不同叶果型栀子植株果内栀子苷和西红花苷含量分析

为给栀子种质资源评价及其活性成分的开发利用提供参考依据,对6种叶果型栀子植株(共60株)的叶片、果实形态参数,果实内部栀子苷、西红花苷含量进行了观测和分析。测定结果表明:同一栽培群体下栀子植株果实中的栀子苷、西红花苷含量间差异显著,其含量范围分别为1.75%~5.60%、0.33%~4.05%,大果型和中、小果型其栀子苷含量间存在显著差异。相关性分析结果表明,栀子苷与果实纵径间具有显著的正相关性(r=0.280),而与西红花苷含量间有极显著的正相关性(r=0.482),其它形态参数与栀子苷、西红花苷含量间均无显著相关性。稳定性试验结果表明:多数植株样本两年内果实中的栀子苷、西红花苷含量均稳定,而少数植株的含量却突增。同一栽培群体中的栀子植株存在着丰富的遗传多样性,果实内部栀子苷、西红花苷含量受遗传分化的影响均较大。     

不同蓝莓品种果实抗氧化能力比较研究

以引种栽培于湖南省森林植物园的5个蓝莓品种‘灿烂’、"蓝月"、‘库帕’、‘伯克利’、‘布里吉塔’为试验材料,测定其采收后的果实中可溶性多糖、Vc、还原型谷胱甘肽、总花色苷4种抗氧化物质的含量,并测定其果实中代表抗氧化活性的DPPH自由基清除能力和SOD的活性,同时分析比较4种抗氧化物质与DPPH自由基清除能力之间的相关性。结果表明:5个品种中‘蓝月’的Vc含量、还原型谷胱甘肽含量、总花色苷含量、DPPH自由基清除能力以及SOD活性均显著高于其他4个品种(P0.05);Vc含量、还原型谷胱甘肽含量以及总花色苷含量与DPPH自由基清除能力成显著正相关关系(P0.05);可溶性多糖含量与DPPH自由基清除能力相关性较弱。说明5个品种中‘蓝月’的抗氧化能力最强。     

Chemical composition and antioxidant capacity of the aqueous extract of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phellodendron amurense</Emphasis>

The aqueous extract of Phellodendron amurense Rupr. (Amur Cork Tree) provides a rich source of antioxidants and chemical compounds, and can be used for food and wood preservative materials. In this study, we characterized the chemical composition of this extract by GC and GC/MS. The antioxidant capacity was evaluated using a variety of antioxidant assays (superoxide radical, hydroxyl radical, nitric oxide radical, and DPPH radical scavenging activity). Additionally, total polyphenolic content was determined. Phenolic acids and acetone derivatives were major compounds of the extract capable of scavenging the DPPH free radical and reducing ferric ions. DPPH and ferric ion reduction results were strongly correlated with total phenolic content of the extract which also exhibited strong nitric oxide, hydroxyl radical scavenging and superoxide anion radical scavenging activities.     

北方主要越橘栽培品种果实品质及抗氧化能力的比较

以北方主要越橘栽培品种为材料,进行了果实品质、抗氧化物质及其能力的比较分析。结果表明,6个品种中北蓝（Northblue）果形最大,蓝丰（Bluecrop）果实总糖含量最高,美登（Blomidon）果实的可溶性固形物和总酸含量最高。越橘果实的主要抗氧化物质为花色苷、酚类和类黄酮化合物,其中,北蓝果实的花色苷和总黄酮含量最高,北陆（Northland）的多酚含量最高,伯克利（Berkeley）的花色苷、总黄酮和多酚含量均最低。通过总还原力、DPPH和清除超氧自由基的检测,蓝丰、北蓝、北陆的抗氧化能力较强,伯克利的抗氧化能力最弱。     

12个楸树无性系叶片多酚含量与抗氧化活性

自由基具有强氧化性,机体衰老及多种疾病如肿瘤、炎症、神经退行性疾病、动脉粥样硬化等的诱发促进机制都与自由基有关[1]。自由基的减少,不仅要靠自身的清除系统,还需要外部抗氧化剂的协助。近年来,关于合成抗氧化剂的副作用受到人们更多的关注,因此,寻找安全、高效的植物源类抗氧化剂,已成为食品领域研究的热点。楸树(Catalpa bungei C.A.Mey.)为紫葳科(Bignoniaceae)梓属植物,落叶乔木,《本草纲目》记载楸树树皮、叶具有药     

Chemical composition and antioxidant capacity of the aqueous extract of Phellodendron amurense

The aqueous extract of Phellodendron amurense Rupr.(Amur Cork Tree) provides a rich source of antioxidants and chemical compounds, and can be used for food and wood preservative materials.In this study, we characterized the chemical composition of this extract by GC and GC/MS.The antioxidant capacity was evaluated using a variety of antioxidant assays(superoxide radical,hydroxyl radical, nitric oxide radical, and DPPH radical scavenging activity).Additionally, total polyphenolic content was determined.Phenolic acids and acetone derivatives were major compounds of the extract capable of scavenging the DPPH free radical and reducing ferric ions.DPPH and ferric ion reduction results were strongly correlated with total phenolic content of the extract which also exhibited strong nitric oxide, hydroxyl radical scavenging and superoxide anion radical scavenging activities.     

香椿叶提取物清除DPPH自由基能力的测定方法

建立了以分光光度法测定天然抗氧化剂清除2,2-二苯基-1-苦肼基(DPPH)自由基能力的方法。通过测定芦丁、檞皮素、抗坏血酸、没食子酸的DPPH自由基清除率曲线,提出以IC50值作为评价试样清除DPPH自由基能力的指标,并将此应用于测定香椿叶提取物清除DPPH自由基的能力。通过测定香椿叶提取物与DPPH溶液反应后,DPPH溶液在517 nm处的吸光度的变化,确定了测定香椿叶提取物清除DPPH自由基能力的条件。即:测定波长517 nm,反应时间50 m in。在此条件下测得的以总黄酮计的香椿叶提取物清除DPPH自由基的IC50值为22.026。     

Anti-inflammatory,cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, COX-1 inhibitory and antioxidant effects of Dysophylla stellata Benth.

The n-hexane and ethyl acetate extracts of whole plants of Dysophylla stellata significantly inhibited edema when applied topically at doses of 0.5 and 1 mg/ear in TPA-induced ear edema assay in mice. Further, both the extracts were evaluated for COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitory activities and showed 85.42 and 57.38%; and 71.79 and 89.27% inhibition at 50 µg/ml, respectively. Chromones (1 and 2) present in these extracts could be responsible for their COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitory and anti-inflammatory activities. The ethyl acetate extract showed antioxidant activity in DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assay where as n-hexane extract found to be inactive.     

Identification and evaluation of antioxidant activities of bamboo extracts

The antioxidant activity of solvent extracts from two main bamboo species, moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) and madake bamboo (P bambusoides) in Japan, was first evaluated by scavenging free radical of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), the inhibition activity for peroxidation of linoleic acid, and the reduction power. The methanol-extracts of moso bamboo culms and madake bamboo leaves presented stronger antioxidant activity compared with DPPH scavenging activity. Methanol-extract of moso bamboo culms was further fractionated by different solvents and n-butanol soluble fraction exhibited the most significant activity in the DPPH scavenging assay. The fractionation of n-butanol soluble extract was isolated by silica gel column with gradient mixture solvent of chloroform and methanol. The isolated fractions were directed by the antioxidant activity measured by scavenging the stable DPPH free radical. It was observed that most of the eluted fractions showed the antioxidative activity. Fractions acquired from elution with the mixture solvent of chloroform and methanol (10:1-5:1) showed stronger antioxidant activity than the other fractions.     

Polyphenol oxidase and its relationship with oleuropein concentration in fruits and leaves of olive (Olea europaea) cv. 'Picual' trees during fruit ripening

Oleuropein, the main phenolic compound of olive fruit, has important antioxidant properties that are responsible for some of the nutritional properties of fruits and the defence mechanism of leaves. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity changes during fruit ripening in many plants. We studied the kinetics and molecular properties of PPO in fruits and leaves of olive (Olea europaea L.) cv. 'Picual' trees and the relationship between PPO and oleuropein concentration during fruit ripening. Polyphenol oxidase showed hyperbolic kinetics in fruits and leaves. Significant increases in PPO specific activity, V(max), K(m )and catalytic efficiency occurred during fruit ripening. Based on SDS-PAGE under partially denaturing conditions and in-gel staining with DL-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, PPO activity was found in one major protein of 55 and 50 kDA in fruits and leaves, respectively. During the last stages of fruit maturation, a second 36 kDa protein was observed in fruits but not in leaves, indicating that this protein could serve as a marker of the final phase of fruit maturation. Under fully denaturing conditions, only one 27.7 kDa immunoreactive band was detected in fruits. Both the amount of PPO activity and the amount of PPO protein increased significantly during fruit maturation. Immunohistochemical studies indicated that PPO is located in the epidermis, parenchyma and companion vascular cells of leaves as well as in the epidermis of fruit. During fruit maturation, oleuropein concentration measured by HPLC significantly decreased in fruits and increased in leaves.     

Free radical scavenging activity of different extracts and some constituents from the leaves of Ligustrum vulgare and L. delavayanum

The free radical scavenging activity of the water infusions, different organic solvent extracts and some constituents from Ligustrum vulgare and Ligustrum delavayanum leaves was assessed with the aid of DPPH radical. Among the samples screened, water infusions had the strongest free radical scavenging capacity. From the tested compounds scavenging active flavonoid aglycones are present in the most active chloroform fractions from both leaves samples.     

Anti-acne activity of tannin-related compounds isolated from Terminalia laxiflora

In our investigation to find out new anti-acne agent, we focused on Terminalia laxiflora Engl & Diels (Combretaceae) methanolic wood extract, which has been selected during previous screening experiments for anti-acne agents, which included 29 species of Sudanese medicinal plants. Based on the biologically guided fractionation using an antibacterial assay against Propionibacterium acnes, a lipase inhibitory assay and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity assay; five tannin-related compounds were isolated, such as ellagic acid, flavogallonic acid dilactone, terchebulin and gallic acid. Terchebulin showed good antibacterial activity; minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) = 125 μg/ml and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) = 250 μg/ml. Gallic acid exhibited lipase inhibitory activity with IC₅₀ value of 149.3 μM, which showed strong inhibition compared with terchebulin, IC₅₀ 260.7 μM. However, all compounds exhibited better or equal DPPH radical scavenging activity to (+)-catechin as positive control. Ellagic acid and terchebulin showed the best DPPH radical scavenging activities, IC₅₀ 4.86 and 4.90 μM, respectively. This study demonstrated that terchebulin has potentiality as an anti-acne agent.     

Structure and antioxidant activity of polysaccharide POJ-U1a extracted by ultrasound from Ophiopogon japonicus

An ultrasonic technique was employed to extract polysaccharides from Ophiopogon japonicus. The ultrasonic extracted polysaccharides (POJ-U) were purified, and POJ-U1a (a homogeneous fraction) was obtained. The structural characteristics of POJ-U1a were investigated by infrared spectra, gas chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, periodate oxidation, Smith degradation, methylation analysis, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The results indicated that the relative molecular weight of POJ-U1a was 4.02 × 10³ Da. POJ-U1a was an α-configuration polysaccharide with a highly branched structure, and consisted of pyranoside and funanside. The backbone of POJ-U1a consisted of 1,6-α-d-glucopyranose and 1,3,6-α-d-glucofuranose in the molar ratio of 7:3, while the branched chains were mainly composed of 1,3-α-d-glucopyranose and 1-α-d-glucopyranose in the molar ratio of 1:3. The branched structure of POJ-U1a was proved intuitively by AFM. Significant antioxidant activity of POJ-U1a has been proved as shown by its DPPH radical scavenging, hydrogen radical scavenging and superoxide anion scavenging activities, which indicated that POJ-U1a showed strong antioxidant activity.     

偃松松塔多糖的单糖组成分析及活性研究

偃松松塔经乙醇提取后,渣经热水提取、喷雾干燥、醇沉制备偃松松塔多糖(PPCP),并用苯酚硫酸法检测多糖的含量,气相色谱法测定PPCP的单糖组成。研究结果表明:PPCP是一种杂多糖,主要由阿拉伯糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖和半乳糖组成,具有典型的多糖红外光谱特征,4种单糖物质的量比为2.33∶1.00∶2.20∶1.94。通过测定PPCP清除DPPH·、·ABTS^+的能力以及还原能力评价PPCP抗氧化活性,然后通过体外实验评估其对RAW 264.7巨噬细胞免疫调节活性,结果表明:偃松松塔多糖有较强的自由基清除能力和Fe^3+还原能力,偃松松塔多糖以浓度依赖性方式表现出较强的抗氧化活性,在多糖质量浓度为2.0 g/L时,DPPH·的清除率(79.72%)达到最大,·ABTS^+清除率(39.63%)达到最大,其Fe^3+还原能力也达到最大值(0.78);松塔多糖能够刺激RAW 264.7巨噬细胞产生大量的NO,并没有对细胞增殖产生影响。     

Flavonoid content and radical scavenging activity in fruits of Chinese dwarf cherry (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cerasus humilis</Emphasis>) genotypes

The Chinese dwarf cherry (Cerasus humilis (Bge.) Sok.) is a small shrub with edible fruits. It is native to northern and western China. This species was included as a medicinal plant in the “Chinese Pharmacopeia” and has emerged as an economically important crop for fresh fruit consumption, processing into juice and wine and nutraceutical products as well. To gain a better understanding of flavonoid biosynthesis and help develop value added products and better cultivars with greater health benefits, we analyzed total flavonoid content (TFC), composition, and radical scavenging activities in fruit extracts of 16 Chinese dwarf cherry genotypes. Fruit peel TFC ranged from 33.5 to 72.8 mg/g RE·FW (RE: rutin equivalent, FW: fresh weight) while fruit flesh TFC ranged from 4.3 to 16.9 mg/g RE·FW. An HPLC analysis revealed that fruit extracts contained 14 flavonoids with considerable variation in their profiles across genotypes. The most abundant flavonoids in most genotypes were proanthocyanidin B1 (PA-B1), proanthocyanidin B2 (PA-B2), phloretin 2′-O-glucoside (PG), and phloretin 2′,4′-O-diglucoside (PDG). Principal component analysis showed that PG, PA-B1, and PA-B2 had large, positive factor loading values in the first principal component for each genotype. Increased scavenging activity of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals was apparent in genotypes ‘Nongda 4’, ‘Nongda 3’, ‘Nongda 6’, ‘Wenfenli’, and ’10-32’, suggesting promising applications in the production of nutraceutical products. In summary, our results will aid in breeding, fruit processing, and developing medicinal uses of the Chinese dwarf cherry.     

A new flavonoid glycoside from the leaf of Cephalotaxus koreana

A new flavone glycoside, apigenin 5-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->3)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (1), along with four known flavonol glycosides (2-5), were isolated from the leaf of Cephalotaxus koreana. The new glycoside 1 showed inhibitory activity in superoxide radical scavenging assay with IC(50) value of 13.0 microM, while it showed weak activity in 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay. Compounds 2-5 exhibited antioxidant activity in scavenging DPPH and superoxide radicals with IC(50) values ranging from 5.7 to 22.3 microM.     

Antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of naphthalene derivatives from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Diospyros kaki</Emphasis>

4,8-Dihydroxy-5-methoxy-2-naphthaldehyde (Compound I) was isolated from blackened heartwood of Diospyros kaki and was methylated with diazomethane. Antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of Compound I and two methylated derivatives [4-hydroxy-5,8-dimethoxy-2-(2-oxopropyl)-naphthalene (D-1) and 2-glycidyl-4-hydroxy-5,8-dimethoxy naphthalene (D-2)] were evaluated. Compound I showed higher 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and reducing power than D-1 and D-2. However, D-1 and D-2 exhibited slightly stronger 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)⁺ (ABTS⁺) radical scavenging activity than Compound I. Compound I also exhibited stronger cytotoxic activity than D-1 and D-2 against the growth of HT-29 colon cancer cells. The results supported the hypothesis that methylation of naphthalene derivatives slightly increased ABTS⁺ radical scavenging activity, but significantly decreased DPPH radical scavenging activity, reducing power, and cytotoxic activity.     

Free radical scavenging activity of extracts prepared from fresh leaves of selected Chinese medicinal plants

The free radical scavenging activity of the 80% methanolic extracts from fresh leaves of 300 Chinese medical woody plants was assessed with the aid of the stable DPPH radical. Among the plants screened, 56 species had strong free radical scavenging capacities, with IC50 values lower than 0.5 mg leaves per milliliter. Analysis of the medical uses of these plants showed that most of them are employed for their effects on hemostasis, as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial or for treatment of dysentery. These uses may be directly linked to the content in tannins and flavonoids and consequently to their free radical scavenging activities.     

Antioxidative and EROD activities of osajin and pomiferin

The major constituents of fruits of Maclura pomifera are the prenylated isoflavones, osajin (1) and pomiferin (2). Since significant biological activities of extracts from the wood of M. pomifera were previously reported, the peroxynitrite scavenging activity, inhibition of lipid peroxidation, scavenging of DPPH and EROD activity of these two major substances were studied.     

Radical scavenging capacity of Agrimonia eupatoria and Agrimonia procera

The antioxidant activity of Agrimonia eupatoria (Agrimony) and Agrimonia procera (Fragrant agrimony) extracts was assessed by measuring in DPPH radical scavenging and ABTS(+) radical decolourisation reaction systems. Radical scavenging capacity of agrimony extracts varied in a wide range (9.1-97.5% in DPPH reaction and 6.7-79.5% in ABTS reaction) depending on the polarity of the solvent used to obtain the extract.