Modelling the effects of mulching and fallow cropping on water balance in the Chinese Loess Plateau

To improve water use efficiency on drylands it is essential to understand the mechanisms affecting water balance partitioning in arable land ecosystems. A field experiment was conducted, from October 2001 to October 2004, to evaluate the effects of field management regimes on water balance and water use efficiency in a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) system in the Loess Plateau, China. The field management regimes tested were: (i) conventional agricultural management (winter wheat followed by a ploughed summer fallow); (ii) conventional management plus a fallow crop used as green manure; (iii) application of wheat straw mulch (0.8 kg m⁻²), which was retained throughout the year (no summer ploughing). A process-oriented ecosystem model (CoupModel) was calibrated with field measurements of soil water contents, leaf area indices, plant heights and crop yields, then used to generate comparative simulations of the water balance partitioning under the wheat straw mulch, fallow crop and conventional management regimes. The simulations indicated that during the experimental period mulching increased soil water storage by 5–8%, decreased soil evaporation by 11–13%, and increased wheat transpiration by 2–5% compared with the conventional management regime, thus increasing the wheat yield and water use efficiency. Furthermore, water reached deeper horizons under mulching than under conventional practice, resulting in 15% more deep percolation in a wet year. The simulation results also indicated that growing green manure during the fallow period decreased soil water storage, leading to lower wheat yields. Mulching proved to be an efficient measure for increasing yields, and possibly contributed to groundwater recharge.     

Interactions between soil conservation and dryland farming of heterogeneously eroding areas in Loess Hills,China

The unidirectional impacts of soil conservation on dryland farming and local livelihood have been well studied. However, there are gaps in literature regarding the interactions among factors, such as labor force and financial capital, in response to soil conservation, as well as the influence of such interactions on the relationships between environmental projects and agricultural development. By combining the Chinese Soil Loss Equation (CSLE) model and statistical analyses, this study investigated the spatio-temporal characteristics of soil erosion while also identifying the controlling factors that affect crop and livestock farming. The aim was to reveal how these factors interacted to influence agriculture in two case study areas between 2000 and 2017. The results showed that soil erosion substantially declined as a consequence of soil conservation, while the output from crop farming increased, indicating that there was a synergy between soil conservation and dryland farming in both the districts, over time; and factors facilitating crop farming, such as labor force, agricultural machinery, and irrigation, appeared to exert an adverse effect on livestock farming in both areas, implying a tradeoff between livestock and crop farming in the context of programs such as the Grain for Green Program (GGP) in the Loess Hills. Such a tradeoff is a result of the competition for cropland and labor that exists due to grazing prohibition and rural-urban migration. Therefore, policy-related resolutions are required to address the land use conflicts and migration-related rural labor losing due to implementation of the GGP in the Loess Hills.     

渭北旱塬不同田间管理措施下冬小麦产量及水分利用效率

水分是限制旱地作物产量最主要的因素,提高自然降水利用效率是增加旱地作物产量的有效途径。2001～2003年在渭北旱塬粉砂壤土上的田间试验研究表明,不同田间管理措施对冬小麦的产量及水分利用效率有显著的影响。秸秆覆盖不仅增加雨水入渗,提高上层土壤含水量,而且促进水分向下运输。在覆盖第二年小麦产量较常规种植显著增加,同时覆盖下土壤有机质含量有较快增加的趋势。夏季休闲期种植填闲作物将不影响下一季作物的水分状况,短期内填闲作物对土壤有机质,小麦产量及水分利用效率也没有影响。     

冬前不同管理措施对土壤温度和冬小麦早期生长的影响

华北平原冬小麦/夏玉米一年两作下的少免耕和秸秆还田在减少耕作投入和降低农田无效蒸发方面作用显著,但也存在一些不利影响。本研究通过详细测定镇压、冬灌、秸秆覆盖等措施对土壤温度和冬小麦早期生长的影响,明确了少免耕和秸秆还田等措施的实施效果,为农业生产提供指导。结果表明,秸秆覆盖后土壤表层和5 cm深度最低地温越冬前、越冬期间和返青后比不覆盖分别高2.37℃、3.18℃、1.68℃和0.57℃、1.28℃、0.34℃,最高温度分别低2.68℃、4.40℃、4.82℃和0.54℃、0.75℃、1.85℃;冬灌后至冬小麦返青期表层土壤和5 cm处土壤平均最低温度比不冬灌分别高0.88℃和0.93℃,返青至拔节期两个层次的最高温度相差5.35℃和5.57℃;镇压与不镇压温度差异不明显。与对照相比,越冬前后秸秆覆盖和冬灌后冬小麦的茎蘖数和生物量都较低,尤其是在返青期,秸秆覆盖和冬灌下的茎蘖数和生物量比对照分别低29.8%、27.7%和5.2%、21.2%。秸秆覆盖和冬灌在冬季可降低最低温度的降幅,但春季不利于地温回升,有延缓冬小麦生长发育的可能。     

Least limiting water range for different soil management practices in dryland farming in Iran

Integrated evaluation of soil physical properties using the least limiting water range (LLWR) approach may allow a better knowledge of soil water availability. We determined the LLWR for four tillage practices consisted of conventional tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT), no-tillage (NT) and fallow no-tillage (NT_f). In addition, LLWR was determined for abandoned soils (i.e. control), compacted soils, ploughed compacted soils and abandoned soils with super absorbent polymers (SAPs) application. Soil water retention, penetration resistance (PR), air-filled porosity and bulk density were determined for the 0–5 and 0–25-cm depths. Mean LLWR (0.07–0.08 cm³ cm^?3) was lower in compacted soils than the soils under CT, NT, NT_f, RT, tilled, abandoned and SAP practices but it was not different among tillage practices. The values of LLWR were 0.12 cm³ cm^?3 for NT and CT. LLWR for tilled plots (0.12 cm³ cm^?3) became greater than compacted soils by 1.3 times. Analysis of the lower and upper limits of the LLWR further indicated that PR was the only limiting factor for soil water content, but aeration was not a limiting factor. The LLWR was more dependent on soil water content at permanent wilting point and at PR.     

微润灌对作物产量及水分利用效率的影响

为探明微润灌对作物生长及产量的影响,以夏玉米和冬小麦为研究对象,采用完全随机试验设计,对比研究微润灌不同毛管间距布置(20 cm、40 cm、60 cm)、地下滴灌和无灌溉对大田作物产量、水分利用效率和土壤电导率的影响。结果表明:与地下滴灌相比,微润灌用水量约为地下滴灌的1/4~4/5;由于灌水差异较大,作物产量有所降低,夏玉米产量显著下降(P0.05),冬小麦产量下降,但未达显著水平(P0.05);两作物水分利用效率有所提高,但差异不显著(P0.05);灌溉水分利用效率均显著提高(P0.05)。随微润管布置间距的减小,作物产量呈增加趋势,作物水分利用效率与灌溉水分利用效率均呈减小趋势。综合考虑分析,在较为缺水的塿土区微润管最佳布置间距60 cm,此时可不显著降低产量同时提高水分利用效率。此外,微润灌布置间距对土壤电导率的影响较小。采用微润灌与地下滴灌处理时,随土层深增加,作物各生育期土壤电导率无显著差异(P0.05)且变化趋势基本一致,表明微润灌与地下滴灌对土壤的影响具有一致性。微润灌下作物产量与灌浆成熟期10~20 cm土层土壤电导率和10~80 cm土层土壤平均电导率之间相关性显著。因此,采用灌浆成熟期10~20 cm土层土壤电导率或10~80 cm土层土壤平均电导率预估微润灌下的作物产量具有可行性。上述研究可为微润灌技术推广应用提供依据。     

旱地小麦休闲期深翻覆盖对土壤水分及其利用效率的影响

为充分利用休闲期降水, 提高旱地麦田土壤蓄水保墒能力, 达到"伏雨春用"的目的, 本文将耕作蓄水技术与覆盖保水技术相结合, 采用大田试验研究了从前茬小麦收获后15 d或45 d进行深翻及深翻后采取渗水地膜、液态地膜覆盖对旱地小麦土壤水分及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明: 前茬小麦收获后45 d深翻较15 d深翻可显著提高小麦收获后65 d(休闲期)至316 d(孕穗期)土壤蓄水量、播前120~300 cm各土层土壤蓄水量和小麦水分利用效率。休闲期深翻覆盖可显著提高65 d(休闲期)至316 d(孕穗期)土壤蓄水量及播前0~ 300 cm各土层土壤蓄水量, 显著提高小麦水分利用效率, 且均以渗水地膜覆盖效果最好。此外, 前茬小麦收获后45 d深翻较15 d深翻可显著减小播种至拔节期60~300 cm, 拔节至开花期0~60 cm、120~240 cm, 开花至成熟期180~300 cm土壤水分减少率, 且深翻后采用渗水地膜覆盖对拔节至开花期土壤水分减少率调控效应较大。 总之, 旱地小麦休闲期等雨后深翻有利于提高土壤蓄水量与水分利用效率, 深翻后覆盖有较大的调控效应, 且采用渗水地膜覆盖效果更好。因此, 休闲期等雨后(约7月底或8月初)深翻并立即采用渗水地膜覆盖的技术是旱地麦田休闲期蓄水保墒的新途径, 且此技术可为旱地小麦高产、稳产、高效提供保障。     

Water balance simulation of a dryland soil during fallow under conventional and conservation tillage in semiarid Aragon, Northeast Spain

In Central Aragon, winter cereal is sown in the autumn (November–December), commonly after a 16–18 months fallow period aimed at conserving soil water. This paper uses the Simple Soil–Plant–Atmosphere Transfer (SiSPAT) model, in conjunction with field data, to study the effect of long fallowing on the soil water balance under three tillage management systems (conventional tillage, CT; reduced tillage, RT; and no-tillage, NT). This was on the assumption that soil properties would remain unchanged during the entire fallow season. Once the model was validated with data obtained before primary tillage implementation, the differences between simulated and observed soil water losses for the CT and RT treatments could be interpreted as the direct effect of the soil tillage system. The model was calibrated and validated in a long-term tillage experiment using data from three contrasting long-fallow seasons over the period 1999–2002, where special attention was paid to predicting soil hydraulic properties in the pre-tillage conditions. The capacity of the model to simulate the soil water balance and its components over long fallowing was demonstrated. Both the fallow rainfall pattern and the tillage management system affected the soil water budget and components predicted by the model. The model predicted that about 81% of fallow seasonal rainfall is lost by evaporation in long-fallow periods with both a dry autumn in the first year of fallow and a rainfall above normal in spring. Whereas, when the fallow season is characterised by a wet autumn during the first year of fallow the model predicted a decrease in soil water evaporation and an increase in water storage and deep drainage components. In this case, the predicted water lost by evaporation was higher under NT (64%) than under RT (56%) and CT (44%). The comparison between measured and simulated soil water loss showed that the practice of tillage decreased soil water conservation in the short term. The long-term analysis of the soil water balance showed that, in fallow periods with a wet autumn during the first year of fallow, the soil water loss measured under CT and RT was moderately greater than that predicted by the model.     

底墒和磷肥对旱地小麦籽粒灌浆特性及产量的影响

为分析黄土高原旱地小麦灌浆过程与水分消耗的关系,及其产量对底墒和磷肥的响应情况,在山西省南部设3个播前0～100cm土壤底墒水平W1(248mm)、W2(233mm)、W3(205mm)和两个施磷量P1(75kg·hm~(-2))、P2(180 kg·hm~(-2)),调查不同处理下小麦总耗水、土壤水消耗、各生育阶段耗水、产量及其构成因素、灌浆过程的变化。结果表明,随着底墒水平提高小麦返青—拔节和拔节—开花阶段耗水、生育期总耗水、土壤水消耗及其占总耗水比例、产量、穗数、千粒重显著增加,且较W3,W1和W2产量分别显著高14.89%和8.66%。随磷肥增加播种—拔节耗水显著减少,而拔节—开花耗水、产量、千粒重显著增加。底墒和磷肥互作对小麦总耗水、土壤水消耗、播种—返青阶段耗水、拔节—成熟阶段耗水、千粒重有显著影响。通过小麦灌浆方程得,快增期持续时间随底墒的增加而增加、渐增期和快增期持续时间随磷肥的增加而增加、缓增期籽粒增加量及持续时间变异系数达25%。通过小麦水(磷)肥方程得,当0～100 cm底墒为253 mm时获得高产,且同底墒下产量随磷肥增加而提高。可见,旱地小麦拔节—开花阶段耗水对底墒和磷肥敏感,灌浆过程中的快增期持续时间对底墒和磷肥响应较好,缓增期变异对籽粒粒重影响较大。     

种植行距对冬小麦田土壤蒸发与水分利用的影响

农田土壤蒸发不参与作物的生理和生产过程,属非生产性无效耗水。本研究采用Micro-lysimeters(MLS)对不同种植行距的麦田土壤蒸发测定结果表明,土壤蒸发随种植行距的增加而增大,窄行距种植的小麦冠层盖度较大,有利于抑制土壤蒸发。整个生育期7.5cm、15.0cm和30.0cm行距土壤蒸发分别为89.1mm、104.2mm和121.9mm,以15cm为对照,7.5cm行距麦田对土壤蒸发的抑制率为14.5%,而30cm行距麦田土壤蒸发增加17.0%。     

旱地地膜冬小麦播前底墒对产量效应的研究

多年定位试验与人工创造播前底墒研究结果表明,旱地地膜冬小麦产量与播前底墒有显著相关性,随底墒的提高,地膜冬小麦籽粒平均增产40.8％,蒸腾速率、光合速率增加,叶面积指数增大,提高夏休闲期土壤蓄水效率。     

黄土高原旱地冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系土壤的氮素平衡

在黄土高原南部旱地,通过田间小区试验研究了传统施肥方式下冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系中土壤的氮素平衡。结果表明:土壤残留矿质态氮(Nmin)对作物产量和施用氮肥效果有重要影响,前季作物残留土壤Nmin可以促进后季作物生长,使氮肥增产效应不明显;冬小麦生长季节施氮240.kg/hm2可以增加产量和作物吸氮量,但其氮肥利用率只有39.7%,大部分以Nmin残留于0200cm土壤中或以其他途径损失;由于冬小麦季节残留肥料氮的后效,使夏玉米生长季节的氮肥利用率很低,施氮120和240.kg/hm2的氮肥利用率分别只有22.4%和3.9%,而在0200cm土层残留率则达到51.1%和87.2%;经过冬小麦、夏玉米一个轮作周期后,施氮量为240、360和480.kg/hm2时作物的氮肥利用率平均为52.2%4、2.2%和28.0%,而相应的土壤残留率平均为12.4%、25.3%和49.8%,表观损失率平均为35.4%、32.5%和22.2%。表明在土壤残留Nmin较高的条件下,夏玉米生长季节施氮量较低时盈余氮素以表观损失为主,施氮量高时大部分氮素残留于土壤剖面。     

水氮管理及品种对冬小麦光能利用率的影响

提高光能利用率(RUE)是作物获得高产的重要因素之一。遗传特性和栽培管理措施等因素通过影响作物冠层结构及冠层形成过程,进而影响作物的光能利用率。为探讨不同冬小麦品种在不同水氮管理条件下的光能利用率,于2012—2013年,在中国科学院栾城农业生态系统试验站,进行了3个冬小麦品种(‘冀麦585’、‘科农199’和‘石新828’)在3个氮水平[135 kg(N)·hm?2,180 kg(N)·hm?2,225 kg(N)·hm?2]和3个灌溉水平(70 mm,140 mm,210 mm)下的大田试验,对关键生育期光合有效辐射截获、生物量和叶面积等参数进行了测定和分析。结果表明:不同冬小麦品种的光能利用率存在显著差异(P0.05),‘冀麦585’、‘科农199’和‘石新828’的光能利用率分别为2.10 g?MJ?1、2.05 g?MJ?1和1.93 g?MJ?1。不同水氮处理对冬小麦光能利用率有一定的影响,其值为1.80~2.20 g?MJ?1;水氮因素对冬小麦光能利用率的影响不同,随着施氮水平的增加,光能利用率增加,适度的水分亏缺会产生较高的光能利用率。光能利用率增加与生物量形成呈正相关,但当生物量增加到一定程度后冬小麦产量并不随生物量的增加而增加,这与干物质量转移率随着生物量增加而降低有关。结果还显示:从拔节期到灌浆期冬小麦的光能利用率与气温存在明显的曲线关系,其在水氮条件下表现不一致。综合上述分析结果,需要适宜水氮供应才能获得适度干物质积累,提高光能利用率和有效干物质运转,最终提升冬小麦产量。     

Effects of vegetation and slope aspect on water budget in the hill and gully region of the Loess Plateau of China

Precipitation, throughfall, stemflow and soil water content were measured, and interception, transpiration, evaporation, runoff, deep percolation and soil water recharge were estimated in the natural Liaotung Oak (Quercus liaotungensis) and regrown Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) forestlands in the hill and gully region of the China Loess Plateau. Four stands (south- and north-facing slopes) of two forests were studied between May 27, 2006 and October 31, 2007. Hydrological fluxes were calculated using a coupled water and heat flow model called CoupModel. Throughfall, stemflow and soil water content were used to calibrate the model. The simulations indicated that, interception, vegetation transpiration and soil water evaporation were the main components of water consumption in the 4 stands, accounting for about 90% of the precipitation. The simulated interception and vegetation transpiration in the south-facing slope (154 and 327 mm in regrown forestland and 173 and 338 mm in natural forestland) were lower than those in the north-facing slope (219 and 344 mm in regrown forestland and 203 and 342 mm in natural forestland). Soil water evaporation in the south-facing slope (416 mm in regrown forestland and 373 mm in natural forestland) was larger than that in the north-facing slope (325 mm in regrown forestland and 330 mm in natural forestland) in the same vegetation stands. This was mainly due to greater vegetation density in the north-facing slope than in the south-facing slope. For the regrown forestlands, the simulated soil water recharge was larger under north-facing slope stands (90 mm) than under south-facing slope stands (76 mm), and the natural forestland in the north-facing slope had the largest soil water recharge (104 mm). The results indicated that vegetation species and slope aspects significantly influenced the water balance budget in the soil–vegetation–atmosphere system. The water budget differences among the 4 stands indicate that care is required for properly selecting regrown tree-species. Soil and water conservation measures must be applied scientifically when converting farmland to forest in the Loess Plateau of China, especially on the south-facing slopes.     

灌溉制度对冬小麦耗水及产量的影响

研究结果表明,随灌水量的增加,冬小麦总耗水量明显增加,土壤贮水消耗量相应减少;随总耗水量的增加,冬小麦生育后期耗水所占的比例明显增加;当灌水量相同时,灌水越早的处理耗水量越多。不同的灌溉制度对冬小麦产量结构与产量有显著影响,起身水主要增加穗数,拔节水显著增加穗粒数,而孕穗期或开花期灌水对提高千粒重有明显作用;1水以孕穗期,2水以拔节期和开花期,3水以拔节期、开花期和灌浆期灌水效果最佳。适当控制开花前耗水量,增加开花后耗水量,有利于增加产量和提高水分利用效率。     

不同矿化度微咸水灌溉冬小麦对下季作物产量和周年土壤盐分平衡的影响

冬小麦夏玉米一年两熟是环渤海低平原主要粮食作物种植模式,该区淡水资源匮乏,但浅层微咸水相对丰富,在降水较少的冬小麦生长季,适当利用微咸水代替淡水灌溉对维持冬小麦稳产高产有重要作用。冬小麦季实施微咸水灌溉后土壤盐分累积如何影响下季作物夏玉米生长以及对土壤周年盐分平衡影响,是微咸水能否长期安全利用的关键。为探究上述问题,于2015—2019年连续4年在环渤海低平原中国科学院南皮生态农业试验站进行冬小麦季不同矿化度微咸水灌溉定点试验,共设置含盐量为1 g·L~(-1)淡水(F)、3 g·L~(-1)微咸水(S3)、4 g·L~(-1)微咸水(S4)、5 g·L~(-1)微咸水(S5) 4个梯度,在拔节期灌水1次,灌水量均为70 mm;另以生育期不灌水作为对照(旱作, CK)。结果表明,不同矿化度微咸水灌溉处理间冬小麦产量没有显著差异,但平均比CK显著增产31.6%。同时,冬小麦生长季微咸水灌溉均增加了收获时1 m以上土层的含盐量,并随灌溉水含盐量增加而增加;对1 m以下土层含盐量影响不明显。夏玉米播种时灌溉70 mm淡水不仅解决了土壤墒情不足问题,并可使0～20 cm土层盐分控制在1 g·kg~(-1)以下,保证夏玉米出苗和群体建立,对夏玉米产量没有显著影响。经过夏季降雨的淋洗, S3、S4和S5处理0～40cm土层含盐量降低幅度超过30%,深层土壤含盐量变化不明显,1m以上土层可以实现周年盐分平衡。本研究表明冬小麦-夏玉米一年两季种植,冬小麦耐盐能力较强的特征使其生育期可以通过不大于5g·L~(-1)的微咸水灌溉维持稳产,在保证夏玉米出苗水进行灌溉的条件下,夏玉米季通过雨季降水淋盐维持0～1m主要根层土壤不发生明显积盐过程,可实现长期微咸水灌溉下土壤和作物安全。     

不同耕作方式对旱作区冬小麦生产和产量的影响

为了筛选出适宜旱作区推广的耕作技术,在旱作大田条件下,设置一次深翻、免耕覆盖、深松覆盖、传统耕作四种耕作方式,研究了不同耕作方式下花后土壤水分和养分状况、小麦旗叶叶绿素含量、小麦旗叶净光合速率和小麦籽粒灌浆速率及产量。结果表明,免耕覆盖、深松覆盖开花期和灌浆期0～40 cm土层土壤水分含量分别比传统耕作提高了4.13%、6.23%和5.50%、9.27%,0～40 cm土层土壤碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量均显著高于传统耕作,为小麦开花后生长发育提供了良好的环境,从而提高了小麦灌浆中后期旗叶叶绿素含量和净光合速率,促进花后干物质积累及干物质向籽粒转运,进而提高了籽粒灌浆速率,使得籽粒产量显著提高。     

栽培管理模式对冬小麦干物质积累、氮素吸收及产量的影响

为给小麦栽培管理提供指导,连续两个小麦生长季在河南省温县通过大田试验研究了农民习惯栽培(T1)、优化管理1(T2)、高产栽培管理(T3)、优化管理2(T4)4种栽培管理模式对冬小麦干物质积累、转运和氮素吸收、分配以及产量的影响。结果表明,与T1相比,T2通过基肥和拔节期追肥2次施肥,提高了干物质快速增长的时间和速率,增加了籽粒中干物质的积累和茎叶氮素向籽粒的转运,提高了穗粒数和粒重,从而达到产量和效率的提高;与T3相比,T4减少了氮磷钾用量,通过提高花后叶片中氮素的转运量和对籽粒的贡献率来增加粒重,在不降低产量的同时提高了养分效率。T3、T4模式与T1、T2模式相比,提高了干物质快速增长的时间和速率以及花后小麦茎叶贮存氮素向籽粒的转运量和对籽粒的贡献率。在本试验条件下,T2模式是目前生产情况下值得推广的优化栽培模式,T4模式是在产量进一步提高,达到高产条件下兼顾高产高效的最优栽培管理模式。     

微咸水灌溉对土壤盐分平衡与作物产量的影响

河北低平原淡水资源短缺,微咸水资源丰富,合理开发利用微咸水已经成为缓解水资源供需矛盾的重要途径之一。本研究于2011—2015年在河北省沧州市中国科学院南皮生态农业试验站进行,以冬小麦和夏玉米一年两熟种植体系为研究对象,开展了河北低平原区实施微咸水灌溉对冬小麦及下茬作物夏玉米产量及灌溉对土壤盐分周年平衡的影响。2013—2014年冬小麦灌溉处理设雨养旱作处理(CK)、拔节期淡水灌溉1水(F1)、拔节期用2 g·L~(-1)、3 g·L~(-1)、4 g·L~(-1)、5 g·L~(-1)的微咸水灌溉1次(B21、B31、B41、B51)、拔节期和灌浆期用淡水灌溉(F2)、拔节期用3 g·L~(-1)的微咸水+灌浆期用淡水灌溉(B31F1)、拔节期用淡水+灌浆期用3 g·L~(-1)微咸水灌溉(F1B31)、拔节期和灌浆期都用3 g·L~(-1)的微咸水灌溉(B32)、拔节期、抽穗期和灌浆期都用淡水灌溉(F3)。2014—2015年根据上年度的试验结果对试验处理进行了精简,冬小麦灌溉处理设CK、F1、B31、B41、B51、B42(拔节期和灌浆期都用4 g·L~(-1)的微咸水灌溉)。结果表明,一般年型下冬小麦生育期灌溉2水就能获得高产和稳产,平均产量为6 593.4 kg·hm~(-2)。利用小于5 g·L~(-1)的微咸水灌溉,与淡水灌溉相比,不会造成冬小麦产量降低,灌溉1次微咸水比雨养旱作处理增产10%~30%,可用微咸水替代1次淡水。微咸水灌溉条件下冬小麦收获时土壤盐分有所积累,表层土壤含盐量大于1 g·L~(-1),影响下茬玉米的出苗和生长,但夏玉米播种后用675~750 m3·hm-2淡水灌溉可满足耕层淋盐需求,达到玉米生长的安全阈值,与淡水灌溉处理的玉米产量相比不减产。利用夏季降雨,可使土壤盐分得到淋洗,当夏季降雨量大于300 mm时,冬小麦微咸水灌溉下土壤盐分达到周年平衡。沧州地区73%以上的年份,夏季降雨量大于300 mm,为土壤淋盐创造了条件,保证了微咸水替代一次淡水灌溉的安全性。     

耕作方法对黄土高原旱作玉米产量和土壤水温特性的影响

全膜双垄沟播是黄土高原旱作玉米主要生产技术,但此技术的土壤耕作主要依赖传统耕作和旋耕,在形成犁底层的同时造成耕层变浅,影响玉米生长、产量形成以及土壤健康。本文以打破犁底层、改善土壤结构、提高黄土高原旱地玉米(Zea may L.)产量和有限降水资源利用效率为目标,布设大田定位试验,比较研究了深松耕、免耕、旋耕和传统耕作对旱地全膜双垄沟播玉米土壤水分、温度、土壤容重、产量以及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:全膜双垄覆盖条件下,深松耕和免耕较旋耕和传统翻耕能有效增加0~30 cm土壤贮水量,其0~30 cm土层土壤含水量较翻耕、旋耕分别增加50.0%、43.7%和14.8%、10.3%;深松耕能有效降低5~30cm土层土壤容重,其5~10 cm和10~30 cm土层土壤容重,深松耕较传统耕作分别降低10.9%和12.9%,随着土层的加深,深松耕、免耕的土壤容重呈降低趋势,旋耕和传统翻耕呈增大趋势;深松耕在苗期、拔节—抽雄期较传统翻耕分别具有明显的增温和降温作用,有利于玉米生长和产量提高;2个平水年,深松耕处理的玉米生物产量、籽粒产量和水分利用效率分别较传统翻耕增加6.1%~5.6%、18.6%~28.8%和28.1%~32.9%,具有明显的增产和提高水分利用效率的作用。因此,在黄土高原半干旱区同等降雨条件下,深松耕能有效增加全膜双垄沟播玉米的土壤贮水量,改善土壤结构,协调水温关系,有利于增产和提高水分利用效率,是全膜双垄沟播玉米一项理想的土壤耕作方法。