were within the reference ranges for other ruminants, but the mean iron and copper concentrations in the liver were significantly higher than those in other ruminants.     

犬常见肿瘤流行病学调查及组织病理学诊断

为探讨犬常见肿瘤的发病规律，试验收集哈尔滨地区2016-2017年宠物医院部分犬肿瘤病例71例，采用组织病理学方法对犬肿瘤进行病理学诊断，并对患病动物的品种、性别、年龄、发生部位和饮食情况与肿瘤发生关系进行统计分析。结果显示，71例确诊肿瘤病例中，恶性肿瘤28例，包括鳞状上皮细胞癌3例，基底细胞癌5例，乳腺癌14例，淋巴瘤2例，肾母细胞瘤、精原细胞癌、生殖细胞癌、侵袭性血管黏液瘤各1例；良性肿瘤43例，包括良性乳腺肿瘤15例，纤维瘤10例，平滑肌瘤5例，乳头状瘤和精原细胞瘤各3例，造釉细胞瘤、耵聍腺瘤、脂肪瘤、结节样增生、性索间质细胞瘤、颗粒细胞瘤、肛周腺瘤各1例。上述病例中，乳腺和皮肤是犬肿瘤的高发部位，分别占全部患犬的40.8%和34.0%；患病犬年龄1~16岁不等，平均发病年龄为9.1岁，7岁以后是肿瘤的高发期，中老年犬仍为主要发病群体，但低龄犬发病数量上升；各品种犬均可发生肿瘤，其中杂种犬发病率最高，其次是贵宾犬和京巴犬，且主要为乳腺肿瘤；饮食习惯主要以剩饭剩菜类和肉拌饭类为主，分别占患犬总数的39%和30%；部分肿瘤类型与犬的性别、是否绝育有关，如乳腺肿瘤多发生于未绝育的老年母犬。本研究结果为犬肿瘤的流行病学及诊断提供了参考依据，对犬肿瘤的预防和诊断有一定的借鉴意义。     

促红细胞生成素在铅镉联合胁迫致雏鸡贫血中的作用

为研究促红细胞生成素(EPO)在铅镉联合胁迫致雏鸡贫血中的作用,选用60只7日龄公雏鸡,平均分为对照组、铅组、镉组和铅镉组,每日经口灌服染毒,分别于第1、3、7天染毒后,检测雏鸡血液学指标和网织红细胞数量,并进行骨髓象的观察及红细胞膜ATP酶活性、红细胞渗透脆性和血清EPO含量的检测。结果表明铅镉单独染毒使雏鸡发生贫血,网织红细胞数量先增加后降低,骨髓象增生先活跃后受抑制,红细胞膜Na+-K+-ATPase、Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase活性降低,红细胞渗透脆性增加,血清EPO含量先增加后降低,铅镉联合染毒也表现出上述变化,且较单独染毒组变化明显(P<0.05或P<0.01)。本研究证实铅、镉单独及联合染毒均可引起雏鸡发生贫血,贫血类型主要为再生障碍性和溶血性贫血,且铅与镉存在显著的协同效应;EPO参与了铅镉联合胁迫致雏鸡的贫血作用。     

Advances in therapeutic and managemental approaches of bovine mastitis: a comprehensive review

Mastitis (intramammary inflammation) caused by infectious pathogens is still considered a devastating condition of dairy animals affecting animal welfare as well as economically incurring huge losses to the dairy industry by means of decreased production performance and increased culling rates. Bovine mastitis is the inflammation of the mammary glands/udder of bovines, caused by bacterial pathogens, in most cases. Routine diagnosis is based on clinical and subclinical forms of the disease. This underlines the significance of early and rapid identification/detection of etiological agents at the farm level, for which several diagnostic techniques have been developed. Therapeutic regimens such as antibiotics, immunotherapy, bacteriocins, bacteriophages, antimicrobial peptides, probiotics, stem cell therapy, native secretory factors, nutritional, dry cow and lactation therapy, genetic selection, herbs, and nanoparticle technology-based therapy have been evaluated for their efficacy in the treatment of mastitis. Even though several strategies have been developed over the years for the purpose of managing both clinical and subclinical forms of mastitis, all of them lacked the efficacy to eliminate the associated etiological agent when used as a monotherapy. Further, research has to be directed towards the development of new therapeutic agents/techniques that can both replace conventional techniques and also solve the problem of emerging antibiotic resistance. The objective of the present review is to describe the etiological agents, pathogenesis, and diagnosis in brief along with an extensive discussion on the advances in the treatment and management of mastitis, which would help safeguard the health of dairy animals.     

瘤胃厌氧真菌的作用及其分子生物学研究方法

瘤胃厌氧真菌这一特殊的菌群除在瘤胃中发挥重要作用外,其分泌的高活性纤维素酶的应用价值也备受关注,因传统培养的局限性,因此,利用分子生物技术开展的研究逐渐深入。作者主要从瘤胃厌氧真菌的特点和多样性出发,厌氧真菌对结构性碳水化合物、淀粉和蛋白质的降解及在瘤胃生态环境中的作用进行了分析,并对研究瘤胃厌氧真菌的分子生物学方法如内转录间隔区(ITS)、变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)、限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP)、实时荧光定量PCR(Real-time PCR,RT-PCR)和宏基因组学(metagenomics)等进行了阐述,以期为瘤胃厌氧真菌的研究提供参考。     

家畜免疫去势研究进展

传统的手术去势技术正受到动物福利和规模化标准化畜牧生产需求的挑战,作为手术去势的优势替代方法,免疫去势能够很好地阻滞睾丸发育,控制性行为,避免手术带来的痛苦。免疫去势是采用免疫学方法破坏下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴的激素平衡,通过降低促性腺激素释放激素（GnRH）、黄体生成素（LH）和卵泡刺激素（FSH）的水平,进而使性腺激素水平降低,最终抑制性腺功能,达到去势的目的。免疫去势分为激素免疫去势和基因免疫去势,其靶标经历了下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴自下而上的筛选,依次为睾酮、LH、FSH、GnRH、吻素-1（KISS-1）,其中位于下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴上游的GnRH激素、GnRH和KISS-1基因3种靶标去势效果较好。免疫去势效果及机制的相关研究表明,免疫去势具有改善生产性能、安全和可逆的特点,但其可逆性机制还不清楚。去势导致肾上腺发挥代偿作用,但目前免疫去势的肾上腺代偿研究鲜见报道。文章首先介绍了几种靶标的免疫去势机制,其次对免疫去势的特点和应用进行了讨论,旨在为推动免疫去势技术在动物生产繁殖领域的应用提供理论依据。     

犬瘙痒性皮肤病研究进展

瘙痒是犬皮肤病的典型临床症状之一,通常除瘙痒外还常伴脱毛、红斑等皮肤症状。瘙痒问题不仅困扰动物本身,也影响到饲养者的生活质量。瘙痒的发生机制复杂,目前国内外已有大量对人和犬瘙痒性皮肤病的临床和基础研究,揭示了瘙痒和神经免疫系统之间的关系,引入了“瘙痒-抓挠”循环的概念,且表明了免疫系统、皮肤屏障和神经系统的单独促进作用和交互作用是瘙痒产生的关键因素,任一环节的问题都可开启“瘙痒-抓挠”的恶性循环。临床上引起犬瘙痒的病因复杂,参照2007年由国际瘙痒研究论坛成员提出的瘙痒分类,将引起犬瘙痒的疾病根据病因类比对应分为了六大类,引起皮肤病性瘙痒的疾病分为了感染性、过敏性、肿瘤性等,其中在临床上最主要的是犬过敏性瘙痒。犬瘙痒性皮肤病的诊断方法及鉴别诊断多样,需从多方面对患病犬进行信息收集,按一定顺序进行排查和鉴别诊断。犬瘙痒性皮肤病的治疗周期长且疾病易反复,目前常用的西医药物存在副作用大、靶点单一、价格昂贵等不足,中药方剂成分复杂,有效成分多,可从多通路多途径治疗机制复杂的瘙痒,在犬瘙痒性皮肤病的治疗上具有优势和广阔前景。文章对瘙痒发生的机制、犬瘙痒性疾病的分类、诊断及中西医治疗思路等最新研究...     

新疆伊犁夏牧场铁、铜、锰、锌、硒营养生态环境的研究(Ⅱ)

本试验通过研究伊犁夏牧场不同年龄、不同性别绵羊羊毛与血液中铁、铜、锰、锌、硒5种微量元素的含量及变化规律,为夏季放牧绵羊科学补饲微量元素提供依据。选择在新疆伊犁夏牧场卡拉卓恩(南坡)和唐布拉草地(北坡)1 400~2 999 m垂直带放牧的中国美利奴羊(新疆型)羊毛和血液样品,测定其铁、铜、锰、锌和硒含量,并评估其微量元素的营养生态环境。结果表明,放牧绵羊羊毛铁、铜、锰、锌和硒含量分别为520.70、3.89、30.16、102.64 mg/kg和41.18 μg/kg,其中铜和硒分别低于正常值48.3%和79.7%,而铁高于正常值603.4%;血液中铁、铜、锰、锌和硒含量分别为357.05、4.18、0.25、3.08 mg/L和45.23 μg/L,其中铜、硒分别低于正常值29.9%和73.9%,而铁高于正常值95.5%。羊毛与血液中铁、铜、锰、锌、硒含量均随年龄而增加。不同性别绵羊间血液中锌、硒含量差异明显。     

Study on the TLC Identification of Effective Components in the Sihuangzhili Granules

In order to establish and perfect the quality standard of Sihuangzhili granules, this experiment was conducted to identify coptidis rhizome, cortex phellodendri, rhubarb, scutellaria baicalensis, and radix isatidis in Sihuangzhili granules. We used TLC identification method to investigate the factors such as the developing agent, the expansion temperature, the expansion of the humidity, the source of the thin layer, the batch number and the color developing conditions.In the experiment, the mixture of cyclohexane, ethyl acetate, isopropyl alcohol, methanol, water, and triethylamine (3∶3.5∶1∶1.5∶0.5∶1) as the developing agent, was put into the expansion cylinder with the pre-saturated ammonia vapor, and was used to identify coptidis rhizome and cortex phellodendri under the UV lamp(365 nm);The mixture of ethyl acetate, butanone, formic acid and water (5∶3∶1∶1) as developing agent, sprayed with 2% ethanol solution of ferric chloride, was used to identify scutellaria baicalensis;At last, n-butanol, acetic acid, and water (19∶5∶5) as developing agent, dried and sprayed with indene ketone solution, heated at 105 ℃, was used to identify radix isatidis. The test results showed that under the test condition, the target spot was clear, with no tail, and the experiments were specifically suited in this test with strong specificity and good reproducibility.