改变碳输入对南亚热带海岸沙地典型天然次生林土壤呼吸的影响

土壤呼吸是陆地生态系统碳循环的一个重要过程,开展环境因子和改变碳输入对土壤呼吸影响的研究具有重要意义.2015年3月-2016年2月,在南亚热带海岸沙地典型天然次生林中设置去除根系、去除凋落物、加倍凋落物和对照4种处理,采用LI-8100连续观测改变碳输入对土壤呼吸的影响.结果表明:改变碳输入没有显著影响l0cm土壤温度和湿度(P＞0.05);不同处理土壤呼吸速率存在明显的季节变化,表现为夏高冬低,最大值出现在5月或者6月,最小值出现在11月或12月;土壤呼吸速率的年均值为加倍凋落物＞对照＞去除根系＞去除凋落物,不同改变碳输入方式均降低了土壤呼吸的Q10值;矿质土壤呼吸、凋落物呼吸和根系呼吸对土壤总呼吸的贡献分别为41.24％、43.29％和15.45％;不同处理土壤呼吸速率分别与土壤温度和湿度呈显著的指数和线性正相关(P＜0.05),双因子模型能解释土壤呼吸变异的45％ ～ 69％;改变碳输入影响土壤可溶性有机碳和微生物生物量碳,不同处理土壤呼吸速率与可溶性有机碳和微生物生物量碳呈正相关.因此,改变碳输入引起土壤易变碳的变化进而影响土壤呼吸.     

植物凋落物分解对土壤有机碳稳定性影响的研究进展

凋落物是植物向土壤输入有机碳的主要途径,源于凋落物的碳一部分以CO₂的形式散失到大气,另一部分以有机碳的形式输入到土壤中,在土壤微生物的作用下经过一系列的周转参与稳定有机质的形成。但土壤作为“黑箱”,凋落物向土壤有机碳转移的过程和作用机理仍不明确。结合国内外该研究领域的主要成果,简要介绍了植物凋落物分解的研究方法、土壤有机碳组分及土壤有机碳稳定性,并从植物凋落物分解对土壤有机碳及其组分、土壤呼吸和激发效应、土壤微生物群落结构及酶活性的影响以及植物-土壤-微生物相互作用过程对有机碳稳定性的影响等方面进行概述,厘清植物凋落物分解与土壤稳定有机碳形成的关系,并提出了未来该领域亟待关注的研究方向和研究内容。     

黄土高原中西部人工针叶林浅层土壤有机碳积累及影响因素

林地浅层土壤是凋落物有机质向土壤碳库输移的关键层,对于土壤有机碳积累具有表征作用。为了探究黄土高原中西部3种人工针叶林土壤固碳功能,基于野外调查获取的样地信息和对凋落物、土壤的采样分析,研究了林分条件、凋落物成分以及环境因子对浅层土壤有机碳积累的影响。结果表明:在研究区域内,林龄与浅层土壤碳密度呈现极显著相关关系;年平均温度对于浅层土壤碳密度无明显影响;在海拔高于2 000 m的各样地之间,海拔高度与浅层土壤碳密度呈现极显著正相关关系,而低于2 000 m时不存在这种相关关系;各样地年平均降雨量与浅层土壤碳密度呈现正相关关系,凋落物碳氮比与浅层土壤碳密度呈极显著的负相关关系。运用随机森林法对各影响因子的重要性进行分析排序可知,凋落物成分、气候因子、海拔以及林龄对于全部样地浅层土壤碳密度变异的总解释率为66.2%,其中凋落物碳氮比是影响黄土高原中西部人工针叶林浅层土壤碳积累的主导因子。     

氮添加对马尾松人工林凋落物分解及其微生物活性的影响

对马尾松人工林凋落物进行了12个月的模拟氮沉降试验[对照CK,0 kg N/(hm~2·a)]、低氮[(LN,50 kg N/(hm~2·a)]、中氮[MN,100 kg N/(hm~2·a)]和高氮[HN,150 kg N/(hm~2·a)],研究了凋落物分解特征、土壤微生物活性及其对模拟氮沉降的响应。结果表明:(1)随着氮浓度的增加,马尾松凋落物的分解系数呈先增加后降低趋势,MN处理下马尾松凋落物的分解系数达到最高,之后有所下降;与对照相比,LN,MN,HN凋落物分解系数分别增加了15.36%,56.89%和12.97%;(2)模拟氮沉降促进了微生物量碳、氮、磷,相同月份微生物量碳、氮、磷均随着氮浓度的增加呈先增加后降低趋势,在MN处理下微生物量碳、氮、磷达到最大,HN处理下微生物量碳、氮、磷有所降低;(3)模拟氮沉降增加了大部分土壤酶的活性,HN处理下有所抑制,土壤中与碳(纤维素酶、纤维二糖水解酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶和β-木糖苷酶)、氮(硝酸还原酶)、磷(酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶)元素循环相关的酶均随着时间的增加呈增加趋势,相同月份在MN处理下达到最大,HN处理下有所降低。(4)不同氮处理下土壤微生物活度、微生物代谢熵、自养呼吸、异养呼吸、总呼吸变化趋势基本保持一致,随着时间的增加呈增加趋势,相同月份在MN处理下达到最大,HN处理下有所降低;(5)相关性分析表明纤维素酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、β-木糖苷酶、硝酸还原酶与凋落物分解系数呈显著正相关(p0.05),土壤微生物量碳、氮、微生物活度、微生物代谢熵和微生物总呼吸与凋落物分解系数呈显著正相关;PCA排序表明:土壤微生物呼吸和土壤微生物代谢熵很大程度上反映了其微生物特性,其中土壤碳循环酶、微生物活度、土壤微生物代谢熵对凋落物分解贡献最大。     

针阔树种人工林地表凋落物对土壤呼吸的贡献

了解地表凋落物呼吸对陆地生态系统碳循环研究具有重要意义。为了研究针阔树种地表凋落物对土壤呼吸的贡献,本文在京津风沙源地区选择林龄为10年的油松、杨树人工林,设置去除凋落物(no litter,NL)、覆盖凋落物(cover litter,CL)和自然状态(control,C)3种处理,利用Li-6400-09土壤呼吸测定系统对土壤呼吸速率以及地表5 cm土壤温度、土壤湿度进行观测。结果表明:1)凋落物的去除与覆盖显著改变土壤呼吸速率(P0.05),油松、杨树人工林3种处理土壤呼吸速率年均值(μmol?m?2?s?1)分别为2.28、2.81、2.55和2.13、2.62、2.32,均为CLCNL(P0.05);2)土壤呼吸对环境因子的响应产生地表凋落物贡献的季节性差异,土壤呼吸速率与地表5 cm土壤温度呈显著指数正相关关系(R2=0.54~0.88,P0.05),但与地表5 cm土壤湿度不存在相关关系,油松和杨树CL、NL、C 3种处理土壤呼吸的温度敏感性指数Q10值分别为1.97、1.90、2.25和2.79、2.61、2.93,大小趋势均为NLCLC(P0.05);3)油松林、杨树林地表凋落物对土壤呼吸的贡献分别为20.78%、20.75%,二者相差不大。本研究可为京津风沙源地区针阔树种人工林演替初期土壤呼吸组分研究、碳汇功能估算提供参考。     

易分解有机碳输入量对武夷山不同林型土壤激发效应的影响

凋落物是植物同化碳的重要产物,是土壤有机碳库的主要来源。为系统了解凋落物分解对土壤碳库影响的研究进展,基于中国知网数据库（CNKI）和Web of Science（WOS）核心合集数据源,利用CiteSpace和VOSviewer文献可视化分析工具,从发文趋势、合作关系（团队、机构、国家）和期刊影响力等方面,对1989-2022年的相关文章进行计量分析。结果表明：国内和国际发文量总体呈增长态势。我国在该领域研究中发文量仅次于美国,占全球发文量的27.8％,表明我国研究者对该领域的研究有重要贡献,但整体影响力低于欧美发达国家（地区）,美国和法国综合影响力最高,英国和瑞士论文篇均被引较高。凋落物分解、有机质、气候变化、碳循环和碳储量等关键词是该领域近年来的热点研究主题。未来我国应继续加强国际间合作研究,侧重凋落物分解相关特性对气候变化的响应和对环境污染的研究,提高我国在该领域的研究水平,将研究成果及时转化到碳减排增汇的研究中。     

生物质炭对茂兰喀斯特森林土壤呼吸与有机碳的影响

以贵州茂兰喀斯特国家自然保护区原始森林中的优势种青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)凋落物(L)和对应的森林土壤(S)为研究对象,在两种不同温度(400℃、600℃)下将凋落物制成生物质炭(BC400、BC600),设置土壤(S)、土壤+凋落物(S+L)、土壤+BC400(S+BC400)、土壤+BC600(S+BC600)4个处理进行室内培养(1 kg土中加12.5 g生物质炭),在培养过程中动态监测土壤呼吸、土壤有机碳、碳氮比和pH,分析青冈凋落物与其生物质炭对森林土壤呼吸和有机碳含量等变化的影响。结果表明:在添加量为12.5 g/kg的条件下,25℃培养180 d后,与对照组相比,3组添加不同物质的处理S+L、S+BC400、S+BC600中碳的净释放量分别增加了34.98%、42.45%、9.83%,青冈凋落物与其生物质炭的添加均对土壤呼吸起到了明显的促进作用(P0.05);对培养前后土壤有机碳含量对比发现,低温生物质炭(BC400)的添加促进了微生物对土壤有机碳的转化,而高温生物质炭(BC600)作用相反,从短期来看,具有一定的固碳作用,为生物质炭在喀斯特森林土壤碳固定应用方面提供了参考依据。     

桉树凋落物对土壤微生物群落的影响:基于控制实验研究

全面认识桉树种植对土壤微生物群落结构和功能的影响及机制,对于阐明单一物种对生态系统服务功能的影响具有重要意义。通过室内小盆模拟控制试验,采用随机区组设计,以土壤碳、氮含量有显著差异的3种天然次生林土壤为对象,以不添加凋落物的处理和添加天然次生林混合凋落物的处理为对照,研究桉树凋落物对土壤微生物群落结构及功能的影响。结果表明:(1)与天然次生林的混合凋落物相比,桉树凋落物具有较高的碳含量和较低的氮含量,其碳氮比也较高;(2)添加桉树凋落物的土壤中细菌、真菌、放线菌以及磷脂脂肪酸的总丰度显著高于不添加凋落物的土壤,但是显著低于添加天然次生林混合凋落物的土壤,并且不同凋落物处理下土壤微生物群落的磷脂脂肪酸组成存在显著差异;(3)不同凋落物处理下土壤微生物群落的碳代谢方式差异显著,添加桉树凋落物的土壤微生物群落的碳代谢功能优于未添加凋落物的处理,但是显著低于天然次生林混合凋落物处理的土壤,包括:碳代谢的活性和多样性。综上所述,与天然次生林本身的凋落物相比,桉树凋落物影响下的土壤微生物群落的生物量、多样性和代谢活性均较低,表明桉树凋落物为土壤微生物群落提供生境和食物的能力较弱。     

杉木人工林凋落物添加与去除对土壤碳氮及酶活性的影响

为了解未来气候变化过程中森林生产力增加的背景下,凋落物增加如何影响土壤碳氮过程,本研究在杉木人工林中通过模拟实验研究了凋落物添加（Litter addition）（一倍）与去除(Litter exclusion)对土壤中碳氮、碳氮同位素（δ13C、δ15N）、微生物量碳氮（MBC、MBN）、及酶活性的影响。研究结果表明,凋落物添加后导致土壤中氮获得酶（β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶）活性显著上升,加速对土壤中有机质的分解获取氮素,这可能是由于凋落物添加后导致植物细根生物量增加,增强了植物吸收氮素的能力,从而使土壤中可溶性有机氮（DON）、铵态氮、硝态氮含量下降,迫使微生物分泌更多的氮获得酶去获取氮素;凋落物添加与去除处理对土壤碳的影响较小,土壤中SOC、DOC均未发生显著变化;土壤中δ13C丰度与凋落物处理之间未呈现出相关规律性,而δ15N丰度在凋落物添加处理后显著上升。这些结果说明,凋落物处理对杉木林土壤中氮的影响较为敏感,对土壤碳的影响较小。因此,未来气候变化导致森林生产力提高、凋落物输入增加,可能会导致土壤中氮素的损失,迫使土壤微生物分泌更多的氮获得酶同植物竞争土壤氮,最终可能会造成土壤碳氮循环的不平衡,对整个生态系统造成严重影响。     

广西喀斯特次生林地表碳库和养分库特征及季节动态

以自然保护区原生林为对照,调查了广西喀斯特区处于同一次生演替序列中的灌丛、藤刺灌丛、乔灌丛3个群落的地表凋落物存量,同时对凋落物层和土壤表层(0-5 cm)的有机碳,全氮、磷、钾等养分元素的含量、贮量状态及其雨季前后的变化进行了研究.结果表明:地表凋落物存量及有机碳、全氮贮量随演替阶段上升均呈增高趋势;除全磷外,土壤的有机碳和养分元素含量与凋落物层贮量相关性显著(p<0.05);雨季期间,凋落物迅速分解,地表凋落物的分解量要大于当季凋落量,并且次生林的凋落物分解与养分释放量显著高于原生林;雨季后,各群落有机碳和养分的凋落物层贮量以及土壤含量均有所降低.其中凋落物层贮量下降显著的是藤刺灌丛与乔灌丛.土壤养分含量则在灌丛与原生林阶段下降更为明显.在从灌丛向顶级群落演替的进程中,森林的自养能力可能存在一个先增高再降低的过程.     

泥炭湿地碳储量核算与其影响因素分析

泥炭湿地占全球陆地表面积的2%~3%和全球湿地面积的40%~70%,却存储3.0×1017~6.0×1017g碳。以前有关泥炭湿地碳储量的研究主要偏重于土壤,尤其在北方,缺乏对植被和枯枝落叶层的综合报道。本文综述了近些年来全球泥炭地碳储量(土壤碳储量、植被碳储量和枯枝落叶层碳储量)核算的研究进展。目前,全球泥炭地碳储量的核算仍存在较大的不确定性,其主要原因是全球泥炭地碳储量核算方法的数据信息不足,缺乏植被生物量、地表凋落物、碳质量分数、深度、容重和面积等全面数据,尤其是关于全球泥炭地面积较大的地区或国家;其次,人为干扰活动也进一步增加了全球泥炭地碳储量估算的不确定性,使得碳储量估算变得更困难。我国湿地面积居亚洲第一,世界第四,然而泥炭地/湿地有机碳储量估算与其他国家比较,相差较大,数据信息不足且存在较大波动。因此,为了提高泥炭湿地碳储量的估计精度和预测陆地生态系统应对气候变化响应机制的准确性,进一步加大泥炭地碳储量研究是非常必要的。     

Forest Litters as a Link in the Carbon Cycle in Coniferous–Broadleaved Forests of the Southern Far East of Russia

Forest litter as a component of the carbon cycle in pine–broadleaved forests of different ages was characterized. Field studies of the forest site of the Primorskaya State Agricultural Academy in the south of the Sikhote Alin Range continued for three years. Multiple sampling of forest litter and plant litter fall and measurements of the CO₂ emission from the litter and underlying soil horizons were performed on test plots. The maximum litter pool (14.44 ± 0.86 t/ha) was found in the mature stand of Pinus koraiensis; the minimum litter pool (11.52 ± 0.65 t/ha), in the 80-year-old stand. The carbon stock in the litters amounted to 3.7% of the phytomass carbon. The rate of carbon turnover in the forest litters was relatively low in comparison with that in other regions: the ratio of carbon pools in the litter horizons and annual plant falloff reached 3.5. The winter season provided about 10–25% of the annual plant litter fall. The data obtained in this study describe a part of the carbon cycle and contribute to our understanding of the ecosystem function of climate regulation by valuable forest massifs in the south of the Far East of Russia. In this region, the decomposition of forest litters generates the CO₂ flux amounting up to 16% of the total CO₂ emission from the soil.     

Temperature adaptability of soil respiration in short-term incubation experiments

Journal of Soils and Sediments - The soil is the largest carbon pool in the terrestrial ecosystem. Changes of soil respiration with the climate warming are essential for the carbon cycling between...     

Warming and elevated CO2 combine to increase microbial mineralisation of soil organic matter

The net annual exchange of carbon between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems is of prime importance in determining the concentration of CO₂ ([CO₂]) in the atmosphere and consequently future climate. Carbon loss occurs primarily through soil respiration; it is known that respiration is sensitive to the global changes in [CO₂] and temperature, suggesting that the net carbon balance may change in the future. However, field manipulations of temperature and [CO₂] alter many important environmental factors so it is unclear how much of the observed alterations in soil respiration is due to changes of microbial function itself instead of changes to the physical and chemical environment. Here we focus on resolving the importance of changes in the microbial community in response to warming and elevated [CO₂] on carbon mineralisation, something not possible in field measurements. We took plant material and soil inocula from a long running experiment where native grassland had been exposed to both warming and elevated CO₂ and constructed a reciprocal transplant experiment. We found that the rate of decomposition (heterotrophic respiration) was strongly determined by the origin of the microbial community. The combined warming + elevated CO₂ treatment produced a soil community that gave respiration rates 30% higher when provided with shoot litter and 70% for root litter than elevated CO₂ treatment alone, with the treatment source of the litter being unimportant. Warming, especially in the presence of elevated CO₂, increased the size of the apparent labile carbon pool when either C₃ or C₄ litter was added. Thus, the metabolic activity of the soil community was affected by the combination of warming and elevated CO₂ such that it had an increased ability to mineralise added organic matter, regardless of its source. Therefore, soil C efflux may be substantially increased in a warmer, high CO₂ world. Current ecosystem models mostly drive heterotrophic respiration from plant litter quality, soil moisture and temperature but our findings suggest equal attention will need to be paid to capturing microbial processes if we are to accurately project the future C balance of terrestrial ecosystems and quantify the feedback effect on atmospheric concentrations of CO₂.     

Effect of Different Leaf Litters on Carbon,Nitrogen and Microbial Activities of Sodic Soils

This study investigates the effect of single leaf litter of Terminalia arjuna (Ta) and Prosopis juliflora (Pj), mixed leaf litters [Ta, Pj, Azadirachta indica (Ai) and Albizia procera (Ap)] and paddy straw (Ps; Oryza sativa) on chemical properties and microbial activities of slightly sodic (SS), moderately sodic (MS) and highly sodic (HS) soils during 1 year in vitro decomposition process. For this purpose, equal amount (60 g) of single leaf litter [Ta (C : N = 43) and Pj (C : N = 38)], mixed leaf litters [1/4 of Ta, Pj, Ai and Ap (C : N = 30)] and Ps (C : N = 107) was added to equal amount (600 g) of SS, MS and HS soils. After addition of litters, changes in soil organic carbon (SOC), available nitrogen (N_av), microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen, soil respiration, microbial quotient (C_mic : C_org) and metabolic quotient (qCO₂) were observed at 2 months intervals for the whole year in greenhouse at constant soil moisture. The respective annual increase, at the end of the experiment, in SOC and N_av was highest in MS soil (40% and 45%), whereas soil microbial biomass and soil respiration showed decreasing trend from HS soil (39% and 29%) to SS soil (28% and 21%). The highest SOC was mineralized in the MS (42%) and HS (32%) soils containing litter of Ta; although greater (20%) accumulation of SOC in SS soil was noticed with mixed leaf litters. The study reveals that MS and HS soils comparatively showed fast decomposition of litters and significant increase in carbon, nitrogen and microbial activities. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

酸雨对土壤呼吸的影响机制研究进展与展望

土壤呼吸是陆地生态系统与大气之间进行碳交换的主要途径,其动态变化直接影响着全球碳平衡。由于人类活动的影响,酸雨成为人类当前面临的最严重的生态环境问题之一,但其对土壤呼吸的影响及其机理尚无定论。本文综述了不同生态系统土壤呼吸对酸雨的响应特征,多数文献表明,高强度的酸雨抑制土壤呼吸,而在低强度的酸雨作用下土壤呼吸的响应存在差异。从影响土壤呼吸的4个关键生物因子,即光合作用、微生物、凋落物和根系生物量,重点讨论了酸雨对土壤呼吸的影响机制。在此基础上,提出了以下研究展望:①开展土壤呼吸对不同组成类型酸雨的响应研究;②开展与土壤碳排放相关的功能微生物对酸雨的响应研究;③开展不同物候期土壤呼吸对酸雨的响应研究;④开展土壤呼吸各过程对酸雨的响应研究;⑤建立全球酸雨地区土壤碳排放监测研究网络。     

氮输入对森林土壤有机碳截存与损耗过程的影响

大气氮沉降对受氮限制的陆地生态系统碳截存/损耗的机理尚不清楚,尤其是对土壤有机碳(SOC)的输入、转化和输出过程的认识明显不足。本文论述了外源性氮素(氮沉降、人为增氮)对凋落物分解、土壤有机碳各组分周转的影响,以及土壤呼吸各组分(根系自养呼吸、根际微生物呼吸和SOM分解)对增氮的响应等领域的最新研究进展,指出了在上述研究领域中存在的问题,并提出拟解决的途径以及未来的可能研究方向,以期为该领域的研究提供参考。     

Effect of N addition,moisture, and temperature on soil microbial respiration and microbial biomass in forest soil at different stages of litter decomposition

Purpose

The objective of the present study was to investigate the interactive effects of nitrogen (N) addition, temperature, and moisture on soil microbial respiration, microbial biomass, and metabolic quotient (qCO₂) at different decomposition stages of different tree leaf litters.

Materials and methods

A laboratory incubation experiment with and without litter addition was conducted for 80 days at two temperatures (15 and 25 °C), two wetting intensities (35 and 50 % water-filled porosity space (WFPS)) and two doses of N addition (0 and 4.5 g N m^?2, as NH₄NO₃). The tree leaf litters included three types of broadleaf litters, a needle litter, and a mixed litter of them. Soil microbial respiration, microbial biomass, and qCO₂ along with other soil properties were measured at two decomposition stages of tree leaf litters.

Results and discussion

The increase in soil cumulative carbon dioxide (CO₂) flux and microbial biomass during the incubation depended on types of tree leaf litters, N addition, and hydrothermal conditions. Soil microbial biomass carbon (C) and N and qCO₂ were significantly greater in all litter-amended than in non-amended soils. However, the difference in the qCO₂ became smaller during the late period of incubation, especially at 25 °C. The interactive effect of temperature with soil moisture and N addition was significant for affecting the cumulative litter-derived CO₂-C flux at the early and late stages of litter decomposition. Furthermore, the interactive effect of soil moisture and N addition was significant for affecting the cumulative CO₂ flux at the late stage of litter decomposition but not early in the experiment.

Conclusions

This present study indicated that the effects of addition of N and hydrothermal conditions on soil microbial respiration, qCO₂, and concentrations of labile C and N depended on types of tree leaf litters and the development of litter decomposition. The results highlight the importance of N availability and hydrothermal conditions in interactively regulating soil microbial respiration and microbial C utilization during litter decomposition under forest ecosystems.

     

Root exclusion methods for partitioning of soil respiration: Review and methodological considerations

Soil respiration is a vital process in all terrestrial ecosystems, through which the soil releases carbon dioxide (CO₂) into the atmosphere at an estimated annual rate of 68-101 Pg carbon, making it the second highest terrestrial contributor to carbon fluxes. Since soil respiration consists of autotrophic and heterotrophic constituents, methods for accurately determining the contribution of each constituent to the total soil respiration are critical for understanding their differential responses to environmental factors and aiding the reduction of CO₂ emissions. Owing to its low cost and simplicity, the root exclusion (RE) technique, combined with manual chamber measurements, is frequently used in field studies of soil respiration partitioning. Nevertheless, RE treatments alter the soil environment, leading to potential bias in respiration measurements. This review aims to elucidate the current understanding of RE, i.e., trenching (Tr) and deep collar (DC) insertion techniques, by examining soil respiration partitioning studies performed in several ecosystems. Additionally, we discuss methodological considerations when using RE and the combinations of RE with stable isotopic and modeling approaches. Finally, future research directions for improving the Tr and DC insertion methods in RE are suggested.