稻田环境植物多样性研究

 选择稻田灌溉水无工业废水污染的禹山坞和受工业废水污染的城北村两地进行稻田环境植物多样性调查。禹山坞稻田普遍使用化学除草剂,杂草种数明显少于城北村,水竹叶成为禹山坞稻田的优势种;城北村稻田未用除草剂及低洼积水环境保护了槐叶萍、满江红、轮藻和尖头丽藻等。禹山坞的畦畔植物种数显著高于城北村。城北村灌溉水质差有利于部分耐性植物蔓延形成优势种,如空心莲子草的强烈竞争,使部分竞争力弱的植物逐步消失,植物种数减少。两村的沟渠植物种类差异明显。     

单季稻区蜘蛛群落的研究——多样性,优势度,排序和聚类

 1987～1988年对江苏省江浦县和安徽省铜陵市两地单季稻区蜘蛛群落进行了调查研究。蜘蛛群落组成共45种，分属于25属10科。群落主要成分是食虫沟瘤蛛Ummeliata insecticeps、草间小黑蛛Erigonidum graminicolum、拟水狼蛛Parata subpirapicus、拟环纹豹蛛Pardosa pseudoannulata，个体数以食虫沟瘤蛛占优势。冬作田中以油菜田的蜘蛛群落多样性、均匀度较高。从时间上，稻田蜘蛛群落多样性值在水稻移栽42 d(6月24日)和92 d(9月21日)分别达到高峰，其值分别是3.68531和3.96823，多样性值在水稻生长中后期高于前期，优势集中性指数则相反。从空间上看，迟栽田多样性、均匀度，丰富度高于早栽田，而优势度则相反：迟栽田的群落稳定性高于早栽田。对两地区蜘蛛群落进行排序和模糊聚类分析，表明群落组成的相似性与水稻移栽期关系密切，总体上看稻田蜘蛛群落组成的异值水平较小，不同地区不同年份稻田间蜘蛛群落的差异比同地区相同年份的大。移栽期相同的稻田蜘蛛群落在阈值水平λ很高时就可归为一类。     

稻作区灌溉水流传播的杂草种子与稻田土壤杂草种子库的关系

选择典型稻作区,对灌溉水流传播的杂草种子的种类和数量进行取样调查,并与田埂、灌溉水渠周围生境、下茬麦田的杂草群落及稻田土壤杂草种子库进行比较分析,以研究自然条件下灌溉水流传播的杂草种子与土壤杂草种子库及其他生境杂草群落间的相互关系。 有14科21种杂草种子随灌溉水流输入稻田,这些杂草种子主要隶属禾本科、报春花科、藜科、蓼科等。土壤杂草种子库中共检出19科41种杂草种子,含有所有其他生境中杂草的种子。灌溉水流传播的杂草种子与田埂上、灌溉水渠周围生境、下茬麦田杂草群落及稻田土壤种子库的杂草群落间相似性较高,Sorensen指数均在0.5以上。     

水稻半矮秆基因sd1对农艺性状的影响

比较了从7份半矮秆品种／高秆品种的B₇F₂中分离的高矮秆近等基因系,sd1基因抑制了节间伸长,从基部到倒第1节及穗长分别为高秆的38. 2%, 26. 0%, 48. 0%, 71. 1%和 92. 6%,缩短程度逐步减轻。sd1基因还可促进有效穗数、结实率和收获指数的提高而使矮秆类型的产量潜力高于高秆类型,但sd1基因并不影响抽穗天数、每穗粒数和千粒重。对sd1基因的多效性以及秆高和穗数的关系进行了讨论。     

水稻半矮秆基因sdl对农艺性状的影响

比较了从７份半矮秆品种８／高秆品种的Ｂ７Ｆ２中分离的高矮秆近等基因系，ｓｄｌ基因抑制了节间伸长，从基部到倒第１节及穗长分别为高秆的３８．２％、２６．０％、４０．８％、７１．１％和９２．６％，缩短程度逐步减轻。ｓｄｌ基因还可促进有效穗数、结实率和收获指数的提高而使矮秆类型的产量潜力高于高秆类型，但ｓｄｌ工基因并不影响抽穗天数、每穗粒数和干粒重。对ｓｄｌ基因的多效性以及秆高和穗数的关系进行了讨论。     

大岗山植物群落物种多样性与群落结构研究

物种多样性是生物多样性的基本层次，不仅体现生物种类的丰富程度，也表现物种演化的空间范围及对特定环境的生态适应性。群落结构是研究植物历史动态的基础，在认识明确物种间生长竞争关系的同时，反映着群落演替的趋势。本研究以江西省大岗山为研究区，基于62个样地，共计3.72 hm²面积调查结果，对大岗山植物群落的物种多样性和群落结构进行分析。结果表明：群落内共有植物486种，隶属于120科286属，其中单种属占总数的66.43%，杉木在群落中处于优势地位；大岗山处于亚热带地区，具有过渡带性质，种子植物属包括13个分布类型，其中包含9个中国特有属；香农-威纳(Shannon-Wiener)多样性指数、辛普森(Simpson)多样性指数、皮诺(Pielou)均匀度指数在各生长层的分布趋势基本一致，灌木层优势明显，草本层略高于乔木层。群落整体物种多样性指数较高，物种较丰富；按样带划分，2号样带物种最丰富，1号样带略低于其他样带。但1、2号样带群落相似性最高，3、4号样带物种多样性指数相差较小，但群落差异最大。     

不同株型水稻对无芒稗的生态控制研究

以不同株型的水稻品种(组合)为材料研究了混栽其中的无芒稗［Echinochloa crusgalli(L.) Beauv.var.mitis (Pursh) Peterm.］的生长状况。高秆大冠层株型水稻品种Ⅱ优2070显著降低移栽稻田无芒稗株高、叶面积指数、植株干物质、分蘖数、穗长和穗粒数。水稻对无芒稗的竞争力,以高秆大冠层株型最强,中秆中冠层株型次之,矮秆小冠层株型最弱。在无芒稗50株/m2干扰下,高秆大冠层株型水稻各产量因子下降不明显,而矮秆小冠层株型粳糯稻各产量因子显著下降,平均减产40%。     

文昌8个森林群落结构与物种多样性研究

以文昌航天发射缓冲区不同森林群落为研究对象,选择8个不同植被类型,分别设置1 hm2固定大样地,对森林植物群落的多样性、森林植物群落的物种均匀度、森林植物群落的物种优势度进行观测。结果表明：不同森林群落乔木层物种多样性差异显著,半红树林群落树种种类最高,物种多样性最高达到2.38,其次分别是天然次生林和人工混交林;不同森林群落中不同层次植物均匀度总体表现出草本层＞灌木层＞乔木层的规律,但天然次生林由于郁闭度较高,林下草本较灌木少,多样性和均匀度均小于灌木层;红树林物种优势度最小,各物种优势差异不显著。     

紫色土人工植被恢复地植物多样性研究

为评价紫色土地区3种恢复模式的恢复效果,2010年10月对湖南省衡阳县紫色土国家重点水土流失治理示范区内3种植被恢复模式的植物群落进行了研究,结果表明人为引入龙须草能提高植物种类和数量,但与自然恢复模式相比,人工恢复模式下整个植物群落的多样性指数变化不明显。对3种恢复模式下的乔木、灌木和草本群落研究表明,人工恢复地和乔木群落的丰富度、Gleason丰富度指数、Simpson优势度指数、Shannon-Weiner多样性指数、Sheldon均匀度指数均明显高于自然恢复地,而灌木、草本群落无明显差异,说明经过4年的人工培育,人工植被恢复已取得了一定的效果,但仍处于恢复的演替阶段,群落结构还未达到稳定状态。     

海南中部山区植被演变阶段植物物种多样性与群落结构多样性变化规律

以海南中部山区的草地、灌丛、次生林和原始林为演替系列,研究植被演替过程中群落结构多样性与物种多样性的变化规律。结果表明,群落演替过程中植物科属种数、总体Shannon-Wiener指数和Margalef指数、乔灌木层的Shannon-Wiener指数和Margalef指数及垂直结构多样性指数都显著增大;群落结构多样性指数分别与群落植物科属种数、总体alpha物种多样性指数、灌木层和乔木层物种alpha多样性指数都显著正相关。通过恢复演替,植被复杂性和质量都呈增大趋势。     

Effects of water-saving irrigation on weed infestation and diversity in paddy fields in East China

The purpose of the article is to investigate the effects of water-saving irrigation on weed infestation and diversity in paddy fields; a two-year field experiment was conducted in Gaoyou Irrigation District, China. The responses of two irrigation treatments, controlled irrigation (CI) and traditional irrigation (TI), were observed and compared. The irrigation water use, yield, weed density, coverage ratio, height, species richness, density, dominant species, Shannon–Wiener index, and Pielou index were examined to analyze the water productivity, weed infestation, and diversity in paddy fields under the two treatments. The results showed that the water conditions were similar before the late tillering stage, and thereafter the CI fields were alternatively dry and wet with shallow standing water and low soil water content, while the TI fields were mostly continuously flooded by deep standing water and high soil water content. Irrigation water use for CI was 46.8% lower than TI. The CI treatment reduced weed density by 38.0%, decreased coverage ratio by 13.8%, and resulted in a 39.0% increase in weed height. Fewer species were found in CI fields than TI fields. The Shannon–Wiener index decreased by 11.5%, and the Pielou index increased by 3.2%. The changed water regime under CI not only impeded the growth of dominant species but also placed the whole weed community at a relatively stable level with reduced weed density. Meanwhile, aquatic weeds were well controlled; however, semi-aquatic weeds became the dominant species. In general, CI effectively reduced the risk of weed outbreaks, and weed diversity also decreased when it reduced irrigation water use.     

广西南宁地区龙眼害虫群落结构及其动态研究

根据龙眼害虫群落内部物种的组成和数量，采用群落的几个参数进行分析和探讨群落内部的演替规律。结果表明，为害龙眼的害虫有３１科６７属７６种。优势种有１３种。每年３－９月是主要害虫发生为害高峰期。是生产中防治的重要。多样性指数以５、６月份最高。２月份最低。害虫生物学特性、树龄、气候条件和生态环境等都是影响害虫群落结构的主要因子。     

Model development for surface drainage loading estimates from paddy rice fields

A field experiment was performed at two Korean research sites to evaluate water and nutrient behavior in paddy rice culture operations for 2 years. One site was irrigated with groundwater, whereas the other site was irrigated with surface water. Both sites received average annual rainfall of about 1,300 mm, and about 70–80% of it was concentrated during July–September coinciding with rice growing season. Although most of the nutrient outflow was attributed to plant uptake, nutrient loss by surface drainage was substantial. The simplified computer model, PADDIMOD, was developed to simulate water and nutrient behaviors in the paddy rice field. The model predicts daily ponded water depth, surface drainage, and nutrient concentrations. It was formulated with a few equations and simplified assumptions, but its application and a model fitness test indicated that the simulation results reasonably matched the observed data. It is a simple and practical planning model that could be used to evaluate nutrient loading from paddy rice fields alone or in combination with other complex watershed models. Further validation might be required for general application of the PADDIMOD to the simulation of paddy rice fields with various agricultural environments.     

不同复合种养模式稻田土壤细菌群落结构比较分析

利用高通量测序技术,在Illumina系统上对16 srRNA基因的V3～V4区进行测序,比较分析了“河蟹-稻”“非洲雁-稻”和“龙虾-稻”三种复合种养模式结穗期时稻田土壤细菌群落结构、多样性和丰度。各样本共检测到3 101个OTU,可将细菌分为48门、115纲、223目、39科、71属、1335种。三种复合种养模式的优势菌门相近,但有各自独有的菌属。Venn图分析表明,龙虾稻田物种数目最多,而非洲雁稻田独有物种数目最多。样本层级聚类分析结果表明,河蟹稻田和龙虾稻田的细菌群落结构相近,而与非洲雁稻田有较大差异。河蟹稻田的多样性指数Shannon值、丰富度指数Ace值和Chao值均高于龙虾稻田和非洲雁稻田,说明河蟹稻田有更好的土壤细菌生态组成。     

海南三亚和文昌稻田蜻蜓目成虫群落调查分析

蜻蜓目（Odonata）昆虫生活在不同的湿地中,越来越多地被用作评估环境质量及其变化的生物指标。弄清海南稻田蜻蜓目成虫群落组成和种群发展动态,可以为评价海南稻田环境质量提供依据。本研究于2017年对热带地区三亚市和亚热带地区文昌市的第1季和第2季稻田蜻蜓进行抽样调查,结果显示：蜻蜓群落在海南两季水稻不同生长期都稳定存在,种类有5~15种,数量为每百丛(3.70±0.67)~(14.00±0.57)头。蜻蜓群落多样性指数（H′）为2.007~2.193,均匀性指数（J）为0.786~0.808,优势集中性指数（C）为0.148~0.190。三亚和文昌分别采集到蜻蜓成虫3科15种和2科17种,第2季种类多于第1季,共有物种11种,两季群落相似系数（C_s）为0.701,优势种相似系数（C_s）为0.857。在三亚两季的分蘖期、花期和结实期个体数量有显著差异,而文昌两季不同时期个体数量无显著差异。三亚位于南繁区,杯斑小蟌（Agriocnemis femina）、翠胸黄蟌（Ceriagrion auranticum）和截斑脉蜻（Neurothemis tullia）可能是对南繁稻田环境变化敏感的种类。     

单季稻田节肢动物群落演替规律

 运用种类丰富度、数量、申农指数等指标,对浙江省富阳市的稻田节肢动物群落的演替过程进行了描述、分析。可将整个演替过程划分为扩展期、波动期、衰减期三个时段,依据对水稻的不同作用性质将节肢动物群落分为天敌、害虫、中性昆虫三个亚群落。从以上三个指标的分析结果来看,三种亚群落的演替过程具有不同步性。相比而言,天敌亚群落具有最高的丰富度和多样性,其贡献率几乎达到50%;中性昆虫亚群落与害虫亚群落三个指标的每周累加值具有相似性,但数量消长呈负相关性。     

Quantitative risk assessment for reclaimed wastewater irrigation on paddy rice field in Korea

Water shortage has become an important issue for Korean agriculture. Korea suffers from a limited agricultural water supply, and wastewater reuse has been recommended as an alternative solution. This study examined the concentrations of toxic heavy metals and Escherichia coli in a paddy rice field irrigated with reclaimed wastewater to evaluate the risk to farmers. Most epidemiological studies have been based on upland fields, and therefore may not be directly applicable to paddy fields. In this study, a Beta-Poisson model was used to estimate the microbial risk of pathogen ingestion. The risk value increased significantly after irrigation and precipitation. The results of the microbial risk assessment showed that risk values of groundwater and reclaimed wastewater irrigation were lower than the values of effluent directly from wastewater treatment plants. The monitoring results of heavy metals for each irrigated paddy fields did not show specific tendency. A risk assessment for toxic heavy metals was performed according to various exposure pathways; however, the results of the carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risk estimation showed that the risk from reclaimed wastewater-irrigated paddy fields was the lowest.     

天敌对稻飞虱的控制作用及其种群田间消长规律

针对目前辽宁省稻飞虱发生频繁、为害严重等现状,通过调查研究摸清稻飞虱不同种类的危害发生规律,以及稻飞虱天敌种类及其田间消长规律。这些调查研究,可为通过生态调节增强稻田天敌的作用和控制稻飞虱的为害提供理论和实践指导,从而控制或减少稻飞虱的暴发。