Veränderte Ährenfertilität bei einhalmiger Sommergerste durch Einsatz von Bioregulatoren

Changes in fertility of ears in monoculm summer barley after application of plant growth regulators
The effect of plant growth regulators (PGR) upon the structure of the ears in the monoculm summer barley Kindred Uniculm was tested during four years in pot experiments.
The influence of CCC + Ancymidol and RSW on yield structure of the whole plant and the ear which was divided in three parts (basal = 1.–5. spike internode, medial = 6.–10. spike internode, apical = off 11. spike internode) was measured. The application of PGR's in EC 32 increased kernel yield every year in a range from 11–21 %. Number of kernels were strongly improved while the thousand kernels weight remained unchanged. The increase in number of kernels in the apical zone was higher (26–64 %) than in the basal zone (0–10 %). Obviously "medial dominance" was reduced as the single kernel weight was the same in untreated plants.
The decrease of GA₁-content was evident after application of PGR's. A correlation between GA₁-content and plant height was found.     

Genetic studies for seed size and grain yield traits in kabuli chickpea

Seed size, determined by 100-seed weight, is an important yield component and trade value trait in kabuli chickpea. In the present investigation, the small seeded kabuli genotype ICC 16644 was crossed with four genotypes (JGK 2, KAK 2, KRIPA and ICC 17109) and F₁, F₂ and F₃ populations were developed to study the gene action involved in seed size and other yield attributing traits. Scaling test and joint scaling test revealed the presence of epistasis for days to first flower, days to maturity, plant height, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, number of seeds per pod, biological yield per plant, grain yield per plant and 100-seed weight. Additive, additive?×?additive and dominance?×?dominance effects were found to govern days to first flower. Days to maturity and plant height were under the control of both the main as well as interaction effects. Number of seeds per pod was predominantly under the control of additive and additive?×?additive effects. For grain yield per plant, additive and dominance?×?dominance effects were significant in the cross ICC 16644?×?KAK 2, whereas, additive?×?additive effects were important in the cross ICC 16644?×?JGK 2. Additive, dominance and epistatic effects influenced seed size. The study emphasized the existence of duplicate epistasis for most of the traits. To explore both additive and non-additive gene actions for phenological traits and yield traits, selection in later generations would be more effective.     

水稻的侧根发育及其影响因素

为了探明水稻侧根发育的过程和影响因素,以日本晴(粳稻)、扬稻6号(籼稻)的不定根和种子根为材料,观察了侧根发育过程中的形态和细胞结构的变化;研究了生长调节物质、光照等因子对侧根发育的影响。结果显示,水稻侧根的发生起始于中柱鞘。相邻的内皮层细胞参与了侧根原基的发生和生长。侧根原基通过顶端生长点的分裂、分化和基部细胞伸长向外生长,侧根在露出过程中改变了母根皮层和表皮结构。外源生长素可促进侧根的发生,但浓度过高则抑制侧根原基的露出;稻苗切除芽后侧根发生减少,主根生长量下降;切除根尖打破了主根顶端优势,促进侧根发生和生长。单侧照光能诱导向光侧的侧根发生。脱落酸在低浓度下对侧根发生有促进作用;Ca²⁺促进侧根发生和主根生长,而EDTA抑制侧根发生和主根生长。种子根和不定根的生长对试验因子的响应趋势基本一致。     

Untersuchungen zur Assimilatverteilung in Ackerbohnen (Vicia faba L.) während der Blühphase

Investigations about the distribution of assimilates during flowering in broad beans ( Vicia faba L.)
The distribution of assimilates during flowering was studied on single plants exposed to ¹⁴CO₂ in the field. The plants were harvested 1, 3, 15 days after exposition and at ripening. Results:
1. At the begin of flowering the nodes with flowers assimilated much ¹⁴C with a tendency of higher contents in the more above situated nodes. The concentration of ¹⁴C was similar in blades, stalks and flowers.
2. The assimilates incorporated after 24 hours were only to a small amount translocated afterwards. Only 3 % went to the apical region. An intensive restorement out of the blades took place at the time of ripening.
3. In the midst of flowering the concentration of ¹⁴C was lower in the nodes with open flowers than in those with shut or with pods. At that time pods are already strong sinks that withdraw assimilates from blades and stalks.
4. At the time when large and small pods are growing on the lower and middle nodes, the nodes in the apical region will be deprived of assimilates (effects of dominance).
5. Roots and nodules had low but stable contents and concentrations of ¹⁴C during flowering. These descended distinctly at ripening.     

Comparative study on growth and development of some accessions of local Germplasm of Bambara groundnut (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vigna subterrenea</Emphasis> L. Verdc.) of Nigeria in two cropping seasons

Two field experiments were conducted in April (early cropping) and August, (late cropping) 2007 at the Department of Crop Science Research Farm, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, to evaluate the agronomic and yield attributes of 13 cultivars of bambara groundnut. The results obtained showed that planting dates had significant effects (P < 0.05) on all traits measured. Significant cultivar and cultivar x planting date interaction effects were observed for days to 50% flowering. The principal component analysis showed that the first three components accounted for 85.18 and 86.81% of the total variation in the early and late planting, respectively. The traits representing the cultivars along the first principal axis were number of pods per plant and seed weight per plant for the early planting and number of leaves per plant and seed weight per plant in the late planting. Cultivars were differentiated on the basis of number of flowers per plant and plant height for the early planting and days to emergence for the late planting along the second principal axis. The cluster plot revealed that the 13 bambara groundnut cultivars were grouped into three clusters at both the early and late planting dates. In the early planting, the cultivars in cluster I are associated with high number of flowers, number of pods, and plant height, while cluster II cultivars flowered earlier and had good pod and seed yield. However, cluster III cultivars performed poorly in all the traits evaluated. During the late planting, the cluster I comprised early flowering cultivars while cluster II comprised cultivars with good vegetative growth, high number of pods per plant and seed weight per plant. Cluster III cultivars are early emerging and early flowering but have poor seed yield. The correlation coefficient for seed weight per plant was highly significant and positive with number of leaves per plant, plant height, number of flowers per plant and number of pods per plant indicating that increase in these traits will ultimately increase seed weight per plant. Thus, these traits could be considered as major seed yield contributing traits that could be given significant recognition during selection.     

DTA-6对大豆花荚脱落纤维素酶和GmAC基因表达的调控

叶面喷施生长调节剂(PGRs)可以调控大豆花荚脱落。2012-2013年在大庆林甸县黑龙江八一农垦大学试验基地采用大田小区试验,R1期对大豆绥农28(SN28)、垦丰16 (KF16)和合丰50 (HF50)分别叶面喷施DTA-6调节剂,对调控花荚离区脱落纤维素酶(GmAC)基因相对表达量、荚脱落纤维素酶(AC)活性、花荚脱落率和产量进行了研究。结果表明：DTA-6抑制大豆花荚离区GmAC基因相对表达量,最大可达51% (±CK%);大豆荚的AC活性能够在喷药后阶段性地被降低,在不同品种上增加和降低存在差异;能够显著降低花荚脱落率(P<0.05);能够显著增加产量(P<0.05)。植物生长调节剂DTA-6是通过降低花荚离区GmAC基因相对表达量,调节AC活性,从而减少植株的花荚脱落率,以实现对产量的调控。     

Pollination, Fertilization and Seed Development in Inbred Lines and F1 Hybrids of Spring Faba Beans (Vicia faba L.)

When the flowers are not disturbed, the yield of F₁ hybrids of faba beans normally exceeds that in their inbred parents. The basis of this “heterotic autofertility” was investigated by examining flowers for pollination and fertilization throughout the flowering season and assessing the distribution of seeds and pods on mature plants. Six inbred lines and seven of their F₁ hybrids were grown without protection from bee visitation, and their autofertility was estimated’ by comparing their fertilization with that of cytoplasmic male-sterile line. The first direct evidence was obtained that heterotic autofertility acts by increasing; the proportion of flowers which were pollinated and fertilized. The autofertility was not perfect, especially in a closed-flower hybrid, as many ovules remained unfertilized. Several factors contributed to the number of seeds per pod in F₁ hybrids, being superior to parental means: (1) more ovules per flower, (2) greater fertilization of the basal ovules, (3) reduced abortion of the apical ovules and (4) greater overall maturation ovules.     

Overexpression of BpMADS4 from silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) induces early-flowering in apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.)

To shorten the juvenile stage of apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) the BpMADS4 gene from silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) was constitutively overexpressed in 25 transgenic apple clones. All clones were characterized by PCR, RT‐PCR and Real Time PCR. Solitary flowers were produced on in vitro shoots of eight transgenic clones and most of them appeared to be morphologically normal. Twenty shoots of each clone were rooted and transferred to a glasshouse. Glasshouse plants of clones T1165, T1187 and T1190 developed flowers. Several plants of T1165 and T1187 started floral initiation within 3–4 months following transfer to the glasshouse. Primary flowers were solitary and in a terminal position on the main shoot. Lateral flower clusters, consisting of three to five individual flowers, were also found. Pollen vitality and tube germination of glasshouse‐grown flowers were investigated, and there were no significant differences compared to pollen of non‐transgenic control plants. Preliminary crosses using flowers of glasshouse plants resulted in small apple fruits. It would seem that this is the first report on in vitro flower induction in transgenic apple.     

Variation in the photoperiodic response on several characters in soybean,Glycine max (L.) Merrill

Summary The photoperiodic response on 12 characters in 40 soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, cultivars were investigated using 10-hour (short day) and 16-hour (long day) photoperiods. Seventeen cultivars showed no significant difference between photoperiods for all 12 characters. Seven cultivars showed significant difference for only one trait. Phenotypic changes in 17 cultivars may be due to factors other than photoperiod. Number of pods per plant, days to maturity, and number of nodes per plant were highly correlated with yield per plant in both photoperiods. Invariably, the cultivars which had significant differences in the numbers of flowers produced per plant between the two photoperiods also had significant differences in the numbers of pods per plant and yield. First node to flower, plant height at flowering, days to flowering, nodes at flowering, and the 100-seed weight were least influenced by the photoperiods in most of the cultivars, while the height at maturity, number of nodes at maturity, number of days to maturity, and yield were most influenced.AVRDC Journal paper 46 (78–88).     

化学药剂处理对蓖麻性别的影响

为明确不同浓度的化学药剂对蓖麻性别的影响,本试验以蓖麻两性系（E09004、E09009和E09002）和E09002单雌系为材料,分析了喷施不同浓度的GA3、NAA、乙烯利、6-BA和AgNO3对蓖麻雌雄花率的影响。结果表明：100 mg/L GA3有利于蓖麻雌花的形成,250 mg/L GA3则有利于雄花的分化,前者表现为雌花率上升,后者表现为雌花率降低;NAA和6-BA使雌花率增加,出现了纯雌株;乙烯利有利于雄花的分化,一定浓度的乙烯利可使两性株雄性化;AgNO3促雄效果明显,使两性株雄花率增加,单雌株出现少量雄花;同时试验还获得少数花性特殊（如全雄、纯雌）的材料。本研究为蓖麻的性别逆转诱导、单雌材料的繁殖及性别分化研究提供参考。     

Development and Yield Formation of Autumn- and Spring-sown Faba Beans in Northern Germany as Affected by Seasons, Sowing Dates and Varieties

Field trials were conducted with autumn- and spring-sown faba beans in Northern Germany during four seasons to examine the expected preceding development of autumn-sown plants, its possible transformation into a higher yield potential and its dependence on sowing dates and varieties. Height, appearance of leaves, inflorescences, mature flowers, potential and actual pot set was rated weekly, and flower initiation and tillering occasionally. Comparison was made for one winter type sown in autumn and spring, and between 6 winter types and 3 spring types, in two seasons each.
Development of autumn-sown plants significantly preceded that of spring-sown in each year, regardless of the plant material used. The mean advance, diminished considerably with time due to prolonged developmental phases in autumn-sown plants which, however, did not improve vegetative, generative or reproductive potentials of main tillers. Potentials formed by the six winter types, interacted strongly with the seasons, at least in part due to changing plant densities. Thus, only a very few traits appeared typical: a short stature with few leaves for Avrissot and the opposite for Bourdon , a high number of ripening pods for Avrissot and a low number for Banner . Early compared to late sowing in autumn increased the number of leaves, and in one year even the number of mature flowers and ripening pods per tiller, but values of early sowing never exceeded those of spring sowing. Enhancement of tiller formation by early compared to late sowing diminished after spring; nevertheless about two reproductive tillers per plant in autumn-sown stands always led to a higher density of tillers than in spring-sown.     

Juvenility in Hybrid Tea-roses

Summary In Hybrid Tea-roses relations between growth and juvenile period (J.P. = number of days from seed germination to flower bud appearance) were studied for three years.Plants showing a flower bud for the first time are significantly longer than those without a bud. In comparison with plants with long J.P.'s, plants with short J.P.'s have shorter shoots both at bud appearance and at first flowering, flower sooner, are significantly longer when measured on one date, and yield about three times more cut flowers in 6 months. It was shown that the J.P. depends on plant development and does not govern this process.Also presented at the Juvenility Symposium held at West-Berlin, November 1976.     

双低杂交油菜油研7号杂种优势的研究

双低杂交油菜油研7号杂种优势研究采用四种优势指标分析，结果表明：父本不同株系所配制的组合优势不尽一致，在11个性状中，产量、主花序有效角、千粒重、角长均有较强的优势；单株有效角、角粒数为负优势，杂种的分枝部位升高，这。个性状与三系杂种优势研究结果相反；通过选择新父本，有可能得到优势更强的新组合。油研7号在长江流域各省试验示范，表现出一定的增产潜力，且适宜棉油、稻油两熟和稻稻油三熟制种植，是双低油菜生产较理想的推广品种。     

Genetic variation and control of plant regeneration in leek (Allium ampeloprasum L.)

Zygotic embryos of leek (Allium ampeloprasum L.) were isolated from mature seeds of different cultivars, selfings and full-sib families. The embryos were cultured on callus induction and shoot regeneration medium and employed to study several parameters: percentage of embryos forming calluses, percentage of embryos forming compact calluses, callus weight, percentage of regenerating calluses, numbers of shoot primordia and numbers of regenerated shoots. Differences between cultivars and selfings were found for most parameters studied. For all cultivars all parameters, except callus weight, decreased after one generation of selfing. Compact callus types enhanced primordia formation and shoot regeneration. Genetic characteristics of callus development and plant regeneration were studied in a 4 × 4 diallel cross. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences between full-sib families. The diallel analysis showed that additive gene effects were significant for all parameters. The predominance of additive gene effects indicated high narrow-sense heritability. Breeding for an increased number of regenerated shoots was successful.     

Genetic analysis of flower and lateral shoot production in Gerbera

Summary An incomplete diallel cross with selfs and reciprocals was made with twelve cultivars of Gerbera jamesonii. Very significant differences occurred between GCA's of the parents for cut flower yield, earliness and number of lateral shoots. The selfs were mainly responsible for the significant SCA's.A positive genetic correlation occurs between the number of lateral shoots at anthesis of the first flower and total flower production. The phenotypic performance of parents (measured on cuttings) was poorly related to their breeding value (measured on seedlings). It is suggested that this is due to physiological differences between cuttings and seedlings.     

生长素调节植物生长发育的研究进展

为了了解生长素对植物不同器官的影响及调控作用,本研究总结了近年来生长素在植物根、茎、叶、花、果实和种子生长发育方面的研究进展。其主要包括：生长素可以促进植物侧根和不定根的发生及生长;促进细胞分裂、伸展和分化进而促进植物茎的伸长;促进花芽萌发及影响花的形态建成和衰老;促进果实的发育和单性结实,影响果实增大和果实成熟;促进光合产物的积累,影响种子胚的形成等。除此之外还对生长素运输的生理特点、运输机制和信号转导机制等进行了梳理,了解了生长素在植物体内的调节作用主要表现在顶端优势、组织分化、器官形成、向性反应、形态建成等方面。同时还提出了生长素在网络信号调控和各器官量的分配方面研究的不足,以期为日后进一步研究提供参考。     

氮肥用量对绿豆品种皖科绿3号农艺性状及氮肥利用率的影响

为了研究氮肥用量对绿豆品种皖科绿3号产量的影响,设计4种氮肥水平（0、30、60、90kg/hm ²）,对不同处理中植株地上部干物质积累、叶绿素含量、单株荚数、产量等性状进行分析。试验结果表明：增施氮肥有助于提高干物质积累和叶绿素含量,尤其在苗期和开花期可使绿豆保持较高的叶绿素含量。根瘤数量、鲜重和干重随着氮肥施用量的增加表现出先增加后减小的趋势。株高、分枝数随着施氮量的增加而增加。氮肥水平对单株荚数、产量和氮肥农学利用率的影响效果相似,随着氮肥水平的升高,这3种性状表现为先增加后减小的趋势,在60kg/hm ²的氮肥处理达最大值。该结果同时也表明氮肥主要通过单株荚数影响绿豆产量。氮肥偏生产力随着施氮量的增加显著下降。试验结果表明施用适量氮肥可提高绿豆的增产潜力,皖科绿3号在安徽省地区种植的适宜氮肥施用量为60kg/hm ²。     

油菜光合作用与干物质积累的动态模拟模型

以生理生态过程为基础,构建了油菜光合作用与干物质积累的模拟模型。模型针对油菜特有的生态冠层结构,采用“三层模型”法,即通过对花、角果、叶三层分别计算光能截获和光合作用,利用高斯积分法计算每层的光合量而得出每日的冠层总同化量。模型充分量化了油菜生理年龄、温度、氮素、水分等因子对最大光合速率的影响,同时考虑了维持呼吸与生长呼吸的消耗。利用不同品种、不同播期、不同氮素水平下的干物质积累动态对模型进行了初步验证,结果表明模拟值与观测值吻合度较好,模型具有较强的机理性和预测性。     

赤霉素和多效唑对榛子雌雄花数量的影响

了解决生产实践中榛子雌雄花比例不当问题,以北京市昌平区杂交榛‘达维’为研究对象,分析了赤霉素和多效唑2种植物生长调节剂对杂交榛雌雄花的影响。根据2010-2011年的田间试验结果,综合运用SPSS 18.0对数据进行方差分析。结果表明：（1）赤霉素对雌花芽数量影响不显著,显著减少雄花序数量,提高雌雄比例;多效唑显著减少雌花芽数量,对雄花序数量没有显著影响,降低雌雄比例。（2）杂交榛‘达维’树体上中下雌雄分布：雌花芽数量下部>中部>上部,雄花序数量下部>上部>中部。各部位的雌花芽和雄花序数量差异不显著。赤霉素和多效唑处理的树体,上中下雌花芽和雄花序数量差异不显著。综上,对于杂交榛‘达维’一年生小枝,赤霉素显著抑制雄花序数量,提高雌雄分化比例;多效唑显著减少雌花芽数量,降低雌雄分化比例。杂交榛‘达维’雌雄花在树体的上、中、下分布差异不显著。     

Genetic analysis of thrips resistance in cowpea (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vigna unguiculata</Emphasis> [L.] Walp.)

Flower bud thrips, Megalurothrips sjostedti is the most severe field pest of cowpea that causes massive flower abortion which eventually results to substantial yield reduction in Africa. There is paucity of information on the mode of gene actions controlling inheritance of resistance to flower bud thrips in cowpea in the literature. The objectives of study were to assess the genetic variability for thrips resistance among the cowpea germplasm, determined the mode of inheritance of genes that conferred resistance and both broad and narrow-sense heritability estimates for the inheritance of thrips resistance in cowpea. Twelve cowpea lines were used in crosses in the screen house at IITA, Ibadan. The mating was accomplished using North Carolina design II to generate 48F₁ hybrids, which were eventually evaluated with the parents. Data on number of peduncles, number of pods and number of thrips per flower were recorded and subjected to analysis of variance using random model by SAS 9.2. Significant variability was observed for most agronomic and thrip-adaptive traits among the cowpea germplasm, parental-lines and F₁ genotypes evaluated. General combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) mean squares were significant (P < 0.01) for number of pods per plant and other traits under the research environment. The GCA effect accounted for 68.82–80.07% of the total variation among hybrids for all traits except days to flowering; SCA explained less than 50% of the total variation. Narrow-sense heritability estimates ranged from 7.53 (days to flower) to 63.92% (number of peduncles per plant). Additive gene action largely controlled the inheritance of yield components and other traits under thrips infestation and these traits were moderately heritable.