粉红螺旋聚孢霉与枯草芽胞杆菌共培养发酵滤液生防与促生活性

粉红螺旋聚孢霉是一种重要的植病生防真菌.本文研究了不同营养条件下粉红螺旋聚孢霉67-1与枯草芽胞杆菌B006共培养发酵滤液的生物活性和生防作用.采用平板培养测定共培养发酵滤液对大豆菌核病菌菌核形成,以及甘蓝枯萎病菌和西瓜枯萎病菌菌丝生长的影响;采用6孔组织培养板测定对根结线虫2龄幼虫的抑杀活性;通过平皿测定和温室盆栽试...     

进口大豆检疫中存在的问题

张家港口岸年进口大豆在 1 0 0万t以上 ,主要来自美国、巴西和阿根廷。现把大豆检疫中的一些问题和想法与大家交流。1　有害生物种类多进口大豆主要携带杂草、病菌和昆虫 ,其中有一类危险性病害大豆疫霉菌 ,二类危险性杂草假高粱、黑高粱 ,三类有害杂草豚草、三裂叶豚草、锯齿大戟、假苍耳等。进口大豆经常携带的其它有害生物还有裂叶牵牛、决明、小白花牵牛、苍耳、苘麻、鬼针草、野生向日葵、曲霉菌、镰刀菌、大豆霜霉菌、链格孢菌、黑粉菌、大豆菌核菌、根霉菌、玉米象、赤拟谷盗、锈赤扁谷盗和印度谷螟等。2　输出国检疫证书与事实不符…     

CLIMEX-GIS预测大豆北方茎溃疡病菌在中国的潜在分布

大豆北方茎溃疡病菌是大豆的重要病原菌,广泛分布于世界主要大豆产区,造成严重的产量和品质损失。本文应用生物模型CLIMEX结合GIS软件预测大豆北方茎溃疡病菌在中国的适生区,并根据EI值划分相应的适生等级。结果表明,大豆北方茎溃疡病菌在我国绝大部分地区适合生长,其中东北地区、华北地区和云贵高原地区处于中适生区或高适生区。该菌在我国还未报道,通过分析其在我国潜在分布区对于防止病菌的传入、传播和蔓延有重要的检疫意义。     

大豆茎溃疡病菌的生物学特性及其传入我国的风险

大豆南北方茎溃疡病菌是为害大豆的重要病原菌,是我国的检疫性有害生物.本文通过对这两种病菌生物学特性的了解,根据我国的作物种植特点及气候条件,对其传入我国的风险进行了评估,结果认为这两种病菌传入中国并在中国定殖、定殖后扩散等的可能性极大,风险为高.     

人工培养基上稻曲病菌拟菌核诱导的初步研究

 稻曲病菌在水稻孕穗期侵染水稻小花,在水稻灌浆后期只在个别稻曲球上形成菌核。因此,稻曲病菌菌核分化与发育基因功能研究的相关试验难度较高。为了探究稻曲病菌在人工培养基上能否形成菌核,本文利用低温或杀菌剂环境对稻曲病菌进行了筛选。结果发现,在81个菌株中有13个在人工培养基上形成拟菌核组织,且它们可在低温处理时稳定地产生拟菌核组织。这些拟菌核组织在结构上与菌核类似,但体积较小且组织较为疏松,无法像菌核一样越冬和完成有性生殖。     

介绍一种高效杀菌剂──40％菌核净可湿性粉剂

介绍一种高效杀菌剂──４０％菌核净可湿性粉剂大豆、向日葵、油菜菌核病，是这几种主要油料作物的重要病害，发生面积大，为害损失严重，菌核病菌除为害这几种油料作物外，还为害番茄、黄瓜、芹菜、菜豆、甜椒、茄子、莴笋、甘蓝等多种蔬菜，尤其是保护地栽培中，为害损...     

大豆携带菜豆晕疫病菌PCR检测技术研究

晕疫病是豆科作物上重要的检疫性细菌病害。本研究在传统 PCR 检测技术的基础上,分析了细菌洗涤液、洗涤时间以及洗涤液容量对一粒带菌大豆检出率的影响,以及有效检出不同带菌率大豆的最佳检测时间。结果表明,洗涤液种类、洗涤时间以及洗涤液容量对检测结果影响不大,但对不同带菌率大豆洗涤时间的长短直接影响病菌的检出率,实验表明振荡洗涤时间8 h,可检测到的大豆种子最低带菌率为0.0625%。本研究所建立的检测方法简便易行,可有效应用于口岸检测进口大豆中的菜豆晕疫病菌。     

6种中草药提取物对12种植物病原真菌的生物活性

采用菌丝生长速率法,测定了6种中草药乙醇提取物对油菜菌核病菌、番茄灰霉病菌、番茄早疫病菌等12种植物病原菌的抑菌活性.结果表明：在粗提物质量浓度为1mg/mL时,红茴香提取物对油菜菌核病菌的抑制率为65.3％;补骨脂乙醇提取物除对番茄灰霉病菌和早疫病菌外,对其他10种病原菌的抑制率均在63％以上,其中对油菜菌核病菌抑制率最大,达到74.9％.在粗提物质量浓度为10mg/mL时,红茴香和补骨脂乙醇提取物对多数供试植物病原菌抑制率在60％以上,特别是对油菜菌核病菌,两种中药乙醇提取物抑制率分别为100％和88.3％;此外,在此浓度下,金钱草乙醇提取物对玉米大斑病菌,蓼子草乙醇提取物对小麦赤霉病菌的抑制率也在60％以上.可见红茴香和补骨脂乙醇提取物对油菜菌核病菌抑制活性最高,具有进一步研究的价值.     

山东省不同地区蔬菜菌核病菌对四霉素的敏感性

采用菌丝生长速率法测定了四霉素对采自山东省不同地区不同蔬菜作物的151株菌核病菌的毒力作用,同时比较了其对蔬菜菌核病菌不同生育阶段的抑制活性,并通过离体叶片法评价了四霉素对蔬菜菌核病的防治效果。结果表明:菌核病菌对四霉素比较敏感,敏感性频率呈单峰正态分布,151株病菌菌丝生长的平均EC₅₀值为 (0.29 ± 0.01) μg/mL,该值可作为蔬菜菌核病菌对四霉素的敏感基线。此外,经四霉素处理后,该病菌的菌核数量以及干重明显降低,菌核明显变小;2 μg/mL的处理对菌核萌发的抑制率达到100.00%。 离体黄瓜叶片接种试验表明,四霉素对菌核病具有较好的保护和治疗效果,且保护作用较为显著。在质量浓度为20 μg/mL时,四霉素对该病的防效显著高于对照药剂多菌灵和异菌脲。因此,四霉素具有防治蔬菜菌核病的潜在价值,可进一步通过田间试验验证其应用效果。     

紫花苜蓿伴生菌对菌核病菌的抑制作用

为了从紫花苜蓿伴生菌中筛选生物防治菌种,采用对峙法和滤液培养法对紫花苜蓿伴生菌与菌核病菌的拮抗关系进行了研究,并采用茎秆接种法探讨了紫花苜蓿伴生菌对菌核病菌的控制作用。从紫花苜蓿植株中分离获得的22种真菌中,射丝孢、无孢菌丝体和丝葚霉对菌核病菌具有明显的拮抗作用;接种第5天,在含射丝孢、无孢菌丝体和丝葚霉3种真菌菌液的培养基上,三叶草核盘菌的菌落直径分别为4.8、26.8和28.9 mm,与对照相比,分别降低了75.2、53.2和51.1 mm。虽然射丝孢和无孢菌丝体都不能阻止菌核病菌侵入寄主组织,但对菌核病菌入侵后病斑的扩展表现出不同程度的抑制作用,其效果因品种而异,2种菌种对品种FGC901和Algonguin病斑扩展均表现出较好的抑制作用。     

具条实蝇研究综述

具条实蝇[Bactrocera(Zeugodacus)scutellata(Hendel)]是我国对外重要检疫害虫,地理分布广,危害程度重,使我国果蔬生产遭受了严重经济损失。文章综述了具条实蝇的形态特征、分类地位、寄主范围、地理分布、种群数量动态以及分子生物学等方面的研究进展,并提出未来研究展望。     

Comparative biology of Mallada desjardinsi (navas) and Chrysoperla congrua (walker) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), predators of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and aphis gossypii (glover) (Homoptera: Aphididae) on cotton in eastern Tanzania

The developmental biology of Mallada desjardinsi (Navas) and Chrysoperla congrua (Walker) on the American bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera and the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii was studied in the laboratory at 28–32°C. Total larva! periods of M. desjardinsi and C. congrua on H. armigera eggs were 14.4 and 14.8 days respectively. However, when reared on A. gossypii larval periods of M. desjardinsi and C. congrua were 14.9 and 13.5 days respectively. When reared on H. armigera 52.9% and 25% respectively of third instars of M. desjardinsis and C. congrua sp. died before pupation. However, when reared on A. gossypii 82.6% and 46.9% respectively of third instars of M. desjardinsi and C. congrua died before pupation. Thus, H. armigera eggs and A. gossypii nymphs were both adequate but not optimal diets for chrysopid larval development. The number of prey consumed by M. desjardinsi and C. congrua increased with instar. Total larval consumption of H. armigera by M. desjardinsi and C. congrua was determined to be 135.5 and 169.8 eggs respectively. However, total larval consumption of A. gossypii by M. desjardinsi and C. congrua was found to be 189.0 and 171.8 nymphs respectively. Because of its longer larval period, and higher consumption of A. gossypii, M. desjardinsi would be better suited for use against A. gossypii than C. congrua. In contrast, C. congrua whose consumption of H. armigera was higher than that of M. desjardinsi although their larval periods were similar, would appear promising for control of H. armigera.     

胡瓜新小绥螨对B型烟粉虱的控制能力

为明确胡瓜新小绥螨Neoseiulus cucumeris Oudermans对烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci Gennadius的控害潜能,在（26±1）℃、相对湿度65%±5%、光周期16L：8D条件下,研究了各螨态胡瓜新小绥螨对不同发育阶段烟粉虱的捕食作用。结果表明,胡瓜新小绥螨幼螨期较短,不取食烟粉虱,其他不同螨态的胡瓜新小绥螨可捕食除4龄若虫和成虫以外的其他各虫态的烟粉虱,捕食功能反应符合HollingⅡ型;胡瓜新小绥螨雌成螨对烟粉虱卵的日捕食量最大（8.5粒/雌）,对烟粉虱3龄若虫的日捕食量最小（2.1头/雌）;雌成螨对烟粉虱卵具有较高的瞬间攻击率（0.038）和寻找效应（0.025）。研究表明,胡瓜新小绥螨对烟粉虱卵及低龄若虫的捕食能力较强,是烟粉虱发生初期的有效天敌。     

Base-catalysed hydrolysis of (E)- and (Z)-mevinphos

The rates at which (E)- and (Z)-mevinphos are hydrolysed in aqueous solutions in the pH range 8.7–11.5, and in the temperature range 30–50°C, have been measured. The overall activation parameters have been calculated, and equations to allow calculation of the rates in any basic conditions are given. The complicated routes by which (E)- and (Z)-mevinphos are hydrolysed to simple molecules have been deduced. The rates for the individual steps in each route have been either measured experimentally, or have been calculated through analogue simulation of all the reactions, by matching the calculated to the observed ultraviolet spectral changes during hydrolysis. It is proposed that (Z)-2-carboxyl-1-methylvinyl dimethyl phosphate is not observed as a hydrolysis product of (Z)-mevinphos because it decomposes by an extremely fast intramolecular reaction. The reasons for the greater lability of (E)-mevinphos are also discussed.     

Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera,Gelechiidae) in the Republic of Srpska (Bosnia and Herzegovina)

Pheromone traps were placed in the market place in Banja Luka, and in greenhouses and open field tomato crops, on 13 September 2010 to determine the presence of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Banja Luka region. Based on examination of traps, the presence of T. absoluta was confirmed for the first time in the Republic of Srpska. Only mines of Liriomyza species were found by examining leaves under a stereomicroscope. In 2011, pheromone traps were placed in greenhouses at several locations (Banja Luka, Prijedor, Novi Grad, Kozarska Dubica, Ljubinje and Trebinje) at the beginning of June, and in open fields in Bijeljina and Trebinje at the beginning of September. Examination of the traps was carried out at intervals of 15 days. A sample of 100 leaves, taken from 20 randomly selected plants, was examined in order to evaluate the intensity of the attack. The first adults were caught in greenhouses in Ljubinje and Trebinje on 18 June 2011; in open field crops in Bijeljina on 9 September 2011 and in Banja Luka on 5 October 2011. Adults were not captured in Prijedor, Novi Grad or Kozarska Dubica, and no mined leaves were observed. The intensity of attack was evaluated on the basis of active infestation (percentage of leaves with active mines compared with all mined leaves). The strongest intensity of active infestation was recorded in the open field crops in Trebinje, where 19% of leaves with active mines were found.