Greenhouse Gas Control for Landfill

Landfill site is one of the most important sources of greenhouse gas emissions. The available information shows that greenhouse gas emissions from the landfill sites are 40% 50% of the total greenhouse gas emissions in America. The greenhouse gas output is computed in the text and the conclusion that the main components of yielding gas are food and paper is made. Some measures of cutting greenhouse gas yielding are suggested. At last it points out that some research about these measures should be made in the future in China.     

Analysis of Landfill Gas Production and Its Affecting Factors

On the basis of analyzing the landfill gas production and its affecting factors, the methods for accelerating the production of landfill gas and settlement of landfill site are put forward in this paper.     

Experimental Simulation of Landfill Gas Production from MSW Co-disposed with Wastewater Sludge

In this paper, the landfill gas generation process was investigated by a landfill lysimeter of municipal solid waste (MSW) co-disposed with wastewater sludge. The experimental results show that the wastewater sludge played a role of inoculation in MSW degradation process and accelerated organic waste decomposition. Compared with the MSW landfill alone, the landfill gas generation rate of MSW co-disposed with sludge was higher by about 30%. The average CH 4 content in landfill gas reached 64%, which was much higher than in case of MSW landfill alone and useful for landfill gas utilization. It is also proved that co-disposal of sludge with MSW is a good choice for beneficial use of sludge.     

武汉市垃圾填埋场选址评价模型研究

为实现垃圾卫生填埋处置对环境影响最小化，填埋场场址的合理选择至关重要的一步。笔者在专家调查的基础上，利用层次分析法(AHP)，建立了以城市规划要求、交通运输条件、与城市的距离、环境保护条件、地质环境条件、建场条件为一级指标的垃圾填埋场选址评价模型，为武汉市的垃圾填埋场选址提供科学依据。     

One-dimensional Steady-state Model for Gas Pressure Distribution in Municipal Solid Waste Landfills

Gas pressure distribution in landfills is of great importance to control hazards and improve recovery of landfill gas. An one-dimensional steady-state model and its solving approach are presented for gas pressure distribution in layered waste landfills. The model can be used to investigate the gas pressure distribution of the landfill with horizontal gas collection layers having specified pressure or flux. The influences of layered properties, horizontal permeable layer under final cover and horizontal gas collection layers and bottom leachate drainage systems dually serving as gas collection layers on gas pressure distribution are investigated. The results of parameter analyses using the presented model show that the assumption that homogenizations of gas generation rate and gas permeability through a landfill considerably overestimate gas pressure in landfill; horizontal permeable layer under final cover and horizontal gas collection layers can effectively reduce gas pressure in landfills; the bottom leachate drainage systems dually serving as gas collection layers can significantly reduce the gas pressure in the lower portion of landfills. The presented model provides a useful tool in the designing of landfill gas collection systems, such as, the positions and spacing of horizontal gas collection layers and pump section.     

Assessment Method for Green Lighting Product

Green design is a new method of product design. A novel assessment method for green lighting product is provided in this paper, which is developed on the basis of life cycle assessment and the analytic hierarchy process.     

Experiment Research on Leachate Treatment of Sanitary Landfill for Municipal Solid Waste

It is difficult to treat landfill leachate in China.Traditional biologic method and physical method always have high expenses,or cann''t reach the discharge standards.The authors use a new biologic method to treat landfill leachate,which is the Wood_microbial System from Japan.The system to be digested by 3 aeration tanks and 1 reaction tank.The comparison combine processed wool_dust broken pieces with the certain grain degree size were throw in the tanks.Dirty and organic matter are in the digest tanks through the aeration reaction and aneration reaction repeatedly.In this experiment the speed of wastewater discharge and oxygen supply has been changed, and the change of biologic system and the effect of pollutant are removed. The optimal treatment condition can be found.The experiment shows that the system has a good result,special for nitrogenous.The BOD is average to do away with the rate to amount to 90%,almost reach the second class or third class for leachate standard.But BOD loading should be not beyond 4 kg/(m 3.d),othrwise,the system will not operate in normally.     

Pressure Distribution of LFG in a Landfill with Vertical Extraction System

In present engineering practice of landfill gas pollution control and its recovery, technical parameters such as extraction flow and radius of influence of a extraction well must be determined by field tests. A mathematical model for LFG migration under a vertical extraction well is established, which comprehensively reflects affects of several parameters including LFG generation rate, extraction flow, air permeability, buried depth of a extraction well and features of the cover layer. By using the model, pressure distribution of LFG around a vertical extraction well in a landfill can be calculated, the radius of influence of the well can also be determined.     

Achievement of Short-cut Biological Nitrogen Removal of Mature Landfill Leachate

Stable short-cut nitrification was achieved through the selective inhibition of free ammonia (FA), free nitrous acid (FNA) on the nitrifying bacteria and a real-time control strategy which used pH, DO and ORP as parameters in an SBR reactor. The effects of C/N ratio and initial pH value on the short-cut biological nitrogen removal were studied. It is found that: when influent NH4 +-N concentration was 108~177.3 mg/L, the nitrite accumulation rate was around 90%. The reasons for the favorable nitrite accumulation rate were both the inhibition of FA and FNA on the NOB and the real-time control strategy through detecting the “ammonia valley” and “nitrite knee” two feature points in pH and ORP profiles, respectively. The optimal C/N ratio was 3 when acetate was used as the carbon source. When the denitrification rate with respect to the concentration of mixed liquor suspended solids was 19.8 mg·g -1·h -1 NOx --N,NH4 +-N, NO2 --N, NO3 --N, TN of the effluent were less than 6, 2, 1 and 30 mg/L, respectively. When initial pH value was 8.5, the denitrification rate was maximum. However the differences of denitrification rate were small when pH was in the range of 7.5~8.5.     

北京市生物质能源化利用效益评价方法的研究

北京市能源消耗量大,提高生物质能利用率可缓解能源供应压力。为推动北京市生物质能源化利用产业的发展,需增进对其经济效益、社会效益和环境效益的综合认识。通过建立综合效益评价体系,运用层次分析法确定各评价指标权重,提出了北京市生物质能源化利用综合效益的评价方法,再以怀柔区发展生物质成型颗粒燃料为例,对其经济效益、社会效益和环境效益进行模糊评价,最后以怀柔杨宋成型颗粒燃料项目的数据为依据,进行分析验证,结果显示模糊综合评价的结论较为准确。     

Measures of Rainwater and Sewage Shunting in Chongqing Changshengqiao Sanitary Landfill

This paper focuses on the measures of rainwater and sewage shunting in Chongqing Changshengqiao sanitary landfill. The catchment area of this landfill is totally about 331700 square meters. If the rainwater blends with the sewage, the processing load of the leachate will increase greatly. Thus, the measures of rainwater and sewage shunting must be taken during solid waste filling. In this paper, the authors firstly analyze the measures of rainwater collection and drainage and establish the guideline of pumping assisted by draining. Furthermore, according to the practical situation of landfill, a detailed plan is set down for rainwater and sewage shunting. The effect is quite evident after implementation of the plan for half a year. The processing load of the leachate has been reduced largely. It is proven that the shunting measures are feasible.     

Synthetic Assessment of Power Transformer Condition Based on Matter-element Theory

Condition assessment on power transformer is an important approach to improve reliability of transformer and provide proper decision-making for condition-based maintenance. For long, static assessment method used in the past has already not adapted to the development of modem electricity transmission and distribution technology. So based on the deficiency of fuzzy synthetic assessment method, matter-element synthetic assessment method is introduced. The method can evaluate transformer condition not only in quality but also in quantity. Because each index weight can be given fairly and fast through improved analytic hierarchy process, which need not carry on consistency chec accuracy of assessment can be improved. Examples analysis has proved that assessment method of power transformer condition based on matter-element theory is rational and effective.     

A Study about How to Appraise the Effect ofInvestment Control by the Supervision at the Construction Stage

Having demonstrated the importance of establishing the appraisal system for the effect of investment control by supervision,this paper designs not only the appraisal model for this problem by citing the basic theories of Analytic Hierarchy Process but also interprets the application conditions and specific approach of the model.Finally,the paper introduces an actual project case by using the model and analyzes the general practical application environment of the model.     

Model About Aggregation and Spreading Effect Brought by the Lightrail

Many cities are planning to build up the lightrail in order to solve their traffic jam.We try to find a function to describe the going-out cost and analyse the character of this function.The conclusion can be reached that lighrail can make aggregation and spreading effect on the economic activity in the district along the lightrail transit line because the change of cost brought by the lightrail traffic system lead to redistribution of the product region. Synthetically considering factors which can impact this aggregation and spreading, via applying the method of AHP, we set up an evaluation system which can be used to measure the economic effect brought by the lighrail.     

区域有机产业链完整性评价指标体系研究初探

有机产业链的完整性是制约有机产业发展的关键因素。目前,中国国内关于产业链完整性特别是有机产业链完整性研究几乎空白,缺乏统一、有效的评价指标体系。笔者运用层次分析法构建了包括3个层次15项指标的区域有机产业链完整性评价指标体系,确定了评价指标权重的同时给出了相应指标的评价标准,使评价体系在区域有机产业链完整性评价中具有可操作性。通过万载县有机示范区的产业链完整性进行评价,综合分数为81.19分,得出其有机产业链比较完整。但在内部互补水平上略有欠缺,尤其是有机农业生产资料自给水平方面较低。     

现代农产品流通体系现状及思考——以黑龙江省齐齐哈尔市为例

农业进一步发展的主要矛盾已经从生产领域转向市场流通领域,国内农产品市场面临进一步开放的严峻挑战,农户小生产与流通大市场的矛盾将更加突出。在此背景下,本研究以黑龙江省齐齐哈尔市为研究对象,通过对其农产品流通的现状进行调查,从而了解到齐齐哈尔市农产品流通现状,并构建了农产品流通体系的基本构架,然后建立齐齐哈尔农产品流通体系评价指标的层级,并运用层次分析法找到各要素的相对影响程度,最后分析齐齐哈尔市农产品流通体系中存在的问题,为建设齐齐哈尔市农产品流通体系提出新思路。通过本研究,希望可以推动齐齐哈尔市农业经济发展,构成开放、竞争、规范、有序的农产品市场体系,为齐齐哈尔市农产品顺利流通做出贡献。     

Analysis of the Medium Pressure Range in Urban Gas Transmission and Distribution System

According to the analysis of technology and economy about the gas supply with the medium pressure in gas pipeline network of urban gas transmission and distribution system,a more economical and feasible pressure value is obtained.     

A Methodology of Classification of Product Family for Mass Customization

Product family management is a key support technology to implement mass customized production. Various products in product family are similar in functional characters, physical characters and technological characters, which is an important character of product family. Based on the products represents and mapping relations in functional domain and physical domain, a method of classifying product family is presented by comparing similarity of both functional requirements in functional domain and design parameters in physical domain. The process of classifying product family by virtue of this method is also discussed. At last, a case is introduced to illustrate the application of this method.     

Constant Temperature Control System for Gas Water Heater Based on Fuzzy Reasoning Arithmetic

Basing on Fuzzy reasoning technology, this paper introduces the work flow of Gas water heater, and the trait of papilionaceous valve. It also describes the designing process of Fuzzy controller, its theory and the method of making parameter. The experiment results show that this temperature control system has better characteristics such as high- precision, good dynamic performance, excellent control effect, and so on. The design shows its validity and practicability.     

资源基础观下家庭农场成长的影响因素研究

为了全面和准确地认识影响中国家庭农场成长的各因素及其权重,指导中国政府和家庭农场经营者采取最有效的措施培育和经营家庭农场,笔者首先基于资源基础理论和层次分析理论构建家庭农场成长影响因素的分析模型,然后以上海市松江区家庭农场为实证对象对各个因素进行计算和分析。结果表明：基于资源基础理论和层次分析理论所构建的家庭农场成长影响因素分析模型科学合理;一级因素中物质资本资源是现阶段影响家庭农场成长最主要的因素,其次是组织资本资源,人力资本资源现阶段相对较轻;二级因素中土地资本是影响家庭农场成长最重要的因素,其次是品牌优势、资金资本、基础设施和科学技术,其他因素有一定影响但在家庭农场的起步阶段相对较轻。最后,在该研究成果基础上,从政府和家庭农场经营者2个主体出发提出增加土地流转年限、积极打造品牌优势、拓宽家庭农场融资渠道、完善农业生产基础设施、引进先进科学技术等对策建议。