Über die Laborzucht und Entwicklung des Pfirsich-Prachtkäfers,Capnodis tenebrionis L. (Col., Buprestidae)

Studies on rearing and development of the Peach Buprestid,Capnodis tenebrionis L. (Col., Buprestidae).

The composition of a semisynthetic medium for rearing the Peach Buprestid,C. tenebrionis, and the techniques for handling the insects and their eggs in the laboratory are described.

The period required for the biological cycle using this medium and the techniques described are about the same as the required on natural hosts. However the medium is not yet a perfect substitute for the natural food of the larvae and further experiments is carried out at present to reconsider it.

     

Zur Prognose der Schlüpfwellen- und Generationenfolge bei der gemeinen Kiefern-Buschhornblattwespe Diprion pini L. (Hymenopt.: Diprionidae)

On the basis of the varying photoperiodic reaction of the various ecotypes of the common pine sawflyDiprion pini L. methods are discussed that allow the prognosis of the ratio and timing of the three annual flight periods as well as the ratio between first and second generation.

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Mit einer Abbildung

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Meinem verehrten Lehrer, Herrn Prof. Dipl. Ing. Dr. Dr. h. c.E. Schimitschek, zum 80. Geburtstag gewidmet.     

The effect of artificial ageing on the durability of wood-based board materials against basidiomycete decay fungi

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Received 23 November 1997     

Indigenous Forest and Woodland in the Kingdom of Lesotho

From historical accounts the extent of indigenous forest in Lesotho has decreased since the middle of the last century. However, in historic times forest was never extensive, being confined to small patches. Fire was probably the main limiting factor to the spread of forest.

Although indigenous forest covers less than 4,5% of Lesotho, many products, especially fuelwood, are obtained from them by neighbouring rural populations.

The largest individuals of seven species of indigenous trees or shrubs are describe. Indigenous forest is divided into three broad types:

a. Leucosidea sericea Forest.

b. Mixed Forest and Thicket.

c. Open Shrubland with Forest or isolated trees.

An ecological inventory is proposed to identify and classify the remaining areas of indigenous forest. This would provide information for a rational conservation programme.

The two present areas under protection, Matsitise Nature Reserve and Sehlabethebe National Park are briefly described as is the proposed “Biosphere Reserve” at Mount Morosi. Four areas with relatively undisturbed indigenous forest are listed.     

Zur Rationalisierung der Beziehungen des Menschen zum Wald 2. Wegezur Lösung der Probleme

On the rationing of relations of man to wood 2. Showing ways for improvement the situation This second part deals with ideas and methods helping the woods to win back health and stability. In detail natural methods for laying out cultures and for yield as well as for forest protection are described. Finally it is required of the government to inform the inhabitants on a better rationing of the relations of man to wood.

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Teil 1 erschien im Juli-Heft 1976 dieser Zeitschrift.

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Aus dem Russischen übersetzt von Frau Dr. R.Zayni, Wien.     

Synthetische Sexual-Pheromone und deren Inhibitoren für Choristoneura murinana Hbn. (Tannentriebwickler. Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

In a specific field-screening test it could be shown that (Z)-11-tetradecenylacetate is an attractant for males ofCh. murinana. (Z)-11-tetradecenylacetate in combination with (Z)-11-tetradecenol, (Z)-11-tetradecenal or (E)-11-tetradecenal showed synergistic effects. (E)-11-tetradecenylacetate (and to some extent (E)-11-tetradecenylacetate. (Z)-11-tetradecenylacetate alone or in combination with its synergists could be used in integrated pest management programmes of European forests.

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Mit einer Abbildung und 3 Tabellen

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Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft.     

Zur Polyphagle der Engerlinge von Melolontha melolontha L. an Pflanzen aus Wiese und Ödland

Experiments on polyphagous habits of white grubs (Melolontha melolontha L.) on plants of grassland The effect of feeding roots of different grassland plants on white grubs was studied in the laboratory. Weight increase and mortality of the larvae were recorded. These data show that the feeding on roots of weeds, especially dandelion (Taraxacum officinale W.) led to a higher weight increase and lower mortality than the feeding on roots of grasses. There were, however, differences between the three larval stages.

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Die Untersuchungen wurden durch die Unterstützung der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft ermöglicht, der wir auch an dieser Stelle danken.

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Vortrag auf der Entomologentagung Gießen, 8. bis 12. März 1976.     

Untersuchungen über die eiablagetiefe der Dörrobstmotte Plodia interpunctella Hbn. in Roggen und Mais

Zusammenfassung Bei geschüttetem Roggen gelangen die Eier von Dörrobstmotten (Plodia interpunctella Hbn.) bis in eine Tiefe von 4,5 cm bis 5 cm unter die Oberfläche, bei Mais bis in eine Tiefe von 8 cm. Bei Roggen befinden sich die meisten Eier in der obersten Getreideschicht bis zu 2 cm, bei Mais in einer Schicht bis zu 3 cm. Auf Mais konnte sich eine größere Anzahl Mottenlarven entwickeln als auf Roggen.

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The depth of egg deposition of the Indian Meal Moth, Plodia interpunctella Hbn., in rye and maize

The maximum depth of egg deposition was 4.5–5 cm in bulked rye and 8 cm bulked maize. The majority of eggs were deposited 0–2 cm beneath the surface in rye and 0–3 cm beneath the surface in maize. Significantly more larvae developed in maize than in rye.

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Biologische Bundesanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Institut für Vorrastsschutz

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Mit 2 Abbildungen und einer Tabelle

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NachHoppe (1981) kann sich die Dörrobstmotte an rohen sowie an verarbeiteten mandeln und auch Haselnüssen ideal entwickeln, da diese den Larven dieser Motte einen nahezu optimalen Gehalt an Fetten, Hohlenhydraten und Eiweiß bieten (vgl. auchWeidner, 1981).     

Community Forest Management in Southern Asia: A Survival Issue

Abstract

Forest management is directed to attain one, or a combination, of the following three goals: stability of the physical environment, productivity of the physical environment and equity of the social environment. For the management to be sustainable, four aspects have to be addressed: the ecological, technical, the socio-economic and the institutional. All of these four aspects are equally important, and inadequacy of practices in any of the aspects could mar the sustainability of a forest. In India, where the rural population overwhelmingly depends on firewood for domestic energy, where the fodder for millions of cattle comes from forests, and where customs and traditions are as important in forest management as the considerations of ecological laws, a minimum of socio-economic data is a must for sustainable forest management. For India, this data must comprise:

• per capita annual requirement of firewood at a reasonably efficient level of utilization;

• carrying capacity of a forest unit in terms of its use as grazing land;

• per capita annual requirement of small timber for agricultural implements and for housing;

• per capita annual requirement of non-timber forest products (NTFPs);

• customs and traditions prevalent in a community in terms of the use of forests;

• rate of growth of population, both human and cattle.

     

Betrachtung der Gallmücken (Diptera,Cecidomyiidae) an dominanten Forstgehölzen Eurasiens nach ihrem Schädlichkeitsgrad mit einigen besonderen taxonomischen Problemen

Evaluation of the harmfulness degree of gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) on dominant trees in Eurasia and some taxonomical problems of gall midges on treesAll gall midges species similarly as other insects developing on economically important trees and shrubs are usually designated as pests, as well as in cases if they destroy or damage their host plants or if they were found on their host plant species only several times during the last 150 years. This problem is shown here on gall midges developing on five dominant tree species. Four degree scala was elaborated for evaluation of the degree of harmfulness. The taxonomical problems of the complex of several species of the genus Resseliella and of the species Mikiola orientalis are discussed.

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Mit einer Tabelle

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Herrn Prof. Dr.W. Schwenke zum 75. Geburtstag am 22. 3. 1996 gewidmet.     

Untersuchung zur Magnetotaxis der Honigbiene,Apis mellifica L.

Zusammenfassung Bienen, die einem küstlichen Magnetfeld ausgesetzt sind, halten sich nachts zu etwa 65% in der Nähe der magnetischen Hauptachsen auf, während sich aufgrund der gesteigerten Aktivität am Tage keine bevorzugte Anordnung ergibt.Eine Abhängigkeit der Magnetotaxis zu verschieden orientierten Herkunftsbeuten ist nicht feststellbar.

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Studies on the magnetotaxis of honey bees, apis mellifica L.

When bees are kept under the influence of a synthetic magnetic field, 65% of them will remain near the main magnetic axis during the night. Due to greater activity during day time they show no preference for any arragement.Dependence of the magnetotaxis upon variously orientated hives, cannot be determined.

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Mit 2 Abbildungen

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Die Versuche wurden im Rahmen einer Staatsexamensarbeit vonH. Feickert durchgeführt.     

THE VELD AND FOREST FIRE LAWS OF SOUTH AFRICA

The basic principles in protection of forests from fire are concerned with:

a. precaution

b. care and diligence

c. negligence and contributory negligence

all of which are closely inter-related and determine a person's conduct in particular circumstances, antecedent, during and subsequent to the event. Statutory enactments regulate our actions in all these matters.

The direct and indirect benefits of forests are indispensable to life and therefore truly national; it consequently concerns the State, or the people, that the asset in our forests or plantations should be adequately protected.

This being so, and to this end, the Government has stepped in to assist us by means of provisions in soil conservation schemes for clearing of firebelts on common boundaries of properties, and also by the establishment of fire protection areas administered by fire protection committees, who can obtain financial assistance by way of grants out of public funds.     

A COMPARATIVE TEST OF THE ACCURACY AND EFFICIENCY OF TWO HYPSOMETERS

A replicated fertilizer experiment with Eucalyptus grandis on the property of Louw's Creek Mining Timber Company near Barberton is described.

Planted on 15th December, 1964, height measurements were recorded 93 days and 154 days after planting.

These results indicate that Phosphate, more especially in the presence of Nitrogen and Potash, will possibly reduce the cutting cycle by as much as 14–16 months.

The best treatment was 40 N-50 P₂O₅-40 K₂O lbs. per acre.     

Über den Einfluß der elektrischen Umwelt auf das Verhalten gekäfigter Honigbienen

Zusammenfassung Die elektrische Körperladung von gekäfigten Bienen ist grundlegend abhängig von den elektrostatischen Eigenschaften des Käfigmaterials. Dies bedingt unterschiedliche motorische Aktivität, korreliert mit unterschiedlichem Rektalblasengewicht als Indikator der Stoffwechselrate.In PVC-Käfigen ist gegenüber geerdeten Stahlkäfigen die Aufladung und Aktivität der Tiere erhöht.

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Effects of electric environmental factors on the behaviour of encaged honey bees

The electric body loading of bees varies according to the electrostatic qualities of the boxes in which they are caged. This results in differences in motor activity correlated with the weight of the rectal bladder as an indicator of metabolism rate. In PVC-cages the loading and activity is greater than in grounded steel cages.

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Mit 4 Abbildungen

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Die Versuche wurden in einer Staatsexamensarbeit von FrauB. Masloh gemacht.     

Zur Frage von Chlorfenvinphos- und 2,2′,4′-Trichlorazetophenon-Rückständen bei Gemüsekulturen und in gärtnerisch genutzten Erden Teil 2

The abstract for the both parts is given in pt. 1 (Anz. f. Schädlingskunde, Pflanzenschutz, Umweltschutz 53 (7), 1980, 102).

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Mit 4 Abbildungen (Nr. 6-9) und einer Tabelle (Nr. 4)     

Einige Beobachtungen über die Flucht von adulten Lepidopteren aus den Netzen orbiteler Spinnen

Zusammenfassung Beobachtungen bei Zürich ergaben, daß Lepidopteren-Falter oft in der Lage sind, sich aus Spinnennetzen von Arten der Argiopidae und Tetragnathidae zu befreien. Lepidopteren machen nur einen sehr kleinen Teil der Nahrung dieser Spinnen aus. Diese Tatsache muß bei der Bewertung von Spinnen als Schädlingsfeinde mit berücksichtigt werden.

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Some observations on the escape of adult Lepidoptera from webs of orb-weaving spiders

Field studies near Zurich (Switzerland) have shown, that adult Lepidoptera often are able to escape from spider webs of the families Argiopidae and Tetragnathidae. In the food of these orb-weaving spiders Lepidoptera made up only a very small part. The capability of the lepidopterans to escape from spider webs seems to be of great ecological importance.

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Mit einer Tabelle

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Ausgeführt mit Unterstützung durch den schweizerischen Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung.     

THE MANUFACTURE OF RAYON PULP IN SOUTH AFRICA

The utilization of plantation soils for the growing of pine pulpwood is discussed.

Different tree species make different demands on soil fertility and all tree species grown in S. Africa for commercial purposes also show a fairly wide range ofadaptability to soil fertility and site quality.

Generally plantation soils in this country have reasonable soil depth, good drainage and fair moisture supply but soil fertility levels in higher rainfall areas are often low.

Fertilization in the nursery, at planting time and at an age of 7–10 years of the stand could increase pulpwood yields by about 50 per cent.

Fertilization, cultivation thinning and other silvicultural work which promotes tree growth, all seem to have a similar influence on timber quality. Generally improved rate of growth results in higher timber yields both in total volume and total cellulose yield.

Land available for forestry purposes is limited in this country and it is of great economic and even strategic importance that this land be fully exploited.     

Untersuchungen über Resistenz gegen Malathion und Lindan bei vorratsschädlichen Käferarten in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland

A survey of the occurrence of malathion and lindane resistance of stored product beetles in the Federal Republic of Germany is given. Malathion resistance was found in one species, lindane resistance in four species. Highest resistance to lindane was found in a strain ofTribolium castaneum (RF=16,7).

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Mit 4 Abbildungen     

Spatially explicit assessment of forest road suitability for timber extraction and hauling in Switzerland

Efficient forest management, and wood production in particular, requires a forest road network of appropriate density and bearing capacity. The road network affects the choice of a suitable extraction method and the length of the transport route from the forest, while the road standard defines the truck type that can be used.

We evaluate the forest road network’s economic suitability for harvesting operations in the entire Swiss forest, an area of about 13,000 km² covering a range of topographies, based on the Swiss National Forest Inventory’s (NFI) forest road dataset. This dataset is based on information from an interview survey with the local forest services and includes all forest roads in Switzerland capable of carrying trucks. Extraction options and hauling routes are analysed together; thus, the entire logging process is examined.

Model results include maps of the most suitable extraction method; extraction costs; hauling costs; and a suitability map based on a combination of the results. While the larger part of the Swiss forest is classified as “suitable” for economic harvesting operations, significant portions also fall into the “limited suitability” and “not suitable” categories. Our analysis provides an objective, country-wide, spatially explicit assessment of timber accessibility. The resulting suitability map helps identify areas where timber harvesting is economic using the current forest road network, and where it is not. The model results can be used in road network planning and management, for example, by comparing road-network re-design scenarios, and compared to the spatial distribution of available wood volume.

     

Die Konstruktion von Ertragstafeln mit Hilfe von Durchmesserverteilungen und Einheitshöhenkurven

Summary Yield tables to date are constituted solely from mean stand values, and thus give no information concerning diameter and height distribution. It is schown how, with the aid of diameter distribution functions and normal height curves, yield tables can be constructed which express stand composition according to diameter and height.

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Nach einem Vortrag, gehalten bei der Forstwissenschaftlichen Hochschultagung in München im Oktober 1970.