澳洲瓢虫和大红瓢虫主要生物学比较研究

本文研究比较了澳洲瓢虫和大红瓢虫各虫态发育速度，前者比后快３．７～２６．５天／代。年发代数：澳洲瓢虫（１０代）比大红瓢虫（４代）多６代。一生产卵量：前者比后者多３３粒；卵的孵化率亦高３２．９％；全年有效利用期长４个月左右。在同一区域内，由于大红瓢虫畏强光，怕高温和低温等抗逆力差，因而群落的组建和种群的竞争力不及澳洲瓢虫，控制吹绵蚧的效果和占领的地理范围亦比澳洲瓢虫要差和窄。     

山楂园东方灰蚧的防治

山楂园东方灰蚧的防治答山东省高请县读者董昌佐东方灰蚧在山楂上主要危害幼树，在虫口密度较小的情况下，可不进行化学防治，而注意保护瓢虫、草蛉、寄生蜂等天敌。虫口密度较大时，可采用触杀作用强的敌杀死等药剂防治。药剂防治的关键时期：一是越冬代若虫出蛰盛期；二...     

柑桔一年抽几次梢?为什么要采取抹夏梢促秋梢的栽培管理措施?

答：柑桔在桂林气候条件下，一般一年抽三次梢，即春梢、夏梢、秋梢。春梢抽出期在“立春”至“立夏”的这段时间，由于气温较低，雨水也少，所以枝梢生长缓慢，枝梢较短，叶片较小而狭长。春梢是一年中发生最早，最整齐，数量最多，且病虫害危害最少的主要新梢。强壮的菩梢是夏、秋梢的基枝，有些品种如温州蜜柑成年树的春梢是主要的结果母枝，所以春梢发生的数量、质量对产量有很大的影响。夏梢：一般指“立夏”至“立秋”前陆续抽生的枝梢，夏梢发生期由于气温高、雨水多，导致其生长快、极易徒长，所以不够充实，且易诱发病虫害，除幼年…     

苹果蚜化防效果低的原因及对策

苹果蚜化防效果低的原因及对策苹果蚜（ＡｐｎｉｓＰｏｍｉＤｅＧｅｅｒ）别名苹果黄蚜，是危害果树主要害虫之一，尤其在苗圃及幼树发生普遍，危害更为严重。苹果蚜群集叶背及嫩梢为害，对果树新梢生长及树体发育、花芽分化均有很大影响。近年来，我区果农一直用化防来控制苹果蚜的危害，但未能得到满意的效果。为此，我们对苹果蚜化防效果差的原因做了有关的调查，为制定提高防效措施，提供了科学依据。１苹果蚜化防效果低的原因。通过调查，发现导致化学防治效果低的原因很多，主要是：１．１农药选择不当。有些果农缺乏昆虫、农药方面的知识，用胃毒剂防治苹果蚜的危害，药不对症。这是化防不能收效的原因之一。１．２长期使用同一种农药。果农在进行化学防治时，发现某种农药防效好，就长期使用这种农药，而不采用轮换药剂种类的方法，而使苹果蚜产生抗性或使抗药性增强，结果再用原用农药的常规剂量就难以达到理想的防治效果。１．３农药剂量偏低。由于苹果蚜防治一直采用化防，蚜虫的抗药性增强。加之市场有不合格的低劣农药销售，果农仍然使用常规剂量时便难以防除苹果蚜。我们于１９９３年７月在鄂前旗果品开发实业总公司果园进行常用防蚜农药常规剂量药效试验表明：用常规剂量防治苹果蚜的效     

园林绿地刺吸害虫及其天敌时序动态及发生规律的研究

为有效保护园林绿地中的自然天敌,以园林植物刺吸害虫及其天敌为调查对象,采用黄板诱集法,研究了园林绿地刺吸害虫及其天敌时序动态及发生规律。结果表明:绿地中京枫多态毛蚜(Periphyllus diacerivorus)、栾多态毛蚜(P.koelreuteria)、居松长足大蚜(Cinara pinihabitans)和白皮松长足大蚜(C.bungeanae)的发生期早于桃粉大尾蚜(Hyalopterus arundimis),且5种蚜虫种群均在夏季高温和天敌共同作用下崩溃;瓢虫和寄生蜂类天敌对碧桃(Pruns perscial f.duplex)上桃粉大尾蚜及捕食螨对碧桃上山楂叶螨(Tetranychus viennensis)的跟随效应明显,而天敌对其它4种植物上蚜虫无明显跟随效应;施药虽可暂时降低阔叶植物上3种蚜虫的种群数量,却大量杀伤了害虫的天敌,停药后3种蚜虫仍爆发成灾,同时使6月后碧桃上山楂叶螨种群爆发和5月中旬后油松(Pinus tabuliformis)上针叶小爪螨(Oligonychus ununguis)种群数量较多。绿地中瓢虫、草蛉、食蚜蝇和寄生蜂类天敌的发生最高峰均位于5月下旬至6月下旬,除草蛉外,绿地中的瓢虫、食蚜蝇和寄生蜂类天敌在7—8月种群数量均极低。草蛉喜欢在五角枫(Acer mono)上栖息或搜寻寄主。     

日光温室冬春茬甜椒栽培的关键技术环节

甜椒冬季生产与黄瓜、西红柿相比，具较耐弱光的优势条件，但其开花坐果期夜间需要较高的温度又成为冬季甜椒生产的劣势。而且冬春茬甜椒生产，首批果实要在春节前上市，需保证足够的积温；而育苗期正处在８—９月份高温季节，高温育苗又成为生产上的一大难题，随之又带来病毒病、白粉虱、伏蚜和茶黄螨等病虫害的严重发生。 如何解决好上述各种矛盾，在生产实践中我们须抓住如下几个关键环节： 一、利用高效节能型日光温室 利用“廊坊４０型”日光温室（温室构造图见《蔬菜》２００１年第７期），在北纬４０°以南平原地区生产冬春茬甜椒，…     

保鲜出口春青花菜栽培技术

春青花菜生产属于反季节栽培 ,浙东沿海地区播种时间一般在 11月上旬至 2月上旬 ,花球采收时间在 4月上旬至 5月中旬 ,此时秋冬青花菜的花球已采收结束 ,而日本等国外市场对青花菜的需求量仍较大 ,国内市场也有需求。因此 ,春青花菜生产的市场前景十分广阔。笔者曾于 2 0 0 1年冬至 2 0 0 2年春在象山县东陈乡马岗村进行了春青花菜品比、播期、栽培模式等多项试验 ,同时在该地推广的 6 7hm2春青花菜生产示范方也取得了成功。1　品种选用与播期安排根据青花菜品种特性和花球采收时间不同 ,品种选用与播期安排见表 1。表 1　春青花菜品种选用…     

冬樱花不同时期播种试验

冬樱花是云南的特有乡土树种，冬季开花。在春、夏、秋不同季节对种子进行播种，观察种子不同时期播种的出苗状况。结果表明，最适宜冬樱花播种的时期是夏季播种，即在4月中下旬种子成熟，采收后洗净即可播种，此时播种出苗率最高；其次是春季播种出苗状况较好；而秋季随气温下降，种子出苗状况也逐渐减低。     

芦柑多主枝放射形整形及幼树修剪

芦柑丛生性较强，应整成多主技放射形树形。整形可从苗圃开始，夏梢在40cm高处短截，短裁后可抽发3～5条秋消培养成主枝．秋梢或摘心或只留10片叶左右短截，多数会发生双叉分枝，多余的变成弱枝。通过2～4年的处理，便可形成12～20个副主技。春梢未成熟前，将主技分枝角拉开为50°至60°。技校后易萌发徒长枝，凡能利用作主枝的可摘心并拉大分枝角度。多余的应及时删除。拉技后，树冠上部的春梢会抽出强夏相而形成上强下弱的树冠，为平衡生枝，应将先萌发的豆芽抹去．每3至4天抹1次，待下部春消已萌发夏芽抽核后，顶部芽再抹1至2次后让其抽…     

食蚜绒螨和瓢虫对苹果黄蚜的控制作用

食蚜绒螨是蚜虫的重要天敌,对果树蚜虫的控制效果前人尚无深入研究.笔者在徐州市果树站试验基地的多年试验发现,在长期进行无公害综合防治的果园,早期蚜虫不需用药防治,依靠绒螨和瓢虫等天敌的联合作用就能将其控制在经济阈值以内,而常规防治园需喷2次药.     

Effects of radiation from 188Re on smooth muscle cell proliferation

AIM: Although endovascular radiotherapy inhibits neointimal hyperplasia, the exact alterations induced by β-particles irradiation remain to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability and the cellular mechanism of local β^-particles emission from ¹⁸⁸Re to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). METHODS: The SMCs in vitro were irradiated by ¹⁸⁸Re with single doses of 2.6 Gy-25.8 Gy. The effects of β-particles on SMCs, such as effective irradiate doses, the period of inhibition for SMCs proliferation, the changes of cell proliferation rate and DNA synthesis rate, cell cycle progression and related gene expression, were investigated by cell count, [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle progression analysis, cell viability and immunocytochemistry, respectivecy. RESULTS: β-particles irradiation with dose of 5.2 Gy could inhibit significantly SMCs proliferation. At dose of 20.6 Gy DNA synthesis inhibitory rate was 92%, SMCs proliferation rate was only 3%. Renoval of ¹⁸⁸Re did not abolish the inhibitory effects of β-particles on SMCs proliferation. The expression of P53 was up regulation and PCNA was down regulation after irradiation. CONCLUSION: β-particles from ¹⁸⁸ Re was significantly effective and permanent in inhibiting SMCs proliferation, and inhibitory effect was in dose-dependet manner ED50was 5 Gy, the best dose to inhibit SMCs proliferation was 20 Gy. β-particles irradiation induced SMCs to occur G₀/G₁ arrest, damaged the ability of SMCs reproliferation and led to cell clonogenic death. P53 and PCNA had regulatiory effects on SMCs proliferation after β-particles irradiation.     

Effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin and expression of c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy

AIM:To study the effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin (ET) and the expression of proto-oncogene c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy. METHODS: The level of c-fos mRNA were measured by in situ hybridization. The ET in plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS:After eight weeks of treatment with L-Arg, the expression of c-fos decreased markedly (P＜0.01). The ET content in plasma also decreased significantly by L-Arg(P＜0.01).CONCLUSION: Plasma ET content and the expression of c-fos in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy could be decreased by L-Arg administration.     

Ergebnisse der Leistungsprüfungen der Süßkirschensorte ‚Stella‘ auf Gisela- und Weiroot-Unterlagen in Bulgarien

Zusammenfassung Die Leistungsprüfungen wurden im Zeitraum 1997 bis 2003 mit den Unterlagen Gisela 4 und 5, den Klonnummern 195/20 und 497/8 aus der Gisela-Serie sowie Weiroot 10, 13, 53, 72 und 158 durchgeführt. Dabei dienten Sämlinge von P1 (bulgarische Selektion aus Prunus mahaleb) als Kontrolle. Alle Unterlagen waren mit der Sorte Stella veredelt und im Dezember 1996 in der Versuchsanlage der Agraruniversität in Plovdiv, Bulgarien, im Abstand von 6 m×4,5 m gepflanzt worden. Dabei erfolgte ein Pflanzschnitt. Nach Abschluss der natürlichen Kronenentwicklung wurde jedes Jahr ein Winterschnitt vorgenommen. Der Boden wurde durch mechanische Bearbeitung offen gehalten und nach dem 4. Standjahr wurden die Baumstreifen mit Herbiziden behandelt. Die Wasserversorgung erfolgte durch eine dem natürlichen Gefälle folgende Überflutung, allerdings nicht immer zum optimalen Zeitpunkt, da keine eigene Wasserquelle zur Verfügung stand.Basierend auf den Ergebnissen bis zum Anfang des 7. Standjahres können die untersuchten Unterlagen in zwei Gruppen differenziert werden: starkwüchsig—Weiroot 10, P1 und Weiroot 13; mittelstarkwachsend bis schwachwüchsig—Gi 497/8, Gisela 4, Weiroot 53, Weiroot 158, Gi 195/20, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 5. Letztere zeichnete sich durch besondere Schwachwüchsigkeit aus. Die meisten Wurzelschosser bildeten Gisela 4, Weiroot 10 und Weiroot 13. Weiroot 53, Weiroot 72 und Weiroot 158 entwickelten deutlich weniger und P1, Gisela 5, Gi 195/20 sowie Gi 497/8 keine Wurzelschosser. Den frühesten Blühbeginn induzierte Gisela 4. Die anderen Unterlagen führten, in Abhängigkeit von den Temperaturbedingungen des jeweiligen Jahres, zu einer Verspätung der Blüte: P1 und Weiroot 10 um 1–2 Tage; Gi 497/8, Weiroot 13 und Weiroot 158 um 2–4 Tage; Weiroot 72 um 2–7 Tage; Gi 195/20 um 3–6 Tage; Weiroot 53 um 3–8 Tage und Gisela 5 um 3–10 Tage. Die Reifezeit der Früchte war bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 im Vergleich zu den anderen Varianten um 2–3 Tage verspätet. Gisela 5, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 4 induzierten bei der aufveredelten Sorte die höchsten Ertragsleistungen, P1 die geringsten. Bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 war die Fruchtgröße geringer als bei den anderen Unterlagen. Bäume auf Gisela 5 brauchen intensive Pflege. Nur wenn alle Produktionsfaktoren und kulturtechnischen Maßnahmen optimiert werden, kann das hohe Ertragspotenzial dieser Unterlage ausgeschöpft werden.     

多效唑对猕猴桃离体试管苗生长及内源激素的影响

多效唑（ＰＰ３３３）处理猕猴桃试管苗，降低了其生长强度；植株体内的ＧＡ３、ＩＡＡ和ＺＴ含量下降，ＡＢＡ的含量上升，乙烯释放率增加；并且能降低外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ促进生长的作用，而外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ又能不同程度地逆转多效唑的抑制作用，使植株恢复生长。     

Proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin

AIM: To investigate and screen the sensitive proteins in the formation mechanism of pathological scars by comparing the results of differential proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin.METHODS: Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to detect the protein expression profiles in 8 keloid patients, 8 hypertrophic scar patients and 3 matched normal skin patients.The proteins that showed differential expression of over 4-fold change were cut and analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry.RESULTS: A two-dimensional protein profiling comparison between pathological scars and normal skin was successfully established.On average, 2 978 spots in keloid, 2 975 spots in hypertrophic scar and 3 053 spots in normal skin were identified using gel analysis software.Compared with normal skin, there were totally 36 differentially-expressed proteins in keloid and hypertrophic scar identified from the spots of over 4-fold change, including 16 proteins in both keloid and hypertrophic scar (8 up-regulated and 8 down-regulated), 11 only in keloid (9 up-regulated and 2 down-regulated) and 9 only in hypertrophic scar (4 up-regulated and 5 down-regulated).CONCLUSION: Proteomic analysis can identify the proteins with variance of pathological scars versus normal skin, thus providing probable new clues to reveal the formation mechanism of pathological scars.     

Compositional and Functional Properties of Saskatoon Berry and Blueberry

Abstract

Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt., Rosaceae) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Ericaceae) are substantially equivalent in all characteristics that are important to the consumer, including fruit color, shape, size, nutrition, texture, and uses. In addition, both fruits are native to North America and they have practically identical historical uses and known health benefits. Their composition, processing, nutritional value and metabolism, intended uses, and levels of undesirable substances are compared.     

Cryopreservation of shoot apices of hawthorn in vitro cultures originating from East Asia

The objective of this study was to establish a cryopreservation protocol for hawthorn shoot apices (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.). Cryopreservation was carried out via encapsulation–dehydration, vitrification, and encapsulation–vitrification on shoot apices excised from in vitro cultures. We began by showing that cold-acclimation enhanced the regrowth of cryopreserved apices from 10.0 to 65.5% in encapsulation–dehydration. We then decided that the encapsulation–dehydration method was an optimal cryopreservation method for hawthorn shoot apices in terms of its high recovery after cryopreservation as well as its ease of use compared with vitrification and encapsulation–vitrification. In encapsulation–dehydration, the protocol leading to optimal regrowth was as follows: after cold-acclimation at 5 °C in the dark for 2 weeks, excised shoot tips were pretreated for 24 h at 25 °C on hormone-free Murashige and Skoog [Murashige, T., Skoog, F., 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture. Physiol. Plant. 15, 473–497] (MS) basal medium with 0.4 mol/L sucrose, then encapsulated and precultured in liquid MS medium with 0.8 mol/L sucrose for 16 h at 25 °C. Precultured beads were dehydrated for 6 h at 25 °C in the dessicator containing 50 g silica gel to a moisture content of 15.3% (fresh-weight basis) before cryostorage for 1 h. In addition, we examined the effect of adding glycerol to both the alginate beads and loading solution to enhance regrowth after cryopreservation in encapsulation–dehydration. In the present study, it was shown that adding 0.5 mol/L glycerol resulted in high regrowth percentages (82.5–90.0%) in four Crataegus species.     

Coupling past management practice and historic landscape change on John F. Kennedy Space Center,Florida

Historic landcover dynamics in a scrubby flatwoods (Tel-4) and scrub landscape (Happy Creek) on John F. Kennedy Space Center were measured using aerial images from 1943, 1951, 1958, 1969, 1979, and 1989. Landcover categories were mapped, digitized, geometrically registered, and overlaid in ARC/INFO. Both study sites have been influenced by various land use histories, including periods of range management, fire suppression, and fire management. Several analyses were performed to help understand the effects of past land management on the amount and spatial distribution of landcover within the study sites. A chi-squared analysis showed a significant difference between the frequency of landcover occurrence and management period. Markov chain models were used to project observed changes over a 100-year period; these showed current management practices being effective at Tel-4 (restoring historic landscape structure) and much less effective at Happy Creek. Documenting impacts of past management regimes on landcover has provided important insight into current landscape composition and will provide the basis for improving land management on Kennedy Space Center and elsewhere.     

XBP-01 accelerated apoptosis induced by oxidized low density lipoprotein in vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM: Previous studies performed with XBP-01 in vitro indicated that XBP-01 could inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells from being transformed into foam cell and could eliminate the atherosclerotic plaque in C57BL/6J mouse. This experiment is to investigate its mechanism of eliminating plaques in vitro. METHODS: The cultured porcine artery smooth muscle cells incubated with XBP-01 of 0.1 mg/L for 24 h after preincubated with oxidized low density lipoprotein of 15 mg/L for 72 h in vitro. The samples were analyzed by fluorescence microscope, confocal microscope system and flow cytometry. RESULTS: Apoptosis was triggered by being incubated with oxidized low density lipoprotein and this process was accelerated additionally by being incubated with XBP-01. CONCLUSION: XBP-01 can be effective in eliminating atherosclerotic plaque by accelerating the process in which oxidized low density lipoprotein induced smooth muscle cell apoptosis.     

Metallothionein inhibits homocysteine-induced proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM:To investigate the effect of metallothionein(MT) on proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) stimulated by homocysteine and its mechanism. METHODS:VSMCs proliferation was measured by [³-H]-TdR incorporation, mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)activity were determined by immunoprecipitation method, the intracellular contents of MT and malondialdehyde (MDA)were assayed by -hemoglobin saturation method and TBA reaction, respectively, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage was measured by NADH oxidation. RESULTS:Hcy(10^-6-10^-4 mmol/L) stimulated [³-H]-TdR incorporation by the VSMCs in a concentration-dependent manner. Compared with control, [³-H]-TdR incorporation in VSMCs treated with 0.1 mmol/L Hcy was increased by 4.2 fold (P＜0.01). Meanwhile, Hcy enhanced MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment of VSMCs with MT alone did not change above parameters, compared with control. However, MT (10^-6-10^-4 mol/L)attenuated significantly Hcy-stimulated proliferation of VSMCs (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. And MT inhibited obviously Hcy-induced activation of MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release. Preincubation of VSMCs with 0.5 mmol/L ZnCl₂ for 6 h induced an increase cellular MT content by 5.7-fold (P＜0.01). The MT-overexpressed VSMCs resisted Hcy-stimulating action on MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH leakage (P＜0.01). CONCLUSION:These results show that MT has an inhibitory effect on Hcy-induced VSMCs proliferation, and that MT could inhibit Hcy-stimulated MAPK activity and lipid peroxidation.