唾液酸对婴幼儿健康影响的研究进展

婴儿大脑的快速发育对膳食中营养物质的供应有极高需求,尤其是早产儿.唾液酸是脑神经节苷脂和修饰神经细胞黏附分子的聚唾液酸链的重要成分.人乳唾液酸含量较高,主要形式为N-乙酰神经氨酸.相比之下,婴儿配方乳粉中含有低水平的唾液酸,包括N-乙酰神经氨酸和N-羟乙酰神经氨酸,N-羟乙酰神经氨酸与一些人类炎症性疾病有关.本文综述唾...     

唾液酸及其分析方法研究进展

随着糖生物学和糖组学研究的不断深入,已阐明了碳水化合物对生物识别系统的巨大作用。唾液酸是糖基化的一种主要表现形式,涉及机体的多种生理和病理过程,尤其在作为肿瘤和癌症疾病的药物靶标方面发挥了重大作用。论文从唾液酸的基本结构、连接形式、化学衍生化方式及其分析检测方法等方面对唾液酸的主要分析方法进行综述,对唾液酸及其多糖衍生物的物质结构和生物学功能有了更全面的认识,有助于发现基于唾液酸的生物标记和药物靶标,用于临床疾病诊断或监测治疗效果,对未来的生物学研究和医学实践提供了一条新的研究途径。     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒M/GP5糖蛋白复合物可通过唾液酸依赖途径与唾液酸黏附素受体结合

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)是世界范围内威胁猪健康的最主要的因素,被认为是当今养猪业中最重要的病毒病。在过去的几年中,对病毒侵入宿主细胞的研究使许多病毒受体及病毒进入调控因子被鉴定出来。然而,与这些大分子相对应的病毒组分仍不清楚,这使得合理开发新型疫苗变得很困难。该研究的主要目的是鉴定巨噬细胞上的关键性PRRSV受体—唾液酸黏附素相对应的病毒组分。为此,作者构建了可溶性的唾液酸黏附素并对其进行验证。在唾液酸依赖途径中,可溶性的唾液酸黏附素可以与PRRSV结合,并阻断PRRSV对巨噬细胞的感染,因此可以确定唾液酸黏附素是巨噬细胞上PRRSV所必需的受体。尽管唾液酸也存在于膜糖蛋白GP3、GP4和GP5中,但是只有PRRSV的M/GP5糖蛋白复合物被证实为唾液酸黏附素的配基。试验结果发现,两者之间的相互作用依赖于唾液酸黏附素结合唾液酸的能力及GP5上的唾液酸。这些研究结果不仅有利于更好的了解PRRSV的生物学特性,而且该研究结果及研究方法是开发PRRSV新型疫苗的关键。     

流感病毒受体特异性间接ELISA检测方法的建立

本研究采用过碘酸钠法对去唾液酸胎球蛋白进行辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)标记,然后通过两种不同类型的唾液酸转移酶对HRP去唾液酸胎球蛋白进行唾液酸标记,使其成为只含有单一受体的载体。利用MAA和SNA以及已知受体特性的两株流感病毒对唾液酸标记的HRP去唾液酸胎球蛋白进行受体结合特异性鉴定。结果表明,该方法可以快速准确的鉴定流感病毒的受体特异性。     

流感病毒受体特异性红细胞检测试剂的制备及初步应用

为优化流感病毒受体特异性的检测方法,本研究利用霍乱弧菌神经氨酸酶(VCNA)对鸡红细胞(RBC)进行去唾液酸化处理后,再分别通过α2,3和α2,6唾液酸转移酶以CMP-唾液酸作为底物进行不同唾液酸受体的标记,使其分别仅含SAα2,3Gal和SA2,6Gal受体,利用血凝试验和流式细胞仪检测其标记效果。流式检测结果显示,经过α2,3唾液酸转移酶处理的红细胞只含有SAα2,3唾液酸受体,而α2,6唾液酸转移酶只将SAα2,6唾液酸受体标记到红细胞表面。将两种红细胞分别经过人流感病毒和禽流感病毒的检测,表明该方法可以快速鉴定流感病毒的受体特异性。本研究所建立的流感病毒受体特异性标记和检测方法为流感病毒宿主嗜性范围的检测提供了一种有效的技术手段。     

牛奶中唾液酸的生物学功能研究

牛奶中含有丰富的唾液酸,尤其是在初乳中,它在各种生命活动中起着重要的作用,特别是在细胞与细胞之间的相互作用、神经生长、突触联系、记忆形成等方面.近年来,唾液酸及其衍生物在治疗流感、神经性疾病、炎症、肿瘤等方面有很重要的应用价值.     

小鼠及大鼠原代肥大细胞表面唾液酸受体的表达

肥大细胞(MC)是机体重要的效应性和调节性免疫细胞,为研究流感病毒唾液酸受体在肥大细胞表面的表达情况,我们建立了小鼠和大鼠皮肤、腹腔、肺脏原代肥大细胞的分离、纯化、鉴定方法。通过植物凝集素免疫荧光染色的方法对肥大细胞表面唾液酸受体的表达情况进行定性检测。结果发现,小鼠、大鼠的腹腔和肺脏原代肥大细胞同时表达SAα2,3Gal和SAα2,6 Gal两种常见的流感病毒唾液酸受体,即同时表达禽流感病毒受体和人流感病毒受体。     

SPF鸡各组织中流感病毒唾液酸受体的分布

为了解SPF鸡体内各组织中流感病毒唾液酸受体分布状况,本研究采用凝集素免疫荧光组织染色的方法,系统检测了流感病毒唾液酸受体在SPF鸡呼吸系统、消化系统以及其它系统各组织中的分布,并进行半定量分析。结果表明,大部分组织中均同时存在唾液酸α2,3-半乳糖受体与唾液酸α2,6-半乳糖受体,只有少部分组织仅存在其中一种受体,这种受体分布的广泛性与流感病毒组织噬性相一致;但鼻甲与喉头中唾液酸受体明显低于许多其他组织,这也表明不能简单的通过唾液酸受体的有无或者密度高低来判定病毒在各组织中的实际分布与复制增殖情况,或许还有其他机制参与了病毒入侵与增殖的过程。     

唾液酸受体在家禽肾和生殖系统组织中的表达

为了观察流感病毒唾液酸α2,3-半乳糖和唾液酸α2,6-半乳糖两种受体在鸡、鸭两种家禽肾脏和生殖系统组织中分布和表达的特征,本研究利用凝集素免疫荧光组织染色方法对各器官组织进行了系统的定性分析。结果显示,唾液酸α2,3-半乳糖和唾液酸α2,6-半乳糖这两种受体在鸡、鸭肾脏和生殖系统中皆有分布,其中唾液酸α2,3-半乳糖的分布更为广泛。这一研究结果提示,鸡、鸭肾脏和生殖系统组织细胞对禽流感病毒和人流感病毒都存在易感的基础,且更容易感染禽源的流感病毒。     

超高效液相色谱-串联四极杆质谱法测定奶粉中唾液酸的含量

本研究建立了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定奶粉中唾液酸含量的分析方法。利用酸水解法释放奶粉中的唾液酸,采用BEH HILIC色谱柱分离,以100%甲醇溶液和0.1%甲酸水溶液作为流动相进行等度洗脱,流速为0.25m L/min,进样体积为5μL,柱温30℃。采用电喷雾质谱检测,正离子模式和多反应监测模式进行定性和定量分析。唾液酸在0.1~1.0mg/L范围内与唾液酸峰面积的线性关系良好(R2=0.999),检出限为0.01mg/L,样品平均加标回收率为98.3%,相对标准偏差为4.8%。该方法前处理简单、快速、重复性好、灵敏度高,可广泛用于母乳、牛乳和奶粉中唾液酸含量的测定。     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1984

In late December 1984, 1853 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1984 and 35% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 97,794 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1417 dogs (1.45% of those tested) were found with heartworm. Another 34 dogs were amicrofilaremic, but were diagnosed as having heartworm disease, to give the total number diagnosed in 1984 as 1451 (1.48%). Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland but most (1310) of the cases were in Ontario. In Quebec, 126 cases were reported mostly from west of Montreal.

Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 27% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 72% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1983

In late December 1983, 2 800 veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of heartworm disease in Canada in 1983 and 26% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 59 504 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 771 dogs (1.30% of those tested) were found with Dirofilaria immitis. Heartworm disease was diagnosed in all provinces except New Brunswick and Newfoundland but most (733) of the cases were in Ontario.

Heartworm disease was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 31% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 64% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continues to be the focus of the infection and most of the dogs there had not left the province previously.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1991

In late November 1991, 1883 clinics in Canada were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in 1991 and there was a 60.0% response. There were 344,031 dogs tested for heart-worm (HW), 627 were found infected and the prevalence of HW infection was 0.18%. There were 417 dogs with HW in Ontario, 116 in Manitoba, 38 in Quebec, 53 in British Columbia, three in Alberta, and one in Nova Scotia. In British Columbia, all of the infected dogs but one were from the Okanagan valley which, as from 1991, is a new focus of infection in Canada. Most dogs with HW had not been on preventive medication in 1990, and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 0.59%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Companion dogs, over three years of age and maintained primarily outdoors in rural areas, were most frequently infected. One cat was diagnosed with D. immitis and 33 dogs had Dipetalonema reconditium.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1985

In late December 1985, 1485 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1985 and 44% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 137,300 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1210 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 36 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number diagnosed in 1985 as 1247 (0.91%).

Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Saskatchewan but most (1126) of the cases were in Ontario. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. From Quebec, 91 cases were reported mostly from and around Montreal. From Manitoba, 19 cases were reported from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 28% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 78% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1988

In late November 1988, 1581 small and mixed animal clinics and institutional veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1988, and 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 181,577 dogs were blood-tested for heartworm disease and 367 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 60 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1988 as 441 (0.24%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1989

In late November 1989, 1732 clinics and institutional veterinarians were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis, and 51.7% responded. Of 247,716 dogs tested, 394 had D. immitis microfilariae and 51 were amicrofilaremic for a total of 445 cases and heartworm prevalence of 0.17%. Most (408) of these dogs had no preventive medication and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 1.01%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Thirty-seven dogs with heartworm had preventive medication. Heartworm was most frequent in companion dogs over three years of age maintained outdoors in rural areas. About 75% of the cases had never left Canada, 26% had clinical signs and 125 were not treated.

Heartworm was reported from British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, but 383 cases were in Ontario. South-western Ontario was the primary focus of infection. There were 33 cases in Quebec and 24 in Manitoba, mainly found in and around Metropolitan Montreal and Winnipeg respectively.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1987

In late November 1987, 1246 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1987, and 50% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 165,428 dogs were blood tested for heartworm disease and 511 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 78 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1987 as 589 (0.35%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1986

In late December 1986, 1224 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1986; 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 150,989 dogs were blood-tested for microfilariae and 869 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 65 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease and one was found with heartworm at necropsy to give the total number diagnosed in 1986 as 935 (0.62%).

Heartworm was reported from Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario and Quebec, but most (810) of the cases were from Ontario. South-western Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. There were 103 cases reported from Quebec, mostly from and around Montreal, and 21 cases from Manitoba, from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 33% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 81% had a history of not having left Canada.